scanmem(1)

NAME
scanmem - locate and modify a variable in an executing process.

SYNOPSIS
scanmem [options] [target-program-pid]

DESCRIPTION
scanmem is an interactive debugging utility that can be used to isolate the address of a variable in an executing process by successively scanning the process' address space looking for matching values. By informing scanmem how the value of the variable changes over time, it can determine the actual location (or locations) of the variable by successively eliminating non-matches. scanmem determines where to look by searching for mappings with read / write permission, these are referred to as regions. Users can eliminate regions they believe are likely unrelated to the target variable (for example, located in a shared library unrelated to the variable in question), this will improve the speed of the scan, which can initially be quite slow in large programs. Once a variable has been found, scanmem can monitor the variable, or change it to a user specified value, either once, or continually over a period of time. scanmem works similarly to the "pokefinders" once commonly used to cheat at video games, this function is a good demonstration of how to use scanmem, and is used in the documentation.

USAGE
scanmem should be invoked with the process id of the program you wish to debug as an argument. Once started, scanmem accepts interactive commands. These are described below, however entering help at the > prompt will allow you to access scanmem's online documentation. The target-program-pid can be specified in decimal, hexadecimal, or octal using the standard C language notation (leading 0x for hexadecimal, leading 0 for octal, anything else is assumed to be decimal). -p, --pid=pid Set the target-program-pid. -v, --version Print version and exit. -h, --help Print a short description of command line options then exit. -d, --debug Run in debug mode, more information will be outputted.

COMMANDS
While in interactive mode, scanmem prints a decimal number followed by >, the number is the current number of possible candidates for the target variable that are known. 0 indicates that no possible variables have been eliminated yet. The default scan data type is "int". It can be changed with the option command. n Where n represents any number in decimal, octal or hexadecimal, this command tells scanmem that the current value of the target variable is exactly n. scanmem will begin a search of the entire address space, or the existing known matches (if any), eliminating any variable that does not have this value. > [n] Tells scanmem that it should eliminate all matched variables that have not increased since the last search. For example, if the value of a variable is known to be zero when a program is executed, but increases over time, this command can be used several times to eliminate variables that have decreased or not changed. If n is given, then values that are greater than n are matched. < [n] As for > but indicates that the target variable has decreased since the last scan. If n is given, then values that are less than n are matched. + [n] If n is given, match values that have been increased by n. Otherwise match all values that have increased (same as >). - [n] If n is given, match values that have been decreased by n. Otherwise match all values that have decreased (same as <). = As for > but indicates that the target variable has not changed since last scan. != As for > but indicates that the target variable has changed since last scan. snapshot Save a snapshot of existing program state, for use with >, <, +, -, =, and !=, although other commands can still be used. " text Search for the provided text in memory if the scan data type is set to "string". update Scans the current process, getting the current values of all matches. These values can be viewed with list, and are also the old values that scanmem compares to when using >, <, or =. This command is equivalent to a search command that all current results match. list List all the possible candidates currently known, including their address, region id, match offset, region type, last known value and possible value types. The value in the first column is the match id, and can be used in conjunction with the delete command to eliminate matches. For experts: The match offset is determined by subtracting the load address of the associated ELF file or region from the address. It can be used to bypass Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR). delete match-id Delete match match-id, which can be found from the output of the list command. To delete all matches, see the reset command, or to delete all matches associated with a particular library, see the dregion command, which also removes any associated matches. Please note that match-ids may be recalculated after matches are removed or added. watch match-id Monitor the value of match-id, and print its value as it changes. Every change is printed along with a timestamp, you can interrupt this command with ^C to stop monitoring. set [match-id][,match-id,...]=]value[/delay] [...] Set the value value into the match numbers match-id, or if just value is specified, all known matches. value can be specified in standard C language notation. All known matches, along with their match-id's can be displayed using the list command. Multiple match-id's can be specified, separated with commas and terminated with an = sign. To set a value continually, suffix the command with / followed by the number of seconds to wait between sets. You can interrupt the set command with ^C to return to the scanmem prompt. This can be used to sustain the value of a variable which decreases overtime, for example a timer that is decremented every second can be set to 100 every 10 seconds to prevent some property from ever changing. This command is used to change the value of the variable(s) once found by elimination. Please note, some applications will store values in multiple locations. write value_type address value Manually set the value of the variable at the specified address. Names of value_type are subject to change in different versions of scanmem, see more info using the `help write` command. dump address length [filename] Dump the memory region starting from address of length length in a human-readable format. If filename is given, data will be saved into the file, otherwise data will be displayed on stdout. pid [new-pid] Print out the process id of the current target program, or change the target to new-pid, which will reset existing regions and matches. reset Forget all known regions and matches and start again. lregions List all the known regions, this can be used in combination with the dregion command to eliminate regions that the user believes are not related to the variable in question, thus reducing the address space required to search in. The value in the first column is the region-id which must be passed to the dregion command. Besides the start address, the size and path (if applicable) are also printed. This can be used to eliminate regions located in shared libraries that are unlikely to be relevant to the variable required. For experts: Also the region type and the load address are displayed. The types are "exe" (executable) "code" (library), "heap", "stack" or "misc" (everything else). The load address is the memory location where an ELF file (exe/lib) has been loaded to. This helps to convert between the addresses in memory and in the associated ELF file. If the region does not belong to an ELF file, then it is the same as the start address. dregion [!]region-id[,region-id][,...] Delete the region region-id, along with any matches from the match list. The region-id can be found in the output of the lregions command. A leading ! indicates the list should be inverted. option name value Change options at runtime. E.g. the scan data type can be changed. See `help option` for all possible names/values. shell shell-command Execute shell-command using /bin/sh, then return. show info Display information relating to info - see `help show` for details. version Print the version of scanmem in use. help Print a short summary of available commands. exit Detach from the target program and exit immediately.

EXAMPLES
Cheat at nethack, on systems where nethack is not installed sgid.
$ scanmem `pidof nethack`
info: attaching to pid 13070.
info: maps file located at /proc/13070/maps opened.
info: 17 suitable regions found.
Please enter current value, or "help" for other commands.
0>
The 0 in the scanmem prompt indicates we currently have no candidates, so I enter how much gold I currently have (91 pieces) and let scanmem find the potential candidates.
0> 91
info: searching 0xbfffa000 - 0xc0000000...........ok
info: searching 0x401c2000 - 0x401e3000...........ok
info: searching 0x401c1000 - 0x401c2000...........ok
info: searching 0x401b6000 - 0x401b8000...........ok
info: searching 0x401b5000 - 0x401b6000...........ok
info: searching 0x40189000 - 0x4018a000...........ok
info: searching 0x40188000 - 0x40189000...........ok
info: searching 0x40181000 - 0x40183000...........ok
info: searching 0x4017f000 - 0x40181000...........ok
info: searching 0x40070000 - 0x40071000...........ok
info: searching 0x40068000 - 0x40070000...........ok
info: searching 0x40030000 - 0x40031000...........ok
info: searching 0x40029000 - 0x4002a000...........ok
info: searching 0x4001f000 - 0x40020000...........ok
info: searching 0x40016000 - 0x40017000...........ok
info: searching 0x081d4000 - 0x0820a000...........ok
info: searching 0x081b7000 - 0x081d4000...........ok
info: we currently have 16 matches.
16> list
[ 0] 0x081c1f34 {        91} (/usr/share/games/nethack/nethack)
[ 1] 0x081c1780 {        91} (/usr/share/games/nethack/nethack)
[ 2] 0x081be436 {        91} (/usr/share/games/nethack/nethack)
[ 3] 0x081eeffc {        91} (unassociated, typically .bss)
[ 4] 0x081ee0c0 {        91} (unassociated, typically .bss)
[ 5] 0x081eddb8 {        91} (unassociated, typically .bss)
[ 6] 0x081d6d88 {        91} (unassociated, typically .bss)
[ 7] 0x4001fcd3 {        91} (/lib/libnss_compat-2.3.5.so)
[ 8] 0x40029fe3 {        91} (/lib/libnss_nis-2.3.5.so)
[ 9] 0x40029f8b {        91} (/lib/libnss_nis-2.3.5.so)
[10] 0x40029efb {        91} (/lib/libnss_nis-2.3.5.so)
[11] 0x40029bff {        91} (/lib/libnss_nis-2.3.5.so)
[12] 0x401d18d3 {        91} (unassociated, typically .bss)
[13] 0x401d156f {        91} (unassociated, typically .bss)
[14] 0x401d120b {        91} (unassociated, typically .bss)
[15] 0xbfffd76c {        91} (unassociated, typically .bss)
16>
16 potential matches were found, many of them are clearly unrelated, as they're part of unrelated libraries (libnss_nis.so). We could make scanmem eliminate these manually using the delete command, however just waiting until the amount of gold changes and telling scanmem the new value should be enough. I find some more gold, and tell scanmem the new value, 112.
16> 112
info: we currently have 1 matches.
info: match identified, use "set" to modify value.
info: enter "help" for other commands.
1> list
[ 0] 0x081d6d88 {       112} (unassociated, typically .bss)
Only one of the 16 original candidates now have the value 112, so this must be where the amount of gold is stored. I'll try setting it to 10,000 pieces.
1> set 10000
info: setting *0x081d6d88 to 10000...
1>
The resulting nethack status:
Dlvl:1  $:10000 HP:15(15) Pw:2(2) AC:7  Exp:1

NOTES
scanmem has been tested on multiple large programs, including the 3d shoot-em-up quake3 linux. Obviously, scanmem can crash your program if used incorrectly. Some programs store values in multiple locations, this is why set will change all known matches.

BUGS
The first scan can be very slow on large programs, this is not a problem for subsequent scans as huge portions of the address space are usually eliminated. This could be improved in future, perhaps by assuming all integers are aligned by default. Suggestions welcome. The snapshot command uses memory inefficiently, and should probably not be used on large programs. In future this will use a more intelligent format.

HOMEPAGE
https://github.com/scanmem/scanmem

AUTHORS
Tavis Ormandy <taviso(a)sdf.lonestar.org> http://taviso.decsystem.org/
Eli Dupree <elidupree(a)charter.net>
WANG Lu <coolwanglu(a)gmail.com> All bug reports, suggestions or feedback welcome.

SEE ALSO
gdb(1) ptrace(2) nethack(6) pidof(8)