netctl (简体中文) - ArchWiki

# netctl (简体中文)

相关文章

- 网络配置
- 无线网络配置
- Wicd (简体中文)
- 网桥

翻译状态： 本文是英文页面 Netctl 的翻译，最后翻译时间：2016-03-10，点击这里可以查看翻译后英文页面的改动。

Netctl 是基于命令行的网络管理器，支持场景配置。它是 Arch Linux 网络管理方面的原生项目。

## 安装

从官方软件仓库安装netctl 软件包。 下表列出了 netctl 的可选依赖包

Feature | Dependency | netctl program (if relevant)
--- | --- | ---
Automatic wireless connections | wpa_actiond | `netctl-auto`
Automatic wired connections | ifplugd | `netctl-ifplugd`
WPA | wpa_supplicant |
DHCP | dhcpcd or dhclient |
Wifi menus | dialog |
PPPoE | ppp |

警告: 请使用`systemctl --type=service`确保其它可以配置网络的服务都没有运行，同时使用多个网络配置工具会导致冲突。

## 使用

建议用户使用前阅读如下文档：

- netctl
- netctl.profile
- netctl.special

## 配置

`netctl` 使用配置文件来管理网络连接，并按需自动或手动启动不同的操作模式

### 编辑配置

netctl的配置文件保存在 `/etc/netctl/` 。一些配置文件的示例位于 `/etc/netctl/examples/`。通用的配置项包括：

- ethernet-dhcp
- ethernet-static
- wireless-wpa
- wireless-wpa-static

若要使用上述示例配置文件，只需将其从 `/etc/netctl/examples/` 复制到 `/etc/netctl/`。参见下述 配置示例。编辑配置文件所需的首要参数是网络端口(interface)，详阅 网络配置 设备名称。

Tip:

    如要配置无线网络，可以root身份运行 wifi-menu -o 来自动在 /etc/netctl/ 中生成配置文件。

如要在有线网络接口上启用静态IP，并忽略线缆连接状况，可以在配置文件中添加 `
Template error: are you trying to use the = sign? Visit Help:Template#Escape template-breaking characters for workarounds.
` 配置项

在创建好你自己的配置文件之后，可以尝试运行（仅需写出文件名，不包含完整路径）：

    # netctl start profile

如果上述命令出错，可使用 `journalctl -xn` 和 `netctl status profile` 来获得对错误的详细描述。

### 自动化操作

如果使用单一配置文件（对每个网络接口）或想人工切换配置文件，请看 基本方法 。使用这种配置方法的多为服务器、工作站和路由器等。

如果需要经常在多个配置文件间切换，请看 自动切换配置。常用于笔记本电脑。

#### 基本方法

使用此种方式，可以为每个网络接口固定地启用一个配置文件。首先需手动检查该配置文件可以正常使用，那么可以用下面的命令启用它：

    # netctl enable profile

这将创建并启用一个随计算机启动而自动运行的 systemd 服务。对配置文件本身的修改无法自动关联到前述创建的服务文件，修改之后，需用下述命令重新启用该配置。

    # netctl reenable profile

Note: 只有在计算机启动时（或服务启动时），配置文件可以被成功地启用，连接才可以建立。特别地，对于有线连接，需插好电缆;对于无线连接，需处于信号覆盖范围内。
Tip: 若要无视线缆是否插好，强制对有线网络接口启用一个固定IP的配置，可以在配置文件中加入 `SkipNoCarrier=yes` 。

#### 自动切换配置

`netctl` 提供了两个特殊的 systemd 服务来自动切换配置：

- 有线网络： `netctl-ifplugd@interface.service`。使用它，将在你插入和拔出电缆时自动切换配置文件。
- 无线网络： `netctl-auto@interface.service`。使用它，将在你从一个无线网络的覆盖范围进入另一个无线网络的范围时自动切换配置文件。

首先 安装 下列软件包：

- wpa_actiond 用来支持使用 `netctl-auto@interface.service` 命令。
- ifplugd 用来支持使用 `netctl-ifplugd@interface.service` 命令。

然后将 `netctl-auto@interface.service` 或 `netctl-ifplugd@interface.service` 需要启动的所有配置文件编辑好。

如果希望某些无线网络配置不要被 `netctl-auto@interface.service`自动启用，需要专门在该配置文件中加入 `ExcludeAuto=yes` 。存在多个可用配置时，可以通过设置 `Priority=` 来为某些文件设置优先级。 `netctl-ifplugd@interface.service` 优先启用使用了 DHCP 的配置文件，如要优先启用一个使用固定IP的配置，可以设置 `AutoWired=yes` 。详细内容参见 `netctl.profile(5)` 。

Warning: 不能通过选项`Security=wpa-config`来让netctl-auto自动选择一个启用了WPA的配置文件。请使用 `Security=wpa-configsection` 来代替。

在设置好你的配置文件并且确认它们可以正常工作后，使用systemctl启动这些服务：

    # systemctl enable netctl-auto@interface.service
    # systemctl enable netctl-ifplugd@interface.service

Warning:

- 如果任何一个配置文件包含错误，例如包含空变量 `Key=`，这个文件将无法在开机时自动启用。
- 本方法与 基本方法 矛盾。如果你之前已经通过netctl启用了一个配置文件，运行 `netctl disable profile` 来防止这个配置在计算机启动时被启用两次。

从netctl 1.3开始，允许在不停止netctl-auto服务的情况下手工控制一个不受netctl-auto管理的网络接口。这可以通过netctl-auto命令完成。若要获得可用行为的列表，运行：

     # netctl-auto --help

### 配置文件示例

#### 有线连接

For a DHCP connection, only the `Interface` has to be configured after copying the `/etc/netctl/examples/ethernet-dhcp` example profile to `/etc/netctl`.

For example:

    /etc/netctl/my_dhcp_rofile

    Interface=enp1s0
    IP=dhcp

For a static IP configuration copy the `/etc/netctl/examples/ethernet-static` example profile to `/etc/netctl` and modify `Interface`, `Address`, `Gateway` and `DNS`) as needed.

For example:

    /etc/netctl/my_static_profile

    Interface=enp1s0
    Connection=ethernet
    IP=static
    Address=('10.1.10.2/24')
    Gateway='10.1.10.1'
    DNS=('10.1.10.1')

For the `Address` take care to include the correct netmask (the `/24` in the sample profile equates to a netmask of `255.255.255.0`) or the profile will fail to start. See also CIDR notation.

#### 无线连接（WPA-PSK）

密码加密(256-bit PSK)

Note: 尽管进行了“加密”，你写进配置文件的密码依然可以让你连接到一个WPA-PSK网络。也即，这个加密过程只用来将密码变得“让人看不懂”，但无法阻止对这个文件有阅读权限的人使用它来连接网络。而且将这个密码再用到其他的地方变得极其不安全，你应当考虑是否有这样做的必要。

那些不想让自己的无线网络密钥以“明文”的形式保存的用户可以选择使用256位预先共享密钥(PSK)来代替，它由密钥和SSID经由标准算法计算而成。

- 方法 1: 使用 `wifi-menu -o` 在目录 `/etc/netctl/` 中生成一个配置文件。
- 方法 2: 按照如下方法手工配置。

无论采用何种方法，建议运行 `chmod 600 /etc/netctl/<config_file>` 来禁止其他用户访问密码。

用wpa_passphrase中的方法生成你的256位PSK:

    $ wpa_passphrase your_essid passphrase

    network={
      ssid="your_essid"
      #psk="passphrase"
      psk=64cf3ced850ecef39197bb7b7b301fc39437a6aa6c6a599d0534b16af578e04a
    }

Tip: 运行后不要关闭终端，这里的结果将在之后的配置中用到。

在另一个终端窗口中，将示例文件 `wireless-wpa` 从 `/etc/netctl/examples` 复制到 `/etc/netctl`:

    # cp /etc/netctl/examples/wireless-wpa /etc/netctl/wireless-wpa

你需要用常用的文本编辑器编辑 `/etc/netctl/wireless-wpa`，将你刚才生成的PSK码添加到 `Key` 变量。

完成后，你的配置文件 `wireless-wpa` 应当像下面这样:

    /etc/netctl/wireless-wpa

    Description='A simple WPA encrypted wireless connection using 256-bit PSK'
    Interface=wlp2s2
    Connection=wireless
    Security=wpa
    IP=dhcp
    ESSID=your_essid
    Key=\"64cf3ced850ecef39197bb7b7b301fc39437a6aa6c6a599d0534b16af578e04a

Note:

- 注意对变量 `Key` 使用 special quoting rules，详细的描述参见netctl.profile(5)末尾。
- 如果密码没有起作用，从变量 `Key` 中删除 `\"` 。

## 提示与技巧

### 使用体验版图形用户界面

如果你想使用图形用户界面管理 netctl 和你的网络连接，并且不在意使用非官方体验版软件包的话，可以从 AUR 安装 netguiAUR[broken link: archived in aur-mirror]。注意：它毕竟还只是一个 beta 版，你应该熟悉 netctl 的语法以便解决可能出现的问题。另一个图形用户界面程序的替代品是 netctl-guiAUR，它提供了基于 Qt 的图形界面、DBus 守护进程和 KDE 桌面小部件。第三个替代品是 netmenuAUR，它使用 dmenu 作为图形界面。

### Eduroam

参阅 WPA2 Enterprise#netctl

### 绑定（Bonding）

引自 内核文档:

  The Linux bonding driver provides a method for aggregating multiple network interfaces into a single logical "bonded" interface. The behavior of the bonded interfaces depends on the mode. Generally speaking, modes provide either hot standby or load balancing services. Additionally, link integrity monitoring may be performed.

  （Linux bonding 驱动提供了把多个网络接口聚合成一个“绑定”的单一逻辑接口的途径。绑定后接口的行为取决于绑定的模式，一般来说，提供“主备”和“负载均衡”两种模式。另外，可以提供对连接总体情况的监测功能。）

#### 负载均衡

要用 netctl 配合 bonding，需要从官方软件源安装 ifenslave。

复制 `/etc/netctl/examples/bonding` 到 `/etc/netctl/bond0` 然后进行编辑。例如:

    /etc/netctl/bond0

    Description='Bond Interface'
    Interface='bond0'
    Connection=bond
    BindsToInterfaces=('eth0' 'eth1')
    IP=dhcp
    IP6=stateless

现在你可以停用之前的配置文件。然后设置 bonding 为自动启动，切换到新的配置。例如：

    # netctl switch-to bond0

注意: 这将使用 `bonding` 驱动的默认策略 round-robin（负载均衡）。详见官方文档。
提示: 查看状态和绑定模式：

    $ cat /proc/net/bonding/bond0

#### 有线 -> 无线故障切换

这一部分探讨怎样用bonding来实现当有线以太网无法工作时自动切换至无线网络。我们假设所有的网络接口默认启动dhcdpcd服务。

你需要从官方源安装软件包：ifenslave 和 wpa_supplicant.

首先设置 `bonding` 驱动使用 `active-backup`:

    /etc/modprobe.d/bonding.conf

    options bonding mode=active-backup
    options bonding miimon=100
    options bonding primary=eth0
    options bonding max_bonds=0

`max_bonds` 选项避免了 `Interface bond0 already exists` 错误。如果使用了MAC过滤，应当添加设置 `fail_over_mac=active`。

接下来，编写一个netctl配置文件来绑定两个网络接口：

    /etc/netctl/failover

    Description='A wired connection with failover to wireless'
    Interface='bond0'
    Connection=bond
    BindsToInterfaces=('eth0' 'wlan0')
    IP='dhcp'
    SkipNoCarrier='no'

设置该配置文件自启动：

    # netctl enable failover

将 wpa_supplicant 配置为关联一个已知网络，可以通过 netctl profile (记得设置 IP='no'), 和一个长期运行的 wpa_supplicant 服务或者 wpa_cli 命令实现。具体方法请访问 wpa_supplicant 页面。想要长期运行 wpa_supplicant 服务，创建一个wpa_supplicant配置文件`/etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant-wlan0.conf` 然后运行：

    # systemctl enable wpa_supplicant@wlan0

在有线网络配置中设置`IP='no'`。IP地址应当只被分配到bond0接口。

如果你有一个有线连接和无线连接连接到同一个网络，现在可以将有线网络断开连接，然后重新连接而依然保持网络通畅。在大多数情况下，甚至连流媒体音乐都不会卡顿。

### 使用任意接口

In some cases it may be desirable to allow a profile to use any interface on the system. A common example use case is using a common disk image across many machines with differing hardware (this is especially useful if they are headless). If you use the kernel's naming scheme, and your machine has only one ethernet interface, you can probably guess that eth0 is the right interface. If you use udev's Predictable Network Interface Names, however, names will be assigned based on the specific hardware itself (e.g. enp1s0), rather than simply the order that the hardware was detected (e.g. eth0, eth1). This means that a netctl profile may work on one machine and not another, because they each have different interface names.

A quick and dirty solution is to make use of the `/etc/netctl/interfaces/` directory. Choose a name for your interface alias (`en-any` in this example), and write the following to a file with that name (making sure it is executable).

    /etc/netctl/interfaces/en-any

    #!/bin/bash
    for interface in /sys/class/net/en*; do
            break;
    done
    Interface=$(basename $interface)
    echo "en-any: using interface $Interface";

Then create a profile that uses the interface. Pay special attention to the `Interface` directive. The rest are only provided as examples.

    /etc/netctl/wired

    Description='Wired'
    Interface=en-any
    Connection=ethernet
    IP=static
    Address=('192.168.1.15/24')
    Gateway='192.168.1.1'
    DNS=('192.168.1.1')

When the `wired` profile is started, any machine using the two files above will automatically bring up and configure the first ethernet interface found on the system, regardless of what name udev assigned to it. Note that this is not the most robust way to go about configuring interfaces. If you use multiple interfaces, netctl may try to assign the same interface to them, and will likely cause a disruption in connectivity. If you do not mind a more complicated solution, `netctl-auto` is likely to be more reliable.

### 使用钩子

netctl supports hooks in `/etc/netctl/hooks/` and per interface hooks in `/etc/netctl/interfaces/`. You can set any option in a hook/interface that you can in a profile. They are read the same way! Most importantly this includes `ExecUpPost` and `ExecDownPre`.

When a profile is read, netctl sources all executable scripts in `hooks`, then it reads the profile file for the connection and finally it sources an executable script with the name of the interface used in the profile from the `interfaces` directory. Therefore, declarations in an interface script override declarations in the profile, which override declarations in hooks.

The variables `$INTERFACE`, `$SSID`, `$ACTION` and `$Profile` are available in hooks/interfaces only when using `netctl-auto`

#### 范例

##### 在已有连接上执行命令

    /etc/netctl/hooks/myservices

    #!/bin/sh
    ExecUpPost="systemctl start crashplan.service; systemctl start dropbox@<username>.service"
    ExecDownPre="systemctl stop crashplan.service; systemctl stop dropbox@<username>.service"

##### 激活 network-online.target

    /etc/netctl/hooks/status

    #!/bin/sh
    ExecUpPost="systemctl start network-online.target"
    ExecDownPre="systemctl stop network-online.target"

Using this, systemd services requiring an active network connection can be ordered to start only after the `network-online.target` is reached, and can be stopped before the connection is brought down.

##### 设置默认 DHCP 客户端

To set or change the DHCP client used for all profiles:

    /etc/netctl/hooks/dhcp

    #!/bin/sh
    DHCPClient='dhclient'

Alternatively, it may also be specified for a specific network interface by creating an executable file `/etc/netctl/interfaces/<interface>` with the following line:

    DHCPClient='dhclient'

This article or section needs expansion.

Reason: It would be useful to replace the example with a general hook that executes different actions depending on `$ACTION` being CONNECT and DISCONNECT. (Discuss in Talk:Netctl (简体中文)#)

## 排错

### Job for netctl@wlan(...).service failed

Some people have an issue when they connect to a network with netctl, for example:

    # netctl start wlan0-ssid

    Job for netctl@wlan0\x2ssid.service failed. See 'systemctl status netctl@wlan0\x2ssid.service' and 'journalctl -xn' for details.

When then looking at `journalctl -xn`, either of the following are shown:

1. If your device (`wlan0` in this case) is up:

    network[2322]: The interface of network profile 'wlan0-ssid' is already up

Setting the interface down should resolve the problem:

    # ip link set wlan0 down

Then retry:

    # netctl start wlan0-ssid

The factual accuracy of this article or section is disputed.

Reason: The following is an unsolved issue, using different DHCP client is just a poor/unexplained workaround. (Discuss in Talk:Netctl (简体中文)#)

2. If it is down:

    dhcpcd[261]: wlan0: ipv4_sendrawpacket: Network is down

One way to solve this is to use a different DHCP client, for example dhclient. After installing the package configure netctl to use it:

    /etc/netctl/wlan0-ssid

    ...
    DHCPClient='dhclient'

Adding the `ForceConnect` option may also be helpful:

    /etc/netctl/wlan0-ssid

    ...

    ForceConnect=yes

Save it and try to connect with the profile:

    # netctl start wlan0-ssid

### dhcpcd: ipv4_addroute: File exists

On some systems dhcpcd in combination with netctl causes timeout issues on resume, particularly when having switched networks in the meantime. netctl will report that you are successfully connected but you still receive timeout issues. In this case, the old default route still exists and is not being renewed. A workaround to avoid this misbehaviour is to switch to dhclient[broken link: invalid section] as the default dhcp client. More information on the issue can be found here.

### DHCP timeout issues

If you are having timeout issues when requesting leases via DHCP you can set the timeout value higher than netctl's 30 seconds by default. Create a file in `/etc/netctl/hooks/` or `/etc/netctl/interfaces/`, add `TimeoutDHCP=40` to it for a timeout of 40 seconds and make the file executable.

### Connection timeout issues

If you are having timeout issues that are unrelated to DHCP (on a static ethernet connection for example), and are experiencing errors similar to the following when starting your profile:

    # journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=netctl@profile.service

    Starting network profile 'profile'...
    No connection found on interface 'eth0' (timeout)
    Failed to bring the network up for profile 'profile'

Then you should increase carrier and up timeouts by adding `TimeoutUp=` and `TimeoutCarrier=` to your profile file:

    /etc/netctl/profile

    ...
    TimeoutUp=300
    TimeoutCarrier=300

Do not forget to reenable your profile:

    # netctl reenable profile

### Problems with netctl-auto on resume

Sometimes netctl-auto fails to reconnect when the system resumes from suspend. An easy solution is to restart the service for netctl-auto. This can be automated with an additional service like the following:

    /etc/systemd/system/netctl-auto-resume@.service

    [Unit]
    Description=restart netctl-auto on resume.
    Requisite=netctl-auto@%i.service
    After=suspend.target

    [Service]
    Type=oneshot
    ExecStart=/usr/bin/systemctl restart netctl-auto@%i.service

    [Install]
    WantedBy=suspend.target

To enable this service for your wireless card, for example, enable `netctl-auto-resume@wlan0.service` as root. Change `wlan0` to the required network interface.

If the device is not yet running on resume when the unit is started, this will fail. It can be fixed by adding the following dependency in the After line:

    /etc/systemd/system/netctl-auto-resume@.service

    ...
    After=suspend.target sys-subsystem-net-devices-%i.device
    ...

### netctl-auto suddenly stopped working for WiFi adapters

This problem seems to be related to a recent wpa_supplicant update (see FS#44731), but a work-around is quite trivial. Just create a file for your interface (e.g. wlp3s0) in /etc/netctl/interfaces with the following content and make it executable:

    /etc/netctl/interfaces/wlp3s0

    WPAOptions="-m ''"

After that, try to restart your netctl-auto service and WiFi auto detection should work well again.

### netctl-auto does not automatically unblock a wireless card to use an interface

Many laptops have a hardware button (or switch) to turn off wireless card, however, the card can also be blocked by the kernel. This can be handled by rfkill.

If you want netctl-auto to automatically unblock your wireless card to connect to a particular network, set `RFKill=++auto++` option for the wireless connection of your choice, as specified in the netctl.profile(5) man page.

### RTNETLINK answers: File exists (with multiple NICs)

This is a very misleading response, it really means that you have assigned a default gateway in an earlier netctl control file. When netctl starts up the n-th NIC and goes to set its local route, it fails because there is already a default route from n-1.

Remove it and everything works, except you no longer have a default route and so cannot access things such as the internet. `ExecUpPost` does not work as it gets executed for each network card.

A possible solution is creating a new service:

    /etc/systemd/system/defaultrouter.service

    [Unit]
    Description
    Requires=netctl.service
    After=netctl.service
    Before=ntpd.service,dnsmasq.service

    [Service]
    Type=oneshot
    ExecStart=/usr/bin/ip route add default via 192.168.xxx.yyy

## 参见

- Initial mailing list announcement
- 官方陈述页面
- 在AUR中有一个可用的cinnamon applet: cinnamon-applet-netctl-systray-menuAUR[broken link: archived in aur-mirror]

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