from sympy import (S, sympify, trigsimp, expand, sqrt, Add, zeros,
                   ImmutableMatrix as Matrix)
from sympy.core.compatibility import u, unicode
from sympy.utilities.misc import filldedent

__all__ = ['Vector']


class Vector(object):
    """The class used to define vectors.

    It along with ReferenceFrame are the building blocks of describing a
    classical mechanics system in PyDy and sympy.physics.vector.

    Attributes
    ==========

    simp : Boolean
        Let certain methods use trigsimp on their outputs

    """

    simp = False

    def __init__(self, inlist):
        """This is the constructor for the Vector class.  You shouldn't be
        calling this, it should only be used by other functions. You should be
        treating Vectors like you would with if you were doing the math by
        hand, and getting the first 3 from the standard basis vectors from a
        ReferenceFrame.

        The only exception is to create a zero vector:
        zv = Vector(0)

        """

        self.args = []
        if inlist == 0:
            inlist = []
        while len(inlist) != 0:
            added = 0
            for i, v in enumerate(self.args):
                if inlist[0][1] == self.args[i][1]:
                    self.args[i] = (self.args[i][0] + inlist[0][0],
                                    inlist[0][1])
                    inlist.remove(inlist[0])
                    added = 1
                    break
            if added != 1:
                self.args.append(inlist[0])
                inlist.remove(inlist[0])
        i = 0
        # This code is to remove empty frames from the list
        while i < len(self.args):
            if self.args[i][0] == Matrix([0, 0, 0]):
                self.args.remove(self.args[i])
                i -= 1
            i += 1

    def __hash__(self):
        return hash(tuple(self.args))

    def __add__(self, other):
        """The add operator for Vector. """
        other = _check_vector(other)
        return Vector(self.args + other.args)

    def __and__(self, other):
        """Dot product of two vectors.

        Returns a scalar, the dot product of the two Vectors

        Parameters
        ==========

        other : Vector
            The Vector which we are dotting with

        Examples
        ========

        >>> from sympy.physics.vector import ReferenceFrame, dot
        >>> from sympy import symbols
        >>> q1 = symbols('q1')
        >>> N = ReferenceFrame('N')
        >>> dot(N.x, N.x)
        1
        >>> dot(N.x, N.y)
        0
        >>> A = N.orientnew('A', 'Axis', [q1, N.x])
        >>> dot(N.y, A.y)
        cos(q1)

        """

        from sympy.physics.vector.dyadic import Dyadic
        if isinstance(other, Dyadic):
            return NotImplemented
        other = _check_vector(other)
        out = S(0)
        for i, v1 in enumerate(self.args):
            for j, v2 in enumerate(other.args):
                out += ((v2[0].T)
                        * (v2[1].dcm(v1[1]))
                        * (v1[0]))[0]
        if Vector.simp:
            return trigsimp(sympify(out), recursive=True)
        else:
            return sympify(out)

    def __div__(self, other):
        """This uses mul and inputs self and 1 divided by other. """
        return self.__mul__(sympify(1) / other)

    __truediv__ = __div__

    def __eq__(self, other):
        """Tests for equality.

        It is very import to note that this is only as good as the SymPy
        equality test; False does not always mean they are not equivalent
        Vectors.
        If other is 0, and self is empty, returns True.
        If other is 0 and self is not empty, returns False.
        If none of the above, only accepts other as a Vector.

        """

        if other == 0:
            other = Vector(0)
        other = _check_vector(other)
        if (self.args == []) and (other.args == []):
            return True
        elif (self.args == []) or (other.args == []):
            return False

        frame = self.args[0][1]
        for v in frame:
            if expand((self - other) & v) != 0:
                return False
        return True

    def __mul__(self, other):
        """Multiplies the Vector by a sympifyable expression.

        Parameters
        ==========

        other : Sympifyable
            The scalar to multiply this Vector with

        Examples
        ========

        >>> from sympy.physics.vector import ReferenceFrame
        >>> from sympy import Symbol
        >>> N = ReferenceFrame('N')
        >>> b = Symbol('b')
        >>> V = 10 * b * N.x
        >>> print(V)
        10*b*N.x

        """

        newlist = [v for v in self.args]
        for i, v in enumerate(newlist):
            newlist[i] = (sympify(other) * newlist[i][0], newlist[i][1])
        return Vector(newlist)

    def __ne__(self, other):
        return not self.__eq__(other)

    def __neg__(self):
        return self * -1

    def __or__(self, other):
        """Outer product between two Vectors.

        A rank increasing operation, which returns a Dyadic from two Vectors

        Parameters
        ==========

        other : Vector
            The Vector to take the outer product with

        Examples
        ========

        >>> from sympy.physics.vector import ReferenceFrame, outer
        >>> N = ReferenceFrame('N')
        >>> outer(N.x, N.x)
        (N.x|N.x)

        """

        from sympy.physics.vector.dyadic import Dyadic
        other = _check_vector(other)
        ol = Dyadic(0)
        for i, v in enumerate(self.args):
            for i2, v2 in enumerate(other.args):
                # it looks this way because if we are in the same frame and
                # use the enumerate function on the same frame in a nested
                # fashion, then bad things happen
                ol += Dyadic([(v[0][0] * v2[0][0], v[1].x, v2[1].x)])
                ol += Dyadic([(v[0][0] * v2[0][1], v[1].x, v2[1].y)])
                ol += Dyadic([(v[0][0] * v2[0][2], v[1].x, v2[1].z)])
                ol += Dyadic([(v[0][1] * v2[0][0], v[1].y, v2[1].x)])
                ol += Dyadic([(v[0][1] * v2[0][1], v[1].y, v2[1].y)])
                ol += Dyadic([(v[0][1] * v2[0][2], v[1].y, v2[1].z)])
                ol += Dyadic([(v[0][2] * v2[0][0], v[1].z, v2[1].x)])
                ol += Dyadic([(v[0][2] * v2[0][1], v[1].z, v2[1].y)])
                ol += Dyadic([(v[0][2] * v2[0][2], v[1].z, v2[1].z)])
        return ol

    def _latex(self, printer=None):
        """Latex Printing method. """

        from sympy.physics.vector.printing import VectorLatexPrinter

        ar = self.args  # just to shorten things
        if len(ar) == 0:
            return str(0)
        ol = []  # output list, to be concatenated to a string
        for i, v in enumerate(ar):
            for j in 0, 1, 2:
                # if the coef of the basis vector is 1, we skip the 1
                if ar[i][0][j] == 1:
                    ol.append(' + ' + ar[i][1].latex_vecs[j])
                # if the coef of the basis vector is -1, we skip the 1
                elif ar[i][0][j] == -1:
                    ol.append(' - ' + ar[i][1].latex_vecs[j])
                elif ar[i][0][j] != 0:
                    # If the coefficient of the basis vector is not 1 or -1;
                    # also, we might wrap it in parentheses, for readability.
                    arg_str = VectorLatexPrinter().doprint(ar[i][0][j])
                    if isinstance(ar[i][0][j], Add):
                        arg_str = "(%s)" % arg_str
                    if arg_str[0] == '-':
                        arg_str = arg_str[1:]
                        str_start = ' - '
                    else:
                        str_start = ' + '
                    ol.append(str_start + arg_str + ar[i][1].latex_vecs[j])
        outstr = ''.join(ol)
        if outstr.startswith(' + '):
            outstr = outstr[3:]
        elif outstr.startswith(' '):
            outstr = outstr[1:]
        return outstr

    def _pretty(self, printer=None):
        """Pretty Printing method. """
        from sympy.physics.vector.printing import VectorPrettyPrinter
        e = self

        class Fake(object):
            baseline = 0

            def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
                ar = e.args  # just to shorten things
                if len(ar) == 0:
                    return unicode(0)
                settings = printer._settings if printer else {}
                vp = printer if printer else VectorPrettyPrinter(settings)
                ol = []  # output list, to be concatenated to a string
                for i, v in enumerate(ar):
                    for j in 0, 1, 2:
                        # if the coef of the basis vector is 1, we skip the 1
                        if ar[i][0][j] == 1:
                            ol.append(u(" + ") + ar[i][1].pretty_vecs[j])
                        # if the coef of the basis vector is -1, we skip the 1
                        elif ar[i][0][j] == -1:
                            ol.append(u(" - ") + ar[i][1].pretty_vecs[j])
                        elif ar[i][0][j] != 0:
                            # If the basis vector coeff is not 1 or -1,
                            # we might wrap it in parentheses, for readability.
                            if isinstance(ar[i][0][j], Add):
                                arg_str = vp._print(
                                    ar[i][0][j]).parens()[0]
                            else:
                                arg_str = (vp.doprint(
                                    ar[i][0][j]))

                            if arg_str[0] == u("-"):
                                arg_str = arg_str[1:]
                                str_start = u(" - ")
                            else:
                                str_start = u(" + ")
                            ol.append(str_start + arg_str + ' ' +
                                      ar[i][1].pretty_vecs[j])
                outstr = u("").join(ol)
                if outstr.startswith(u(" + ")):
                    outstr = outstr[3:]
                elif outstr.startswith(" "):
                    outstr = outstr[1:]
                return outstr
        return Fake()

    def __ror__(self, other):
        """Outer product between two Vectors.

        A rank increasing operation, which returns a Dyadic from two Vectors

        Parameters
        ==========

        other : Vector
            The Vector to take the outer product with

        Examples
        ========

        >>> from sympy.physics.vector import ReferenceFrame, outer
        >>> N = ReferenceFrame('N')
        >>> outer(N.x, N.x)
        (N.x|N.x)

        """

        from sympy.physics.vector.dyadic import Dyadic
        other = _check_vector(other)
        ol = Dyadic(0)
        for i, v in enumerate(other.args):
            for i2, v2 in enumerate(self.args):
                # it looks this way because if we are in the same frame and
                # use the enumerate function on the same frame in a nested
                # fashion, then bad things happen
                ol += Dyadic([(v[0][0] * v2[0][0], v[1].x, v2[1].x)])
                ol += Dyadic([(v[0][0] * v2[0][1], v[1].x, v2[1].y)])
                ol += Dyadic([(v[0][0] * v2[0][2], v[1].x, v2[1].z)])
                ol += Dyadic([(v[0][1] * v2[0][0], v[1].y, v2[1].x)])
                ol += Dyadic([(v[0][1] * v2[0][1], v[1].y, v2[1].y)])
                ol += Dyadic([(v[0][1] * v2[0][2], v[1].y, v2[1].z)])
                ol += Dyadic([(v[0][2] * v2[0][0], v[1].z, v2[1].x)])
                ol += Dyadic([(v[0][2] * v2[0][1], v[1].z, v2[1].y)])
                ol += Dyadic([(v[0][2] * v2[0][2], v[1].z, v2[1].z)])
        return ol

    def __rsub__(self, other):
        return (-1 * self) + other

    def __str__(self, printer=None):
        """Printing method. """
        from sympy.physics.vector.printing import VectorStrPrinter
        ar = self.args  # just to shorten things
        if len(ar) == 0:
            return str(0)
        ol = []  # output list, to be concatenated to a string
        for i, v in enumerate(ar):
            for j in 0, 1, 2:
                # if the coef of the basis vector is 1, we skip the 1
                if ar[i][0][j] == 1:
                    ol.append(' + ' + ar[i][1].str_vecs[j])
                # if the coef of the basis vector is -1, we skip the 1
                elif ar[i][0][j] == -1:
                    ol.append(' - ' + ar[i][1].str_vecs[j])
                elif ar[i][0][j] != 0:
                    # If the coefficient of the basis vector is not 1 or -1;
                    # also, we might wrap it in parentheses, for readability.
                    arg_str = VectorStrPrinter().doprint(ar[i][0][j])
                    if isinstance(ar[i][0][j], Add):
                        arg_str = "(%s)" % arg_str
                    if arg_str[0] == '-':
                        arg_str = arg_str[1:]
                        str_start = ' - '
                    else:
                        str_start = ' + '
                    ol.append(str_start + arg_str + '*' + ar[i][1].str_vecs[j])
        outstr = ''.join(ol)
        if outstr.startswith(' + '):
            outstr = outstr[3:]
        elif outstr.startswith(' '):
            outstr = outstr[1:]
        return outstr

    def __sub__(self, other):
        """The subraction operator. """
        return self.__add__(other * -1)

    def __xor__(self, other):
        """The cross product operator for two Vectors.

        Returns a Vector, expressed in the same ReferenceFrames as self.

        Parameters
        ==========

        other : Vector
            The Vector which we are crossing with

        Examples
        ========

        >>> from sympy.physics.vector import ReferenceFrame, Vector
        >>> from sympy import symbols
        >>> q1 = symbols('q1')
        >>> N = ReferenceFrame('N')
        >>> N.x ^ N.y
        N.z
        >>> A = N.orientnew('A', 'Axis', [q1, N.x])
        >>> A.x ^ N.y
        N.z
        >>> N.y ^ A.x
        - sin(q1)*A.y - cos(q1)*A.z

        """

        from sympy.physics.vector.dyadic import Dyadic
        if isinstance(other, Dyadic):
            return NotImplemented
        other = _check_vector(other)
        if other.args == []:
            return Vector(0)

        def _det(mat):
            """This is needed as a little method for to find the determinant
            of a list in python; needs to work for a 3x3 list.
            SymPy's Matrix won't take in Vector, so need a custom function.
            You shouldn't be calling this.

            """

            return (mat[0][0] * (mat[1][1] * mat[2][2] - mat[1][2] * mat[2][1])
                    + mat[0][1] * (mat[1][2] * mat[2][0] - mat[1][0] *
                    mat[2][2]) + mat[0][2] * (mat[1][0] * mat[2][1] -
                    mat[1][1] * mat[2][0]))

        outvec = Vector(0)
        ar = other.args  # For brevity
        for i, v in enumerate(ar):
            tempx = v[1].x
            tempy = v[1].y
            tempz = v[1].z
            tempm = ([[tempx, tempy, tempz], [self & tempx, self & tempy,
                self & tempz], [Vector([ar[i]]) & tempx,
                Vector([ar[i]]) & tempy, Vector([ar[i]]) & tempz]])
            outvec += _det(tempm)
        return outvec

    _sympystr = __str__
    _sympyrepr = _sympystr
    __repr__ = __str__
    __radd__ = __add__
    __rand__ = __and__
    __rmul__ = __mul__

    def separate(self):
        """
        The constituents of this vector in different reference frames,
        as per its definition.

        Returns a dict mapping each ReferenceFrame to the corresponding
        constituent Vector.

        Examples
        ========

        >>> from sympy.physics.vector import ReferenceFrame
        >>> R1 = ReferenceFrame('R1')
        >>> R2 = ReferenceFrame('R2')
        >>> v = R1.x + R2.x
        >>> v.separate() == {R1: R1.x, R2: R2.x}
        True

        """

        components = {}
        for x in self.args:
            components[x[1]] = Vector([x])
        return components

    def dot(self, other):
        return self & other
    dot.__doc__ = __and__.__doc__

    def cross(self, other):
        return self ^ other
    cross.__doc__ = __xor__.__doc__

    def outer(self, other):
        return self | other
    outer.__doc__ = __or__.__doc__

    def diff(self, wrt, otherframe):
        """Takes the partial derivative, with respect to a value, in a frame.

        Returns a Vector.

        Parameters
        ==========

        wrt : Symbol
            What the partial derivative is taken with respect to.
        otherframe : ReferenceFrame
            The ReferenceFrame that the partial derivative is taken in.

        Examples
        ========

        >>> from sympy.physics.vector import ReferenceFrame, Vector, dynamicsymbols
        >>> from sympy import Symbol
        >>> Vector.simp = True
        >>> t = Symbol('t')
        >>> q1 = dynamicsymbols('q1')
        >>> N = ReferenceFrame('N')
        >>> A = N.orientnew('A', 'Axis', [q1, N.y])
        >>> A.x.diff(t, N)
        - q1'*A.z

        """

        from sympy.physics.vector.frame import _check_frame
        wrt = sympify(wrt)
        _check_frame(otherframe)
        outvec = Vector(0)
        for i, v in enumerate(self.args):
            if v[1] == otherframe:
                outvec += Vector([(v[0].diff(wrt), otherframe)])
            else:
                if otherframe.dcm(v[1]).diff(wrt) == zeros(3, 3):
                    d = v[0].diff(wrt)
                    outvec += Vector([(d, v[1])])
                else:
                    d = (Vector([v]).express(otherframe)).args[0][0].diff(wrt)
                    outvec += Vector([(d, otherframe)]).express(v[1])
        return outvec

    def express(self, otherframe, variables=False):
        """
        Returns a Vector equivalent to this one, expressed in otherframe.
        Uses the global express method.

        Parameters
        ==========

        otherframe : ReferenceFrame
            The frame for this Vector to be described in

        variables : boolean
            If True, the coordinate symbols(if present) in this Vector
            are re-expressed in terms otherframe

        Examples
        ========

        >>> from sympy.physics.vector import ReferenceFrame, Vector, dynamicsymbols
        >>> q1 = dynamicsymbols('q1')
        >>> N = ReferenceFrame('N')
        >>> A = N.orientnew('A', 'Axis', [q1, N.y])
        >>> A.x.express(N)
        cos(q1)*N.x - sin(q1)*N.z

        """
        from sympy.physics.vector import express
        return express(self, otherframe, variables=variables)

    def to_matrix(self, reference_frame):
        """Returns the matrix form of the vector with respect to the given
        frame.

        Parameters
        ----------
        reference_frame : ReferenceFrame
            The reference frame that the rows of the matrix correspond to.

        Returns
        -------
        matrix : ImmutableMatrix, shape(3,1)
            The matrix that gives the 1D vector.

        Examples
        ========

        >>> from sympy import symbols
        >>> from sympy.physics.vector import ReferenceFrame
        >>> from sympy.physics.mechanics.functions import inertia
        >>> a, b, c = symbols('a, b, c')
        >>> N = ReferenceFrame('N')
        >>> vector = a * N.x + b * N.y + c * N.z
        >>> vector.to_matrix(N)
        Matrix([
        [a],
        [b],
        [c]])
        >>> beta = symbols('beta')
        >>> A = N.orientnew('A', 'Axis', (beta, N.x))
        >>> vector.to_matrix(A)
        Matrix([
        [                         a],
        [ b*cos(beta) + c*sin(beta)],
        [-b*sin(beta) + c*cos(beta)]])

        """

        return Matrix([self.dot(unit_vec) for unit_vec in
                       reference_frame]).reshape(3, 1)

    def doit(self, **hints):
        """Calls .doit() on each term in the Vector"""
        ov = Vector(0)
        for i, v in enumerate(self.args):
            ov += Vector([(v[0].applyfunc(lambda x: x.doit(**hints)), v[1])])
        return ov

    def dt(self, otherframe):
        """
        Returns a Vector which is the time derivative of
        the self Vector, taken in frame otherframe.

        Calls the global time_derivative method

        Parameters
        ==========

        otherframe : ReferenceFrame
            The frame to calculate the time derivative in

        """
        from sympy.physics.vector import time_derivative
        return time_derivative(self, otherframe)

    def simplify(self):
        """Returns a simplified Vector."""
        outvec = Vector(0)
        for i in self.args:
            outvec += Vector([(i[0].simplify(), i[1])])
        return outvec

    def subs(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """Substituion on the Vector.

        Examples
        ========

        >>> from sympy.physics.vector import ReferenceFrame
        >>> from sympy import Symbol
        >>> N = ReferenceFrame('N')
        >>> s = Symbol('s')
        >>> a = N.x * s
        >>> a.subs({s: 2})
        2*N.x

        """

        ov = Vector(0)
        for i, v in enumerate(self.args):
            ov += Vector([(v[0].subs(*args, **kwargs), v[1])])
        return ov

    def magnitude(self):
        """Returns the magnitude (Euclidean norm) of self."""
        return sqrt(self & self)

    def normalize(self):
        """Returns a Vector of magnitude 1, codirectional with self."""
        return Vector(self.args + []) / self.magnitude()

    def applyfunc(self, f):
        """Apply a function to each component of a vector."""
        if not callable(f):
            raise TypeError("`f` must be callable.")

        ov = Vector(0)
        for v in self.args:
            ov += Vector([(v[0].applyfunc(f), v[1])])
        return ov


class VectorTypeError(TypeError):

    def __init__(self, other, want):
        msg = filldedent("Expected an instance of %s, but received object "
                         "'%s' of %s." % (type(want), other, type(other)))
        super(VectorTypeError, self).__init__(msg)


def _check_vector(other):
    if not isinstance(other, Vector):
        raise TypeError('A Vector must be supplied')
    return other
