# OSD Overview

- OpenSubdiv (Osd)
- Refinement
- Limit Stencil Evaluation
- Limit Evaluation with PatchTable
- OpenGL/DX11 Drawing with Hardware Tessellation
- Interleaved/Batched Buffer Configuration
- Cross-Platform Implementation

### OpenSubdiv (Osd)

Osd contains device dependent code that makes Far structures available on various backends such as TBB, CUDA, OpenCL, GLSL, etc. The main roles of Osd are:

> - Refinement

>     Compute stencil-based uniform/adaptive subdivision on CPU/GPU backends

> - Limit Stencil Evaluation

>     Compute limit surfaces by limit stencils on CPU/GPU backends

> - Limit Evaluation with PatchTable

>     Compute limit surfaces by patch evaluation on CPU/GPU backends

> - OpenGL/DX11 Drawing with hardware tessellation

>     Provide GLSL/HLSL tessellation functions for patch table

> - Interleaved/Batched buffer configuration

>     Provide consistent buffer descriptor to deal with arbitrary buffer layout.

> - Cross-Platform Implementation

>     Provide convenient classes to interop between compute and draw APIs

These are independently used by clients. For example, a client can use only the limit stencil evaluation, or a client can refine subdivision surfaces and draw them with the PatchTable and Osd tessellation shaders. All device specific evaluation kernels are implemented in the Evaluator classes. Since Evaluators don't own vertex buffers, clients should provide their own buffers as a source and destination. There are some interop classes defined in Osd for convenience.

OpenSubdiv utilizes a series of regression tests to compare and enforce identical results across different computational devices.

### Refinement

Osd supports both uniform subdivision and adaptive subdivision.

Once clients create a Far::StencilTable for the topology, they can convert it into device-specific stencil tables if necessary. The following table shows which evaluator classes and stencil table interfaces can be used together. Note that while Osd provides these stencil table classes which can be easily constructed from Far::StencilTable, clients aren't required to use these table classes. Clients may have their own entities as a stencil tables as long as Evaluator::EvalStencils() can access the necessary interfaces.

Backend | Evaluator class | compatible stencil table
--- | --- | ---
CPU (CPU single-threaded) | CpuEvaluator | Far::StencilTable
TBB (CPU multi-threaded) | TbbEvaluator | Far::StencilTable
OpenMP (CPU multi-threaded) | OmpEvaluator | Far::StencilTable
CUDA (GPU) | CudaEvaluator | CudaStencilTable
OpenCL (CPU/GPU) | CLEvaluator | CLStencilTable
GL ComputeShader (GPU) | GLComputeEvaluator | GLStencilTableSSBO
GL Transform Feedback (GPU) | GLXFBEvaluator | GLStencilTableTBO
DX11 ComputeShader (GPU) | D3D11ComputeEvaluator | D3D11StencilTable

### Limit Stencil Evaluation

Limit stencil evaluation is quite similar to refinement in Osd. At first clients create Far::LimitStencilTable for the locations to evaluate the limit surfaces, then convert it into an evaluator compatible stencil table and call Evaluator::EvalStencils().

### Limit Evaluation with PatchTable

Another way to evaluate the limit surfaces is to use the PatchTable. Once all control vertices and local points are resolved by the stencil evaluation, Osd can evaluate the limit surfaces through the PatchTable.

Backend | Evaluator class | compatible patch table
--- | --- | ---
CPU (CPU single-threaded) | CpuEvaluator | CpuPatchTable
TBB (CPU multi-threaded) | TbbEvaluator | CpuPatchTable
OpenMP (CPU multi-threaded) | OmpEvaluator | CpuPatchTable
CUDA (GPU) | CudaEvaluator | CudaPatchTable
OpenCL (CPU/GPU) | CLEvaluator | CLPatchTable
GL ComputeShader (GPU) | GLComputeEvaluator | GLPatchTable
GL Transform Feedback (GPU) | GLXFBEvaluator | GLPatchTable
DX11 ComputeShader (GPU) | D3D11ComputeEvaluator (*)not yet supported | D3D11PatchTable

Release Notes (3.0.0)

- GPU limit evaluation backends (Evaluator::EvalPatches()) only support BSpline patches. Clients need to specify BSpline approximation for endcap when creating a patch table. See end capping.

### OpenGL/DX11 Drawing with Hardware Tessellation

One of the most interesting use cases of the Osd layer is realtime drawing of subdivision surfaces using hardware tessellation. This is somewhat similar to limit evaluation with PatchTable described above. Drawing differs from limit evaluation in that Osd provides shader snippets for patch evaluation and clients will inject them into their own shader source.

See shader interface for a more detailed discussion of the shader interface.

### Interleaved/Batched Buffer Configuration

All Osd layer APIs assume that each primitive variables to be computed (points, colors, uvs ...) are contiguous arrays of 32bit floating point values. The Osd API refers to such an array as a "buffer". A buffer can exist on CPU memory or GPU memory. Osd Evaluators typically take one source buffer and one destination buffer, or three destination buffers if derivatives are being computed. Osd Evaluators also take BufferDescriptors, that are used to specify the layout of the source and destination buffers. A BufferDescriptor is a struct of 3 integers which specify an offset, length and stride.

For example:

> Vertex 0 | Vertex 1 | ...
> X | Y | Z | X | Y | Z | ...

The layout of this buffer can be described as

    Osd::BufferDescriptor desc(/*offset = */ 0, /*length = */ 3, /*stride = */ 3);

BufferDescriptor can be used for an interleaved buffer too.

> Vertex 0 | Vertex 1 | ...
> X | Y | Z | R | G | B | A | X | Y | Z | R | G | B | A | ...

    Osd::BufferDescriptor xyzDesc(0, 3, 7);
    Osd::BufferDescriptor rgbaDesc(3, 4, 7);

Although the source and destination buffers don't need to be the same buffer for EvalStencils(), adaptive patch tables are constructed to first index the coarse vertices and the refined vertices immediately afterward. In this case, the BufferDescriptor for the destination should include the offset as the number of coarse vertices to be skipped.

> Coarse vertices (n) : Src | Refined vertices : Dst
> Vertex 0 | Vertex 1 | ... | Vertex n | Vertex n+1 |
> X | Y | Z | X | Y | Z | ... | X | Y | Z | X | Y | Z | ...

    Osd::BufferDescriptor srcDesc(0, 3, 3);
    Osd::BufferDescriptor dstDesc(n*3, 3, 3);

Also note that the source descriptor doesn't have to start with offset = 0. This is useful when a client has a big buffer with multiple objects batched together.

### Cross-Platform Implementation

One of the key goals of OpenSubdiv is to achieve as much cross-platform flexibility as possible and leverage all optimized hardware paths where available. This can be very challenging as there is a very large variety of plaftorms and APIs available, with very distinct capabilities.

In Osd, Evaluators don't care about interops between those APIs. All Evaluators have two kinds of APIs for both EvalStencils() and EvalPatches().

> - Explicit signatures which directly take device-specific buffer representation (e.g., pointer for CpuEvaluator, GLuint buffer for GLComputeEvaluator, etc.)
> - Generic signatures which take arbitrary buffer classes. The buffer class is required to have a certain method to return the device-specific buffer representation.

The later interface is useful if the client supports multiple backends at the same time. The methods that need to be implemented for the Evaluators are:

Evaluator class | object | method
--- | --- | ---
CpuEvaluator TbbEvaluator OmpEvaluator | pointer to cpu memory | BindCpuBuffer()
CudaEvaluator | pointer to cuda memory | BindCudaBuffer()
CLEvaluator | cl_mem | BindCLBuffer()
GLComputeEvaluator GLXFBEvaluator | GL buffer object | BindVBO()
D3D11ComputeEvaluator | D3D11 UAV | BindD3D11UAV()

The buffers can use these methods as a trigger of interop. Osd provides a default implementation of interop buffer for most of the backend combinations. For example, if the client wants to use CUDA as a computation backend and use OpenGL as the drawing API, Osd::CudaGLVertexBuffer fits the case since it implements BindCudaBuffer() and BindVBO(). Again, clients can implement their own buffer class and pass it to the Evaluators.

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