Partitioning - ArchWiki

# Partitioning

Related articles

- fstab
- LVM
- Swap
- File systems
- Arch filesystem hierarchy

Partitioning a hard drive allows one to logically divide the available space into sections that can be accessed independently of one another.

An entire hard drive may be allocated to a single partition, or one may divide the available storage space across multiple partitions. A number of scenarios require creating multiple partitions: dual- or multi-booting, for example, or maintaining a swap partition. In other cases, partitioning is used as a means of logically separating data, such as creating separate partitions for audio and video files. Common partitioning schemes are discussed in detail below.

Each partition should be formatted to a file system type before being used.

## Partition table

Partition information is stored in the partition table; today, there are 2 main formats in use: the classic Master Boot Record, and the modern GUID Partition Table. The latter is an improved version that does away with several limitations of MBR style.

### Master Boot Record

MBR originally only supported up to 4 partitions. Later on, extended and logical partitions were introduced to get around this limitation.

There are 3 types of partitions:

- Primary
- Extended
  - Logical

Primary partitions can be bootable and are limited to four partitions per disk or RAID volume. If a partitioning scheme requires more than four partitions, an extended partition containing logical partitions is used. Extended partitions can be thought of as containers for logical partitions. A hard disk can contain no more than one extended partition. The extended partition is also counted as a primary partition so if the disk has an extended partition, only three additional primary partitions are possible (i.e. three primary partitions and one extended partition). The number of logical partitions residing in an extended partition is unlimited. A system that dual boots with Windows will require that Windows reside in a primary partition.

The customary numbering scheme is to create primary partitions sda1 through sda3 followed by an extended partition sda4. The logical partitions on sda4 are numbered sda5, sda6, etc.

See also Wikipedia:Master boot record.

### GUID Partition Table

There is only one type of partition, primary. The amount of partitions per disk or RAID volume is unlimited.

See also Wikipedia:GUID Partition Table.

### Btrfs Partitioning

Btrfs can occupy an entire data storage device and replace the MBR or GPT partitioning schemes. See the Btrfs#Partitioning instructions for details.

See also Wikipedia:Btrfs.

### Choosing between GPT and MBR

GUID Partition Table (GPT) is an alternative, contemporary, partitioning style; it is intended to replace the old Master Boot Record (MBR) system. GPT has several advantages over MBR which has quirks dating back to MS-DOS times. With the recent developments to the formatting tools fdisk (MBR) and gdisk (GPT), it is equally easy to get good dependability and performance for GPT or MBR.

One should consider these to choose between GPT and MBR:

- If using GRUB legacy as the bootloader, one must use MBR.
- To dual-boot with Windows (both 32-bit and 64-bit) using Legacy BIOS, one must use MBR.
- To dual-boot Windows 64-bit using UEFI instead of BIOS, one must use GPT.
- If none of the above apply, choose freely between GPT and MBR; since GPT is more modern, it is recommended in this case.
- It is recommended to use always GPT for UEFI boot as some UEFI firmwares do not allow UEFI-MBR boot.

Note: For GRUB to boot from a GPT partitioned disk on a BIOS based system, one has to create a BIOS boot partition.

## Partition scheme

There are no strict rules for partitioning a hard drive, although one may follow the general guidance given below. A disk partitioning scheme is determined by various issues such as desired flexibility, speed, security, as well as the limitations imposed by available disk space. It is essentially personal preference. If you would like to dual boot Arch Linux and a Windows operating system please see Windows and Arch Dual Boot.

### Single root partition

This scheme is the simplest and should be enough for most use cases. A swapfile can be created and easily resized as needed. It usually makes sense to start by considering a single `/` partition and then separate out others based on specific use cases like RAID, encryption, a shared media partition, etc. Note that installing GRUB on a BIOS system partitioned with GPT requires an additional BIOS boot partition.

### Discrete partitions

Separating out a path as a partition allows for the choice of a different filesystem and mount options. In some cases like a media partition, they can also be shared between operating systems.

### Mount points

The following mount points are possible choices for separate partitions, you can make your decision based on actual needs.

#### Root partition

The root directory is the top of the hierarchy, the point where the primary filesystem is mounted and from which all other filesystems stem. All files and directories appear under the root directory `/`, even if they are stored on different physical devices. The contents of the root filesystem must be adequate to boot, restore, recover, and/or repair the system. Therefore, certain directories under `/` are not candidates for separate partitions.

The `/` partition or root partition is necessary and it is the most important. The other partitions can be replaced by it.

Warning: Directories essential for booting (except for `/boot`) must be on the same partition as `/` or mounted in early userspace by the initramfs. These essential directories are: `/etc` and `/usr` [1].

#### /boot

The `/boot` directory contains the kernel and ramdisk images as well as the bootloader configuration file and bootloader stages. It also stores data that is used before the kernel begins executing user-space programs. `/boot` is not required for normal system operation, but only during boot and kernel upgrades (when regenerating the initial ramdisk).

A separate `/boot` partition is needed if installing a software RAID0 (stripe) system.

#### /home

The `/home` directory contains user-specific configuration files, caches, application data and media files.

Separating out `/home` allows `/` to be re-partitioned separately, but note that you can still reinstall Arch with `/home` untouched even if it isn't separate - the other top-level directories just need to be removed, and then pacstrap can be run.

You should not share home directories between users on different distributions, because they use incompatible software versions and patches. Instead, consider sharing a media partition or at least using different home directories on the same `/home` partition.

#### /var

The `/var` directory stores variable data such as spool directories and files, administrative and logging data, pacman's cache, the ABS tree, etc. It is used, for example, for caching and logging, and hence frequently read or written. Keeping it in a separate partition avoids running out of disk space due to flunky logs, etc.

It exists to make it possible to mount `/usr` as read-only. Everything that historically went into `/usr` that is written to during system operation (as opposed to installation and software maintenance) must reside under `/var`.

Note: `/var` contains many small files. The choice of file system type should consider this fact if a separate partition is used.

#### /tmp

This is already a separate partition by default, by virtue of being mounted as tmpfs by systemd.

#### Swap

A swap partition provides memory that can be used as virtual RAM. A swap file should be considered too, as they have almost no performance overhead compared to a partition but are much easier to resize as needed. A swap partition can potentially be shared between operating systems, but not if hibernation is used.

#### How big should my partitions be?

Note:

- The below are simply recommendations; there is no hard rule dictating partition size.
- If available, an extra 25% of space added to each filesystem will provide a cushion for future expansion and help protect against fragmentation.

The size of the partitions depends on personal preference, but the following information may be helpful:

/boot - 200 MB
  It requires only about 100 MB, but if multiple kernels/boot images are likely to be in use, 200 or 300 MB is a better choice.
/ - 15-20 GB
  It traditionally contains the `/usr` directory, which can grow significantly depending upon how much software is installed. 15-20 GB should be sufficient for most users with modern hard disks. If you plan to store a swap file here, you might need a larger partition size.
/var - 8-12 GB
  It will contain, among other data, the ABS tree and the pacman cache. Keeping cached packages is useful and versatile as it provides the ability to downgrade. As a result, `/var` tends to grow in size. The pacman cache in particular will grow as the system is expanded and updated. It can, however, be safely cleared if space becomes an issue. 8-12 GB on a desktop system should be sufficient for `/var`, depending on how much software will be installed.
/home - [varies]
  It is typically where user data, downloads, and multimedia reside. On a desktop system, `/home` is typically the largest filesystem on the drive by a large margin.
swap - [varies]
  Historically, the general rule for swap partition size was to allocate twice the amount of physical RAM. As computers have gained ever larger memory capacities, this rule has become deprecated. For example, on average desktop machines with up to 512MB RAM, the 2x rule is usually adequate; if a sufficient amount of RAM (more than 1024MB) is available, it may be possible to have a smaller swap partition or even eliminate it; with more than 2 GB of physical RAM, one can generally expect good performance without a swap partition.
  Note: If you plan to hibernate into a swap partition/file, you should see Suspend and hibernate#About swap partition/file size.
/data - [varies]
  One can consider mounting a "data" partition to cover various files to be shared by all users. Using the `/home` partition for this purpose is fine as well.

## Partitioning tools

- fdisk — Terminal partitioning tools included in Linux.

  https://www.kernel.org/ || util-linux

- cfdisk — Terminal partitioning tool written with ncurses libraries.

  https://www.kernel.org/ || util-linux
  Warning: The first partition created by cfdisk starts at sector 63, instead of the usual 2048. This can lead to reduced performance on SSD and advanced format (4k sector) drives. It will cause problems with GRUB2, but GRUB legacy and Syslinux should work fine.

- gdisk — GPT version of fdisk.

  http://www.rodsbooks.com/gdisk/ || gptfdisk

- cgdisk — GPT version of cfdisk.

  http://www.rodsbooks.com/gdisk/ || gptfdisk

- sgdisk — Scriptable version of gdisk.

  http://www.rodsbooks.com/gdisk/sgdisk-walkthrough.html || gptfdisk

- GNU Parted — Terminal partitioning tool.

  https://www.gnu.org/software/parted/parted.html || parted

- GParted — Graphical tool written in GTK.

  http://gparted.sourceforge.net/ || gparted

- Partitionmanager — Graphical tool written in Qt.

  http://sourceforge.net/projects/partitionman/ || partitionmanager

- QtParted — Similar to Partitionmanager, available in AUR.

  http://qtparted.sourceforge.net/ || qtparted

## Partition alignment

Proper partition alignment is essential for optimal performance and longevity. This is due to the block nature of every I/O operation on the hardware level as well as file system level. The key to alignment is partitioning to (at least) the given block size, which depends on the used hardware. If the partitions are not aligned to begin at multiples of the block size, aligning the file system is a pointless exercise because everything is skewed by the start offset of the partition.

### Hard disk drives

Historically, hard drives were addressed by indicating the cylinder, the head, and the sector at which data was to be read or written (also known as CHS addressing). These represented the radial position, the drive head (platter and side) and the axial position of the data respectively. Nowadays, with logical block addressing, the entire hard drive is addressed as one continuous stream of data and the term sector designates the smallest addressable unit.

The standard sector size is 512B, but modern high-capacity hard drives use greater value, commonly 4KiB. Using values greater than 512B is referred to as the Advanced Format.

### Solid state drives

Solid state drives are based on flash memory, and thus differ significantly from hard drives. While reading remains possible in a random access fashion, erasure (hence rewriting and random writing) is possible only by whole blocks. Additionally, the erase block size (EBS) are significantly greater than regular block size, for example 128KiB vs. 4KiB, so it is necessary to align to multiples of EBS.

### Partitioning tools

In past, proper alignment required manual calculation and intervention when partitioning. Many of the common partition tools now handle partition alignment automatically:

- fdisk
- gdisk
- gparted
- parted

To verify a partition is aligned, query it using `/usr/bin/blockdev` as shown below, if a '0' is returned, the partition is aligned:

    # blockdev --getalignoff /dev/<partition>
    0

This article or section is a candidate for moving to fdisk.

Notes: Tools like GNU Parted and GParted already have their own articles; the Beginners' guide now uses parted as the example tool. (Discuss)

## Using GPT - modern method

### Gdisk usage summary

Using GPT, the utility for editing the partition table is called gdisk. It can perform partition alignment automatically on a 2048 sector (or 1024KiB) block size base which should be compatible with the vast majority of SSDs if not all. GNU parted also supports GPT, but is less user-friendly for aligning partitions. The environment provided by the Arch install ISO includes the gdisk command. If you need it later on in the installed system, gdisk is available in the gptfdisk package.

A summary of the typical usage of gdisk:

- Start gdisk against your drive as root (disk-device may be e.g. `/dev/sda`):

      # gdisk disk-device

- If the drive is brand new or if you are wanting to start over, create a new empty GUID partition table with the `o` command.
- Create a new partition with the `n` command (primary type/1st partition).
- Assuming the partition is new, gdisk will pick the highest possible alignment. Otherwise, it will pick the largest power of two that divides all partition offsets.
- If choosing to start on a sector before the 2048th gdisk will automatically shift the partition start to the 2048th disk sector. This is to ensure a 2048-sectors alignment (as a sector is 512B, this is a 1024KiB alignment which should fit any SSD NAND erase block).
- Use the `+x{M,G}` format to extend the partition x mebibytes or gibibytes, if choosing a size that is not a multiple of the alignment size (1024kiB), gdisk will shrink the partition to the nearest inferior multiple. For example, if you want to create a 15GiB partition, you would enter `+15G`. To take all of the remaining space, press enter right away, or enter `+0` instead.
- Select the partition's type id, the default, `Linux filesystem` (code `8300`), should be fine for most use. Press `L` to show the codes list. If planning to use LVM select `Linux LVM` (`8e00`).
- Assign other partitions in a like fashion.
- Write the table to disk and exit via the `w` command.
- Format the new partitions with a file system.

## Using MBR - legacy method

Using MBR, the utility for editing the partition table is called fdisk. Recent versions of fdisk have abandoned the deprecated system of using cylinders as the default display unit, as well as MS-DOS compatibility by default. The latest fdisk automatically aligns all partitions to 2048 sectors, or 1024 KiB, which should work for all EBS sizes that are known to be used by SSD manufacturers. This means that the default settings will give you proper alignment.

Note that in the olden days, fdisk used cylinders as the default display unit, and retained an MS-DOS compatibility quirk that messed with SSD alignment. Therefore one will find many guides around the internet from around 2008-2009 making a big deal out of getting everything correct. With the latest fdisk, things are much simpler, as reflected in this guide.

### Fdisk usage summary

- Start fdisk against your drive as root (disk-device may be e.g. `/dev/sda`):

      # fdisk disk-device

- If the drive is brand new or if you are wanting to start over, create a new empty DOS partition table with the `o` command.
- Create a new partition with the `n` command (primary type/1st partition).
- Use the `+xG` format to extend the partition x gibibytes. For example, if you want to create a 15GiB partition, you would enter `+15G`
- Change the partition's system id from the default type of Linux (`type 83`) to the desired type via the `t` command. This is an optional step should the user wish to create another type of partition for example, swap, NTFS, LVM, etc. Note that a complete listing of all valid partition types is available via the `l` command.
- Assign other partitions in a like fashion.
- Write the table to disk and exit via the `w` command.

## Using cgdisk to create GPT partitions

This article or section needs language, wiki syntax or style improvements.

Reason: Moved here from Beginners' guide, needs adaptation/merging to the rest of this article. (Discuss)

Launch cgdisk with:

    # cgdisk /dev/sda

Tip: If cgdisk cannot change your disk to GPT, parted can.

Root:

- Choose New (or press `N`) – `Enter` for the first sector (2048) – type in `15G` – `Enter` for the default hex code (8300) – `Enter` for a blank partition name.

Home:

- Press the down arrow a couple of times to move to the larger free space area.
- Choose New (or press `N`) – `Enter` for the first sector – `Enter` to use the rest of the drive (or you could type in the desired size; for example `30G`) – `Enter` for the default hex code (8300) – `Enter` for a blank partition name.

Here is what it should look like:

    Part. #     Size        Partition Type            Partition Name
    ----------------------------------------------------------------
                1007.0 KiB  free space
       1        15.0 GiB    Linux filesystem
       2        123.45 GiB  Linux filesystem

Double check and make sure that you are happy with the partition sizes as well as the partition table layout before continuing.

If you would like to start over, you can simply select Quit (or press `Q`) to exit without saving changes and then restart cgdisk.

If you are satisfied, choose Write (or press `Shift+W`) to finalize and to write the partition table to the drive. Type `yes` and choose Quit (or press `Q`) to exit without making any more changes.

## Using fdisk to create MBR partitions

This article or section needs language, wiki syntax or style improvements.

Reason: Moved here from Beginners' guide, needs adaptation/merging to the rest of this article. (Discuss)

Note: There is also cfdisk, which is similar in UI to cgdisk, but it currently does not automatically align the first partition properly. That is why the classic fdisk tool is used here.

Launch fdisk with:

    # fdisk /dev/sda

Create the partition table:

- `Command (m for help):` type `o` and press `Enter`

Then create the first partition:

1. `Command (m for help):` type `n` and press `Enter`
2. Partition type: `Select (default p):` press `Enter`
3. `Partition number (1-4, default 1):` press `Enter`
4. `First sector (2048-209715199, default 2048):` press `Enter`
5. `Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-209715199....., default 209715199):` type `+15G` and press `Enter`

Then create a second partition:

1. `Command (m for help):` type `n` and press `Enter`
2. Partition type: `Select (default p):` press `Enter`
3. `Partition number (1-4, default 2):` press `Enter`
4. `First sector (31459328-209715199, default 31459328):` press `Enter`
5. `Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (31459328-209715199....., default 209715199):` press `Enter`

Now preview the new partition table:

- `Command (m for help):` type `p` and press `Enter`

    Disk /dev/sda: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes, 209715200 sectors
    Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    Disk identifier: 0x5698d902

       Device Boot     Start         End     Blocks   Id  System
    /dev/sda1           2048    31459327   15728640   83   Linux
    /dev/sda2       31459328   209715199   89127936   83   Linux

Then write the changes to disk:

- `Command (m for help):` type `w` and press `Enter`

If everything went well fdisk will now quit with the following message:

    The partition table has been altered!

    Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
    Syncing disks.

In case this does not work because fdisk encountered an error, you can use the `q` command to exit.

## See also

- Wikipedia:Disk partitioning
- Manually Partitioning Your Hard Drive with fdisk
- Partition Alignment (with examples)

Category:

- File systems