NFS (简体中文)
相关文章
来源 Wikipedia: NFS 网络文件系统(Network File System) 是由Sun公司1984年发布的分散式文件系统协议。允许用户像访问本地文件一样,去访问网络上共享的文件。NFS 是一個成功的文件共享方法,但它最大的问题是它不太适合大型的分散式系統。
本文介绍 NFSv4 的安装.
Contents
安装
客户端和服务端都需要 installation nfs-utils 包。
建议通过互联网同步服务端和客户端的时钟。
配置
服务端
ID mapping
编辑 /etc/idmapd.conf
设置 Domain
字段为你的域名。
/etc/idmapd.conf
[General] Verbosity = 1 Pipefs-Directory = /var/lib/nfs/rpc_pipefs Domain = atomic [Mapping] Nobody-User = nobody Nobody-Group = nobody
文件系统
在 /etc/exports
里定义相对于 NFS 根目录的任意 NFS 共享。 在这个例子中,NFS 根目录为 /srv/nfs4
并且共享 /mnt/music
目录。
# mkdir -p /srv/nfs4/music
要想让客户端可以写入这个目录,确保 music 目录有读写权限。
挂载 /mnt/music
到 NFS 共享。 使用 mount 命令:
# mount --bind /mnt/music /srv/nfs4/music
为使服务器重启后仍然有效, 增加绑定到 fstab
文件:
/etc/fstab
/mnt/music /srv/nfs4/music none bind 0 0
Exports
增加允许被挂载的目录和主机到exports
:
/etc/exports
/srv/nfs4/ 192.168.0.1/24(rw,fsid=0,no_subtree_check) /srv/nfs4/music 192.168.0.1/24(rw,no_subtree_check,nohide) # note the nohide option which is applied to mounted directories on the file system.
不必共享给整个子网; 设置一个指定的IP地址也不错。
具体设置查看 man exports
。
更多可用选项 man 5 exports
.
如果服务运行时修改了 /etc/exports
文件, 你需要重新导出使其生效。
# exportfs -ra
开始运行服务
NFS 服务包括 rpc-idmapd.service
和 rpc-mountd.service
注意这些 units 会请求其它服务, 这些服务会被 systemd 自动开启。
客户端
客户端需要 nfs-utils,但在连接 NFS4 服务器时无需其它步骤;
Linux 上挂载
显示指定服务器的共享:
$ showmount -e 服务器名或IP
然后按照普通方式挂载:
# mount -t nfs4 servername:/music /mountpoint/on/client
/etc/fstab 设置
在启动时自动挂载。编辑 /etc/fstab
文件,增加一行。
/etc/fstab
servername:/music /mountpoint/on/client nfs4 rsize=8192,wsize=8192,timeo=14,intr 0 0
一些实用的附加挂载选项:
-
rsize=8192
和wsize=8192
-
timeo=14
-
intr
rsize
的值是从服务器读取的字节数。wsize
是写入到服务器的字节数。默认都是1024, 如果使用比较高的值,如8192,可以提高传输速度。 到底设到多少合适,还是自己测试吧。
The timeo
value is the amount of time, in tenths of a second, to wait before resending a transmission after an RPC timeout. After the first timeout, the timeout value is doubled for each retry for a maximum of 60 seconds or until a major timeout occurs. If connecting to a slow server or over a busy network, better performance can be achieved by increasing this timeout value.
The intr
option allows signals to interrupt the file operation if a major timeout occurs for a hard-mounted share.
Using autofs
Using autofs is useful when multiple machines want to connect via NFS; they could both be clients as well as servers. The reason this method is preferable over the earlier one is that if the server is switched off, the client will not throw errors about being unable to find NFS shares. See autofs#NFS network mounts for details.
挂载源位于Windows系统
NFS shares can be mounted from windows if the "Client for NFS" service is actived (which it is not by default). To install the service go to "Programs and features" either through the control panel or by typing it in the search box from the start menu and click on "Turn Windows features on or off". Locate the "Services for NFS" and activate it as well as both subservices ("Administrative tools" and "Client for NFS").
Some global options can be set by opening the "Services for Network File System" (locate it with the search box) and right clicking on the client->properties.
Mounting from OS X
Either export the share with the insecure
flag, and mount using Finder:
Go
> Connect to Server
> nfs://servername/
Or, mount the share using a secure port using the terminal:
# sudo mount -t nfs -o resvport servername:/ /Volumes/servername/
Troubleshooting
There is a dedicated article NFS Troubleshooting.