

	In/in the/at century/nn from/in 1815/cd to/in 1914/cd the/at law/nn of/in nations/nns became/vbd international/jj law/nn ./.
Several/ap factors/nns contributed/vbd to/in this/dt change/nn ./.


	The/at Congress/np-tl of/in-tl Vienna/np-tl is/bez a/at convenient/jj starting/vbg point/nn because/cs it/pps both/abx epitomized/vbd and/cc symbolized/vbd what/wdt was/bedz to/to follow/vb ./.
Here/rb in/in 1815/cd the/at great/jj nations/nns assembled/vbd to/to legislate/vb not/* merely/rb for/in Europe/np ,/, but/cc for/in the/at world/nn ./.
Thus/rb the/at Congress/np marks/vbz a/at formal/jj recognition/nn of/in the/at political/jj system/nn that/wps was/bedz central/jj to/in world/nn politics/nn for/in a/at century/nn ./.
International/jj law/nn had/hvd to/to fit/vb the/at conditions/nns of/in Europe/np ,/, and/cc nothing/pn that/wps could/md not/* fit/vb this/dt system/nn ,/, or/cc the/at interests/nns of/in the/at great/jj European/jj nations/nns collectively/rb ,/, could/md possibly/rb emerge/vb as/cs law/nn in/in any/dti meaningful/jj sense/nn ./.
Essentially/rb this/dt imposed/vbd two/cd conditions/nns :/: First/rb ,/, international/jj law/nn had/hvd to/to recognize/vb and/cc be/be compatible/jj with/in an/at international/jj political/jj system/nn in/in which/wdt a/at number/nn of/in states/nns were/bed competitive/jj ,/, suspicious/jj ,/, and/cc opportunistic/jj in/in their/pp$ political/jj alignments/nns with/in one/cd another/dt ;/. ;/.
second/rb ,/, it/pps had/hvd to/to be/be compatible/jj with/in the/at value/nn system/nn that/wpo they/ppss shared/vbd ./.
In/in both/abx respects/nns ,/, international/jj law/nn was/bedz Europeanized/vbn ./.


	It/pps was/bedz not/* always/rb easy/jj to/to develop/vb theory/nn and/cc doctrine/nn which/wdt would/md square/vb the/at two/cd conditions/nns ./.
On/in the/at one/cd hand/nn ,/, the/at major/jj European/jj nations/nns had/hvd to/to maintain/vb vis-a-vis/in each/dt other/ap an/at emphasis/nn upon/in sovereignty/nn ,/, independence/nn ,/, formal/jj equality/nn --/-- thus/rb insuring/vbg for/in themselves/ppls individually/rb an/at optimal/jj freedom/nn of/in action/nn to/to maintain/vb the/at ``/`` flexibility/nn of/in alignment/nn ''/'' that/wpo the/at system/nn required/vbd and/cc to/to avoid/vb anything/pn approaching/vbg a/at repetition/nn of/in the/at disastrous/jj Napoleonic/jj experience/nn ./.
But/cc there/ex was/bedz no/at pressing/vbg need/nn to/to maintain/vb these/dts same/ap standards/nns with/in regard/nn to/in most/ap of/in the/at rest/nn of/in the/at world/nn ./.
Thus/rb ,/, theory/nn and/cc doctrine/nn applicable/jj among/in the/at great/jj nations/nns and/cc the/at smaller/jjr European/jj states/nns did/dod not/* really/rb comfortably/rb fit/vb less/ql developed/vbn and/cc less/ql powerful/jj societies/nns elsewhere/rb ./.
Political/jj interference/nn in/in Africa/np and/cc Asia/np and/cc even/rb in/in Latin/jj-tl America/np-tl (/( though/cs limited/vbn in/in Latin/jj-tl America/np-tl by/in the/at special/jj interest/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl as/cs expressed/vbn in/in the/at Monroe/np-tl Doctrine/nn-tl ,/, itself/ppl from/in the/at outset/nn related/vbn to/in European/jj politics/nn and/cc long/rb dependent/jj upon/in the/at ``/`` balance/nn of/in power/nn ''/'' system/nn in/in Europe/np )/) was/bedz necessary/jj in/in order/nn to/to preserve/vb both/abx common/jj economic/jj values/nns and/cc the/at European/jj ``/`` balance/nn ''/'' itself/ppl ./.
A/at nation/nn such/jj as/cs Switzerland/np could/md be/be neutralized/vbn by/in agreement/nn and/cc could/md be/be relied/vbn upon/rb to/to protect/vb its/pp$ neutrality/nn ;/. ;/.
more/ql doubtful/jj ,/, but/cc possible/jj ,/, (/( with/in an/at assist/nn from/in the/at North/nr-tl )/) was/bedz the/at neutralization/nn of/in the/at Latin/jj American/jj countries/nns ;/. ;/.
out/rp of/in the/at question/nn was/bedz the/at neutralization/nn of/in Asia/np and/cc Africa/np ./.


	This/dt Europeanization/nn of/in the/at law/nn was/bedz made/vbn explicit/jj by/in a/at number/nn of/in 19th/od century/nn scholars/nns ./.
More/ap emphasis/nn was/bedz put/vbn upon/in the/at fact/nn that/cs international/jj law/nn was/bedz the/at law/nn of/in ``/`` civilized/vbn nations/nns ''/'' ;/. ;/.
Kent/np and/cc Story/np ,/, the/at great/jj early/jj American/jj scholars/nns ,/, repeatedly/rb made/vbd use/nn of/in this/dt phrase/nn ,/, or/cc of/in ``/`` Christian/jj nations/nns ''/'' ,/, which/wdt is/bez a/at substantial/jj equivalent/nn ./.
Wheaton/np stated/vbd that/cs the/at public/jj law/nn was/bedz essentially/rb ``/`` limited/vbn to/in the/at civilized/vbn and/cc Christian/jj peoples/nns of/in Europe/np or/cc to/in those/dts of/in European/jj origin/nn ''/'' ./.
Of/in course/nn it/pps had/hvd always/rb been/ben of/in European/jj origin/nn in/in fact/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps had/hvd maintained/vbn a/at universal/jj outlook/nn under/in the/at natural/jj law/nn theory/nn ./.
Now/rb ,/, with/in virtually/rb every/at writer/nn ,/, not/* only/rb was/bedz the/at European/jj origin/nn of/in public/jj law/nn acknowledged/vbn as/cs a/at historical/jj phenomenon/nn ,/, but/cc the/at rules/nns thus/rb established/vbn by/in the/at advanced/vbn civilizations/nns of/in Europe/np were/bed to/to be/be imposed/vbn on/in others/nns ./.
The/at European/jj customs/nns on/in which/wdt international/jj law/nn was/bedz based/vbn were/bed to/to become/vb ,/, by/in force/nn and/cc fiat/nn ,/, the/at customs/nns that/wpo others/nns were/bed to/to accept/vb as/cs law/nn if/cs they/ppss were/bed to/to join/vb this/dt community/nn as/cs sovereign/jj states/nns ./.
Hall/np ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, was/bedz quite/ql explicit/jj on/in this/dt point/nn when/wrb he/pps said/vbd states/nns outside/in European/jj civilization/nn must/md formally/rb enter/vb into/in the/at circle/nn of/in law-governed/jj countries/nns ./.
They/ppss must/md do/do something/pn with/in the/at acquiescence/nn of/in the/at latter/ap ,/, or/cc some/dti of/in them/ppo ,/, which/wdt amounts/vbz to/in an/at acceptance/nn of/in the/at law/nn in/in its/pp$ entirety/nn beyond/in all/abn possibility/nn of/in misconstruction/nn ''/'' ./.
During/in the/at nineteenth/od century/nn these/dts views/nns were/bed protested/vbn by/in virtually/rb all/abn the/at Latin/jj American/jj writers/nns ,/, though/cs ineffectively/rb ,/, just/rb as/cs the/at new/jj nations/nns of/in Africa/np and/cc Asia/np protest/vb them/ppo ,/, with/in more/ap effect/nn ,/, today/nr ./.


	A/at number/nn of/in other/ap nineteenth-century/nn developments/nns contributed/vbd to/in the/at transmutation/nn of/in the/at law/nn of/in nations/nns into/in international/jj law/nn ;/. ;/.
that/dt is/bez ,/, from/in aspects/nns of/in a/at universal/jj system/nn of/in Justice/nn into/in particular/jj rules/nns governing/vbg the/at relations/nns of/in sovereign/jj states/nns ./.
The/at difference/nn is/bez important/jj ,/, for/cs although/cs the/at older/jjr law/nn of/in nations/nns did/dod cover/vb relationships/nns among/in sovereigns/nns ,/, this/dt was/bedz by/in no/at means/nns its/pp$ exclusive/jj domain/nn ./.
The/at law/nn of/in nature/nn governed/vbd sovereigns/nns in/in their/pp$ relationship/nn to/in their/pp$ own/jj citizens/nns ,/, to/in foreigners/nns ,/, and/cc to/in each/dt other/ap in/in a/at conceptually/rb unified/vbn system/nn ./.
The/at theory/nn of/in international/jj law/nn ,/, which/wdt in/in the/at nineteenth/od century/nn became/vbd common/jj to/in virtually/rb all/abn writers/nns in/in Europe/np and/cc America/np ,/, broke/vbd this/dt unity/nn and/cc this/dt universality/nn ./.
It/pps lost/vbd sight/nn of/in the/at individual/nn almost/ql entirely/rb and/cc confined/vbd itself/ppl to/in rules/nns limiting/vbg the/at exercise/nn of/in state/nn power/nn for/in reasons/nns essentially/rb unconnected/jj with/in justice/nn or/cc morality/nn save/in as/cs these/dts values/nns might/md affect/vb international/jj relations/nns ./.
No/ql longer/rbr did/dod the/at sovereign/nn look/nn to/in the/at law/nn of/in nations/nns to/to determine/vb what/wdt he/pps ought/md to/to do/do ;/. ;/.
his/pp$ search/nn was/bedz merely/rb for/in rules/nns that/wps might/md limit/vb his/pp$ freedom/nn of/in action/nn ./.


	To/to appreciate/vb this/dt development/nn ,/, we/ppss must/md relate/vb it/ppo to/in other/ap aspects/nns of/in nineteenth-century/nn philosophy/nn ./.
First/rb ,/, and/cc most/ql obvious/jj ,/, was/bedz the/at growing/vbg nationalism/nn and/cc the/at tendency/nn to/to regard/vb the/at state/nn ,/, and/cc the/at individual's/nn$ identification/nn with/in the/at state/nn ,/, as/cs transcending/vbg other/ap ties/nns of/in social/jj solidarity/nn ./.
National/jj identification/nn was/bedz not/* new/jj ,/, but/cc it/pps was/bedz accelerating/vbg in/in intensity/nn and/cc scope/nn throughout/in Europe/np as/cs new/jj unifications/nns occurred/vbd ./.
It/pps reached/vbd its/pp$ ultimate/jj philosophical/jj statement/nn in/in notions/nns of/in ``/`` state/nn will/nn ''/'' put/vbn forward/rb by/in the/at Germans/nps ,/, especially/rb by/in Hegel/np ,/, although/cs political/jj philosophers/nns will/md recognize/vb its/pp$ origins/nns in/in the/at rejected/vbn doctrines/nns of/in Hobbes/np ./.
National/jj identification/nn was/bedz reflected/vbn jurisprudentially/rb in/in law/nn theories/nns which/wdt incorporated/vbd this/dt Hegelian/jj abstraction/nn and/cc saw/vbd law/nn ,/, domestic/jj and/cc international/jj ,/, simply/rb as/cs its/pp$ formal/jj reflection/nn ./.
In/in the/at international/jj community/nn this/dt reduced/vbd law/nn to/in Jellinek's/np$ auto-limitation/nn ./.
A/at state/nn ,/, the/at highest/jjt form/nn of/in human/jj organization/nn in/in fact/nn and/cc theory/nn ,/, could/md be/be subjected/vbn to/in Law/nn-tl only/rb by/in a/at manifestation/nn of/in self-will/nn ,/, or/cc consent/nn ./.
According/in to/in the/at new/jj theories/nns ,/, the/at nineteenth/od century/nn corporate/jj sovereign/nn was/bedz ``/`` sovereign/nn ''/'' in/in a/at quite/ql new/jj and/cc different/jj sense/nn from/in his/pp$ historical/jj predecessors/nns ./.
He/pps no/ql longer/rbr sought/vbd to/to find/vb the/at law/nn ;/. ;/.
he/pps made/vbd it/ppo ;/. ;/.
he/pps could/md be/be subjected/vbn to/in law/nn only/rb because/cs he/pps agreed/vbd to/to be/be ./.
There/ex was/bedz no/at law/nn ,/, domestic/jj or/cc international/jj ,/, except/in that/dt willed/vbn by/in ,/, acknowledged/vbn by/in ,/, or/cc consented/vbn to/in by/in states/nns ./.


	Hidden/vbn behind/in Hegelian/jj abstractions/nns were/bed more/ql practical/jj reasons/nns for/in a/at changing/vbg jurisprudence/nn ./.
Related/vbn to/in ,/, but/cc distinguishable/jj from/in ,/, nationalism/nn was/bedz the/at growth/nn of/in democracy/nn in/in one/cd form/nn or/cc another/dt ./.
Increased/vbn participation/nn in/in politics/nn and/cc the/at demands/nns of/in various/ap groups/nns for/in status/nn and/cc recognition/nn had/hvd dramatic/jj effects/nns upon/in law/nn institutions/nns ./.
The/at efforts/nns of/in various/ap interest/nn groups/nns to/to control/vb or/cc influence/vb governmental/jj decisions/nns ,/, particularly/rb when/wrb taken/vbn in/in conjunction/nn with/in the/at impact/nn of/in industralization/nn ,/, led/vbd to/in a/at concentration/nn of/in attention/nn on/in the/at legislative/jj power/nn and/cc the/at means/nns whereby/wrb policy/nn could/md be/be formulated/vbn and/cc enforced/vbn as/cs law/nn through/in bureaucratic/jj institutions/nns ./.
Law/nn became/vbd a/at conscious/jj process/nn ,/, something/pn more/ap than/cs simply/rb doing/vbg justice/nn and/cc looking/vbg to/in local/jj customs/nns and/cc a/at common/jj morality/nn for/in applicable/jj norms/nns ./.
Particularly/rb was/bedz this/dt true/jj when/wrb the/at norms/nns previously/rb applied/vbn were/bed no/ql longer/rbr satisfactory/jj to/in many/ap ,/, when/wrb customs/nns were/bed rapidly/rb changing/vbg as/cs the/at forces/nns of/in the/at new/jj productivity/nn were/bed harnessed/vbn ./.
The/at old/jj way/nn of/in doing/vbg things/nns ,/, which/wdt depended/vbd on/in a/at relatively/ql stable/jj community/nn with/in stable/jj ideas/nns dealing/vbg with/in familiar/jj situations/nns ,/, was/bedz no/ql longer/rbr adequate/jj to/in the/at task/nn ./.
First/rb was/bedz the/at period/nn of/in codification/nn of/in existing/vbg law/nn :/: the/at Code/nn-tl Napoleon/np-tl in/in France/np and/cc the/at peculiar/jj codification/nn that/wps ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, resulted/vbd from/in Austin's/np$ restatement/nn and/cc ordering/nn of/in the/at Common/jj-tl Law/nn-tl in/in England/np ./.
Codification/nn was/bedz followed/vbn in/in all/abn countries/nns by/in a/at growing/vbg amount/nn of/in legislation/nn ,/, some/dti changing/vbg and/cc adjusting/vbg the/at older/jjr law/nn ,/, much/ap dealing/vbg with/in entirely/ql new/jj situations/nns ./.
The/at legislative/jj mills/nns have/hv been/ben grinding/vbg ever/rb since/rb ,/, and/cc when/wrb its/pp$ cumbersome/jj processes/nns were/bed no/ql longer/rbr adequate/jj to/in the/at task/nn ,/, a/at limited/vbn legislative/jj authority/nn was/bedz delegated/vbn in/in one/cd form/nn or/cc another/dt ,/, to/in the/at executive/nn ./.
Whereas/cs the/at eighteenth/od century/nn had/hvd been/ben a/at time/nn in/in which/wdt man/nn sought/vbd justice/nn ,/, the/at nineteenth/od and/cc twentieth/od have/hv been/ben centuries/nns in/in which/wdt men/nns are/ber satisfied/vbn with/in law/nn ./.
Indeed/rb ,/, with/in developed/vbn positivism/nn ,/, the/at separation/nn of/in law/nn from/in justice/nn ,/, or/cc from/in morality/nn generally/rb ,/, became/vbd quite/ql specific/jj ./.


	In/in municipal/jj systems/nns we/ppss tend/vb to/to view/vb what/wdt is/bez called/vbn positivism/nn-nc as/cs fundamentally/rb a/at movement/nn to/to democratize/vb policy/nn by/in increasing/vbg the/at power/nn of/in parliament/nn --/-- the/at elected/vbn representatives/nns --/-- at/in the/at expense/nn of/in the/at more/ql conservative/jj judiciary/nn ./.
When/wrb the/at power/nn of/in the/at latter/ap was/bedz made/vbn both/abx limited/vbn and/cc explicit/jj --/-- when/wrb norms/nns were/bed clarified/vbn and/cc made/vbn more/ql precise/jj and/cc the/at creation/nn of/in new/jj norms/nns was/bedz placed/vbn exclusively/rb in/in parliamentary/jj hands/nns --/-- two/cd purposes/nns were/bed served/vbn :/: Government/nn was/bedz made/vbn subservient/jj to/in an/at institutionalized/vbn popular/jj will/nn ,/, and/cc law/nn became/vbd a/at rational/jj system/nn for/in implementing/vbg that/dt will/nn ,/, for/in serving/vbg conscious/jj goals/nns ,/, for/in embodying/vbg the/at ``/`` public/jj policy/nn ''/'' ./.
It/pps is/bez true/jj that/cs ,/, initially/rb ,/, the/at task/nn was/bedz to/to remove/vb restrictions/nns that/wps ,/, it/pps was/bedz thought/vbn ,/, inhibited/vbd the/at free/jj flow/nn of/in money/nn ,/, goods/nns ,/, and/cc labor/nn ;/. ;/.
but/cc even/rb laissez-faire/nn was/bedz a/at conscious/jj policy/nn ./.
Law/nn was/bedz seen/vbn as/cs an/at emanation/nn of/in the/at ``/`` sovereign/nn will/nn ''/'' ./.
However/rb ,/, the/at sovereign/nn was/bedz not/* Hobbes'/np$ absolute/jj monarch/nn but/cc rather/rb the/at parliamentary/jj sovereign/nn of/in Austin/np ./.
It/pps was/bedz ,/, too/rb ,/, an/at optimistic/jj philosophy/nn ,/, and/cc ,/, though/cs it/pps separated/vbd law/nn from/in morality/nn ,/, it/pps was/bedz by/in no/at means/nns an/at immoral/jj or/cc amoral/jj one/cd ./.
Man/nn ,/, through/in democratic/jj institutions/nns of/in government/nn and/cc economic/jj freedom/nn ,/, was/bedz master/nn of/in his/pp$ destiny/nn ./.
The/at theory/nn did/dod not/* require/vb ,/, though/cs it/pps unfortunately/rb might/md acquire/vb ,/, a/at Hegelian/jj mystique/nn ./.
It/pps was/bedz merely/rb a/at rationalization/nn and/cc ordering/nn of/in new/jj institutions/nns of/in popular/jj government/nn ./.
It/pps was/bedz not/* opposed/vbn to/in either/cc justice/nn or/cc morality/nn ;/. ;/.
it/pps merely/rb wished/vbd to/to minimize/vb subjective/jj views/nns of/in officials/nns who/wps wielded/vbd public/jj authority/nn ./.


	Particularly/rb was/bedz this/dt true/jj as/cs laissez-faire/jj capitalism/nn became/vbd the/at dominant/jj credo/nn of/in Western/jj-tl society/nn ./.
To/to free/vb the/at factors/nns of/in production/nn was/bedz a/at major/jj objective/nn of/in the/at rising/vbg bourgeoisie/nn ,/, and/cc this/dt objective/nn required/vbd that/cs governmental/jj authority/nn --/-- administrative/jj officials/nns and/cc judges/nns --/-- be/be limited/vbn as/ql precisely/rb and/cc explicitly/rb as/cs possible/jj ;/. ;/.
that/cs old/jj customs/nns which/wdt inhibited/vbd trade/nn be/be abrogated/vbn ;/. ;/.
that/cs business/nn be/be free/jj from/in governmental/jj supervision/nn and/cc notions/nns of/in morality/nn which/wdt might/md clog/vb the/at automatic/jj adjustments/nns of/in the/at free/jj market/nn ;/. ;/.
that/cs obligations/nns of/in status/nn that/wps were/bed inconsistent/jj with/in the/at new/jj politics/nn and/cc the/at new/jj economics/nn be/be done/vbn away/rb with/in ./.
Contract/nn --/-- conceived/vbn as/cs the/at free/jj bargain/nn of/in formal/jj equals/nns --/-- replaced/vbd the/at implied/vbn obligations/nns of/in a/at more/ql static/jj and/cc status-conscious/jj society/nn ./.
Indeed/rb ,/, contract/nn was/bedz the/at dominant/jj legal/jj theme/nn of/in the/at century/nn ,/, the/at touchstone/nn of/in the/at free/jj society/nn ./.
Government/nn itself/ppl was/bedz based/vbn upon/in contract/nn ;/. ;/.
business/nn organization/nn --/-- the/at corporation/nn --/-- was/bedz analyzed/vbn in/in contractual/jj terms/nns ;/. ;/.
trade/nn was/bedz based/vbn on/in freedom/nn of/in contract/nn ,/, and/cc money/nn was/bedz lent/vbn and/cc borrowed/vbn on/in contractual/jj terms/nns ;/. ;/.
even/rb marriage/nn and/cc the/at family/nn was/bedz seen/vbn as/cs a/at contractual/jj arrangement/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez not/* surprising/jj that/cs the/at international/jj obligations/nns of/in states/nns were/bed also/rb viewed/vbn in/in terms/nns of/in contract/nn ./.
In/in fact/nn ,/, some/dti --/-- Anzilotti/np is/bez the/at principle/jjs example/nn --/-- went/vbd so/ql far/rb as/cs to/to say/vb that/cs all/abn international/jj law/nn could/md be/be traced/vbn to/in the/at single/ap legal/jj norm/nn ,/, Pacta/fw-nns sunt/fw-ber Servanda/fw-vbg ./.


	The/at displacement/nn (/( at/in least/ap to/in a/at considerable/jj extent/nn )/) of/in the/at ethical/jj jurisprudence/nn of/in the/at seventeenth/od and/cc eighteenth/od centuries/nns by/in positivism/nn reshaped/vbd both/abx international/jj law/nn theory/nn and/cc doctrine/nn ./.
In/in the/at first/od place/nn the/at new/jj doctrine/nn brought/vbd a/at formal/jj separation/nn of/in international/jj from/in municipal/jj law/nn ,/, rejecting/vbg the/at earlier/jjr view/nn that/cs both/abx were/bed parts/nns of/in a/at universal/jj legal/jj system/nn ./.
One/cd result/nn was/bedz to/to nationalize/vb much/ap that/wps had/hvd been/ben regarded/vbn as/cs the/at law/nn of/in nations/nns ./.
Admiralty/nn law/nn ,/, the/at law/nn merchant/nn ,/, and/cc the/at host/nn of/in problems/nns which/wdt arise/vb in/in private/jj litigation/nn because/rb of/in some/dti contact/nn with/in a/at foreign/jj country/nn were/bed all/abn severed/vbn from/in the/at older/jjr Law/nn-tl of/in-tl Nations/nns-tl and/cc made/vbn dependent/jj on/in the/at several/ap national/jj laws/nns ./.
Private/jj international/jj law/nn (/( which/wdt Americans/nps call/vb the/at ``/`` conflict/nn of/in laws/nns ''/'' )/) was/bedz thus/rb segregated/vbn from/in international/jj law/nn proper/jj ,/, or/cc ,/, as/cs it/pps is/bez often/rb called/vbn ,/, public/jj international/jj law/nn ./.
States/nns were/bed free/jj to/to enact/vb ,/, within/in broad/jj ,/, though/cs (/( perhaps/rb )/) determinate/jj limits/nns ,/, their/pp$ own/jj rules/nns as/in to/in the/at application/nn of/in foreign/jj law/nn by/in their/pp$ courts/nns ,/, to/to vary/vb the/at law/nn merchant/nn ,/, and/cc to/to enact/vb legislation/nn with/in regard/nn to/in many/ap claims/nns arising/vbg on/in the/at high/jj seas/nns ./.
The/at change/nn was/bedz not/* quite/ql so/ql dramatic/jj as/cs it/pps sounds/vbz because/cs in/in fact/nn common/jj norms/nns continued/vbd to/to be/be invoked/vbn by/in municipal/jj courts/nns and/cc were/bed only/rb gradually/rb changed/vbn by/in legislation/nn ,/, and/cc then/rb largely/rb in/in marginal/jj situations/nns ./.

