NAME
    BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux

SYNTAX
     busybox <applet> [arguments...]  # or

     <applet> [arguments...]          # if symlinked

DESCRIPTION
    BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a
    single small executable. It provides minimalist replacements for most of
    the utilities you usually find in GNU coreutils, util-linux, etc. The
    utilities in BusyBox generally have fewer options than their
    full-featured GNU cousins; however, the options that are included
    provide the expected functionality and behave very much like their GNU
    counterparts.

    BusyBox has been written with size-optimization and limited resources in
    mind. It is also extremely modular so you can easily include or exclude
    commands (or features) at compile time. This makes it easy to customize
    your embedded systems. To create a working system, just add /dev, /etc,
    and a Linux kernel. BusyBox provides a fairly complete POSIX environment
    for any small or embedded system.

    BusyBox is extremely configurable. This allows you to include only the
    components you need, thereby reducing binary size. Run 'make config' or
    'make menuconfig' to select the functionality that you wish to enable.
    Then run 'make' to compile BusyBox using your configuration.

    After the compile has finished, you should use 'make install' to install
    BusyBox. This will install the 'bin/busybox' binary, in the target
    directory specified by CONFIG_PREFIX. CONFIG_PREFIX can be set when
    configuring BusyBox, or you can specify an alternative location at
    install time (i.e., with a command line like 'make
    CONFIG_PREFIX=/tmp/foo install'). If you enabled any applet installation
    scheme (either as symlinks or hardlinks), these will also be installed
    in the location pointed to by CONFIG_PREFIX.

USAGE
    BusyBox is a multi-call binary. A multi-call binary is an executable
    program that performs the same job as more than one utility program.
    That means there is just a single BusyBox binary, but that single binary
    acts like a large number of utilities. This allows BusyBox to be smaller
    since all the built-in utility programs (we call them applets) can share
    code for many common operations.

    You can also invoke BusyBox by issuing a command as an argument on the
    command line. For example, entering

            /bin/busybox ls

    will also cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls'.

    Of course, adding '/bin/busybox' into every command would be painful. So
    most people will invoke BusyBox using links to the BusyBox binary.

    For example, entering

            ln -s /bin/busybox ls
            ./ls

    will cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls' (if the 'ls' command has been
    compiled into BusyBox). Generally speaking, you should never need to
    make all these links yourself, as the BusyBox build system will do this
    for you when you run the 'make install' command.

    If you invoke BusyBox with no arguments, it will provide you with a list
    of the applets that have been compiled into your BusyBox binary.

COMMON OPTIONS
    Most BusyBox applets support the --help argument to provide a terse
    runtime description of their behavior. If the
    CONFIG_FEATURE_VERBOSE_USAGE option has been enabled, more detailed
    usage information will also be available.

COMMANDS
    Currently available applets include:

            [, [[, acpid, addgroup, adduser, adjtimex, ar, arp, arping, ash,
            awk, base64, basename, bbconfig, beep, blkdiscard, blkid, blockdev,
            bootchartd, brctl, bunzip2, bzcat, bzip2, cal, cat, catv, chat,
            chattr, chgrp, chmod, chown, chpasswd, chpst, chroot, chrt, chvt,
            cksum, clear, cmp, comm, cp, cpio, crond, crontab, cryptpw,
            cttyhack, cut, date, dc, dd, deallocvt, delgroup, deluser, depmod,
            df, dhcprelay, diff, dirname, dmesg, dnsd, dnsdomainname, dos2unix,
            du, dumpkmap, dumpleases, echo, ed, egrep, eject, env, envdir,
            envuidgid, ether-wake, expand, expr, fakeidentd, false, fatattr,
            fbset, fbsplash, fdflush, fdformat, fdisk, fgconsole, fgrep, find,
            findfs, flock, fold, free, freeramdisk, fsck, fsck.minix, fstrim,
            fsync, ftpd, ftpget, ftpput, fuser, getopt, getty, grep, groups,
            gunzip, gzip, halt, hd, hdparm, head, hexdump, hostid, hostname,
            httpd, hwclock, i2cdetect, i2cdump, i2cget, i2cset, id, ifconfig,
            ifdown, ifenslave, ifplugd, ifup, inetd, init, inotifyd, insmod,
            install, ionice, iostat, ip, ipaddr, ipcalc, ipcrm, ipcs, iplink,
            ipneigh, iproute, iprule, iptunnel, kbd_mode, kill, killall,
            killall5, klogd, less, linux32, linux64, linuxrc, ln, loadfont,
            loadkmap, logger, login, logname, logread, losetup, lpd, lpq, lpr,
            ls, lsattr, lsmod, lsof, lspci, lsusb, lzcat, lzma, lzopcat,
            makedevs, makemime, man, md5sum, mdev, mesg, microcom, mkdir,
            mkdosfs, mke2fs, mkfifo, mkfs.ext2, mkfs.minix, mkfs.vfat, mknod,
            mkpasswd, mkswap, mktemp, modinfo, modprobe, more, mount,
            mountpoint, mpstat, mt, mv, nameif, nbd-client, nc, netstat, nice,
            nmeter, nohup, nsenter, nslookup, ntpd, od, openvt, passwd, patch,
            pgrep, pidof, ping, ping6, pipe_progress, pivot_root, pkill, pmap,
            popmaildir, poweroff, powertop, printenv, printf, ps, pscan, pstree,
            pwd, pwdx, raidautorun, rdate, rdev, readahead, readlink,
            readprofile, realpath, reboot, reformime, renice, reset, resize,
            rev, rfkill, rm, rmdir, rmmod, route, rpm2cpio, rtcwake, run-parts,
            runsv, runsvdir, rx, script, scriptreplay, sed, sendmail, seq,
            setarch, setconsole, setfont, setkeycodes, setlogcons, setserial,
            setsid, setuidgid, sh, sha1sum, sha256sum, sha3sum, sha512sum,
            showkey, shuf, slattach, sleep, smemcap, softlimit, sort, split,
            start-stop-daemon, stat, strings, stty, su, sulogin, sum, sv, svc,
            svlogd, swapoff, swapon, switch_root, sync, sysctl, syslogd, tac,
            tail, tar, taskset, tcpsvd, tee, telnet, telnetd, test, tftp, tftpd,
            time, timeout, top, touch, tr, traceroute, traceroute6, true,
            truncate, tty, ttysize, tunctl, tune2fs, ubiattach, ubidetach,
            ubimkvol, ubirename, ubirmvol, ubirsvol, ubiupdatevol, udhcpc,
            udhcpc6, udhcpd, udpsvd, uevent, umount, uname, uncompress,
            unexpand, uniq, unix2dos, unlink, unlzma, unlzop, unshare, unxz,
            unzip, uptime, usleep, uudecode, uuencode, vconfig, vi, vlock,
            volname, watch, watchdog, wc, wget, which, whoami, whois, xargs, xz,
            xzcat, yes, zcat, zcip

COMMAND DESCRIPTIONS
    acpid
        acpid [-df] [-c CONFDIR] [-l LOGFILE] [-a ACTIONFILE] [-M MAPFILE]
        [-e PROC_EVENT_FILE] [-p PIDFILE]

        Listen to ACPI events and spawn specific helpers on event arrival

                -d      Log to stderr, not log file (implies -f)
                -f      Run in foreground
                -c DIR  Config directory [/etc/acpi]
                -e FILE /proc event file [/proc/acpi/event]
                -l FILE Log file [/var/log/acpid.log]
                -p FILE Pid file [/var/run/acpid.pid]
                -a FILE Action file [/etc/acpid.conf]
                -M FILE Map file [/etc/acpi.map]

        Accept and ignore compatibility options -g -m -s -S -v

    addgroup
        addgroup [-g GID] [-S] [USER] GROUP

        Add a group or add a user to a group

                -g GID  Group id
                -S      Create a system group

    adduser
        adduser [OPTIONS] USER [GROUP]

        Create new user, or add USER to GROUP

                -h DIR          Home directory
                -g GECOS        GECOS field
                -s SHELL        Login shell
                -G GRP          Add user to existing group
                -S              Create a system user
                -D              Don't assign a password
                -H              Don't create home directory
                -u UID          User id
                -k SKEL         Skeleton directory (/etc/skel)

    adjtimex
        adjtimex [-q] [-o OFF] [-f FREQ] [-p TCONST] [-t TICK]

        Read or set kernel time variables. See adjtimex(2)

                -q      Quiet
                -o OFF  Time offset, microseconds
                -f FREQ Frequency adjust, integer kernel units (65536 is 1ppm)
                -t TICK Microseconds per tick, usually 10000
                        (positive -t or -f values make clock run faster)
                -p TCONST

    ar  ar [-o] [-v] [-p] [-t] [-x] ARCHIVE FILES

        Extract or list FILES from an ar archive

                -o      Preserve original dates
                -p      Extract to stdout
                -t      List
                -x      Extract
                -v      Verbose

    arp arp [-vn] [-H HWTYPE] [-i IF] -a [HOSTNAME] [-v] [-i IF] -d HOSTNAME
        [pub] [-v] [-H HWTYPE] [-i IF] -s HOSTNAME HWADDR [temp] [-v] [-H
        HWTYPE] [-i IF] -s HOSTNAME HWADDR [netmask MASK] pub [-v] [-H
        HWTYPE] [-i IF] -Ds HOSTNAME IFACE [netmask MASK] pub

        Manipulate ARP cache

                -a              Display (all) hosts
                -d              Delete ARP entry
                -s              Set new entry
                -v              Verbose
                -n              Don't resolve names
                -i IF           Network interface
                -D              Read HWADDR from IFACE
                -A,-p AF        Protocol family
                -H HWTYPE       Hardware address type

    arping
        arping [-fqbDUA] [-c CNT] [-w TIMEOUT] [-I IFACE] [-s SRC_IP] DST_IP

        Send ARP requests/replies

                -f              Quit on first ARP reply
                -q              Quiet
                -b              Keep broadcasting, don't go unicast
                -D              Exit with 1 if DST_IP replies
                -U              Unsolicited ARP mode, update your neighbors
                -A              ARP answer mode, update your neighbors
                -c N            Stop after sending N ARP requests
                -w TIMEOUT      Seconds to wait for ARP reply
                -I IFACE        Interface to use (default eth0)
                -s SRC_IP       Sender IP address
                DST_IP          Target IP address

    ash ash [-/+OPTIONS] [-/+o OPT]... [-c 'SCRIPT' [ARG0 [ARGS]] / FILE
        [ARGS]]

        Unix shell interpreter

    awk awk [OPTIONS] [AWK_PROGRAM] [FILE]...

                -v VAR=VAL      Set variable
                -F SEP          Use SEP as field separator
                -f FILE         Read program from FILE
                -e AWK_PROGRAM

    base64
        base64 [-d] [FILE]

        Base64 encode or decode FILE to standard output -d Decode data

    basename
        basename FILE [SUFFIX]

        Strip directory path and .SUFFIX from FILE

    bbconfig
        bbconfig

        Print the config file used by busybox build

    beep
        beep -f FREQ -l LEN -d DELAY -r COUNT -n

                -f      Frequency in Hz
                -l      Length in ms
                -d      Delay in ms
                -r      Repetitions
                -n      Start new tone

    blkdiscard
        blkdiscard [-o OFS] [-l LEN] [-s] DEVICE

        Discard sectors on DEVICE

                -o OFS  Byte offset into device
                -l LEN  Number of bytes to discard
                -s      Perform a secure discard

    blkid
        blkid [BLOCKDEV]...

        Print UUIDs of all filesystems

    blockdev
        blockdev OPTION BLOCKDEV

                --setro         Set ro
                --setrw         Set rw
                --getro         Get ro
                --getss         Get sector size
                --getbsz        Get block size
                --setbsz BYTES  Set block size
                --getsz         Get device size in 512-byte sectors
                --getsize64     Get device size in bytes
                --flushbufs     Flush buffers
                --rereadpt      Reread partition table

    bootchartd
        bootchartd start [PROG ARGS]|stop|init

        Create /var/log/bootchart.tgz with boot chart data

        start: start background logging; with PROG, run PROG, then kill
        logging with USR1 stop: send USR1 to all bootchartd processes init:
        start background logging; stop when getty/xdm is seen (for init
        scripts) Under PID 1: as init, then exec $bootchart_init, /init,
        /sbin/init

    brctl
        brctl COMMAND [BRIDGE [INTERFACE]]

        Manage ethernet bridges

        Commands:

                show                    Show a list of bridges
                addbr BRIDGE            Create BRIDGE
                delbr BRIDGE            Delete BRIDGE
                addif BRIDGE IFACE      Add IFACE to BRIDGE
                delif BRIDGE IFACE      Delete IFACE from BRIDGE
                setageing BRIDGE TIME           Set ageing time
                setfd BRIDGE TIME               Set bridge forward delay
                sethello BRIDGE TIME            Set hello time
                setmaxage BRIDGE TIME           Set max message age
                setpathcost BRIDGE COST         Set path cost
                setportprio BRIDGE PRIO         Set port priority
                setbridgeprio BRIDGE PRIO       Set bridge priority
                stp BRIDGE [1/yes/on|0/no/off]  STP on/off

    bunzip2
        bunzip2 [-cf] [FILE]...

        Decompress FILEs (or stdin)

                -c      Write to stdout
                -f      Force

    bzcat
        bzcat [FILE]...

        Decompress to stdout

    bzip2
        bzip2 [OPTIONS] [FILE]...

        Compress FILEs (or stdin) with bzip2 algorithm

                -1..9   Compression level
                -d      Decompress
                -c      Write to stdout
                -f      Force

    cal cal [-jy] [[MONTH] YEAR]

        Display a calendar

                -j      Use julian dates
                -y      Display the entire year

    cat cat [FILE]...

        Concatenate FILEs and print them to stdout

    catv
        catv [-etv] [FILE]...

        Display nonprinting characters as ^x or M-x

                -e      End each line with $
                -t      Show tabs as ^I
                -v      Don't use ^x or M-x escapes

    chat
        chat EXPECT [SEND [EXPECT [SEND...]]]

        Useful for interacting with a modem connected to stdin/stdout. A
        script consists of one or more "expect-send" pairs of strings, each
        pair is a pair of arguments. Example: chat '' ATZ OK ATD123456
        CONNECT '' ogin: pppuser word: ppppass '~'

    chattr
        chattr [-R] [-+=AacDdijsStTu] [-v VERSION] [FILE]...

        Change ext2 file attributes

        Modifiers:

                -,+,=   Remove/add/set attributes
        Attributes:

                A       Don't track atime
                a       Append mode only
                c       Enable compress
                D       Write dir contents synchronously
                d       Don't backup with dump
                i       Cannot be modified (immutable)
                j       Write all data to journal first
                s       Zero disk storage when deleted
                S       Write synchronously
                t       Disable tail-merging of partial blocks with other files
                u       Allow file to be undeleted
                -R      Recurse
                -v VER  Set version/generation number

    chgrp
        chgrp [-RhLHP]... GROUP FILE...

        Change the group membership of each FILE to GROUP

                -R      Recurse
                -h      Affect symlinks instead of symlink targets
                -L      Traverse all symlinks to directories
                -H      Traverse symlinks on command line only
                -P      Don't traverse symlinks (default)

    chmod
        chmod [-R] MODE[,MODE]... FILE...

        Each MODE is one or more of the letters ugoa, one of the symbols +-=
        and one or more of the letters rwxst

                -R      Recurse

    chown
        chown [-Rh]... USER[:[GRP]] FILE...

        Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to USER and/or GRP

                -R      Recurse
                -h      Affect symlinks instead of symlink targets

    chpasswd
        chpasswd [--md5|--encrypted|--crypt-method]

        Read user:password from stdin and update /etc/passwd

                -e,--encrypted          Supplied passwords are in encrypted form
                -m,--md5                Use MD5 encryption instead of DES
                -c,--crypt-method       Use the specified method to encrypt the passwords

    chpst
        chpst [-vP012] [-u USER[:GRP]] [-U USER[:GRP]] [-e DIR] [-/ DIR] [-n
        NICE] [-m BYTES] [-d BYTES] [-o N] [-p N] [-f BYTES] [-c BYTES] PROG
        ARGS

        Change the process state, run PROG

                -u USER[:GRP]   Set uid and gid
                -U USER[:GRP]   Set $UID and $GID in environment
                -e DIR          Set environment variables as specified by files
                                in DIR: file=1st_line_of_file
                -/ DIR          Chroot to DIR
                -n NICE         Add NICE to nice value
                -m BYTES        Same as -d BYTES -s BYTES -l BYTES
                -d BYTES        Limit data segment
                -o N            Limit number of open files per process
                -p N            Limit number of processes per uid
                -f BYTES        Limit output file sizes
                -c BYTES        Limit core file size
                -v              Verbose
                -P              Create new process group
                -0              Close stdin
                -1              Close stdout
                -2              Close stderr

    chroot
        chroot NEWROOT [PROG ARGS]

        Run PROG with root directory set to NEWROOT

    chrt
        chrt [-prfom] [PRIO] [PID | PROG ARGS]

        Change scheduling priority and class for a process

                -p      Operate on PID
                -r      Set SCHED_RR class
                -f      Set SCHED_FIFO class
                -o      Set SCHED_OTHER class
                -m      Show min/max priorities

    chvt
        chvt N

        Change the foreground virtual terminal to /dev/ttyN

    cksum
        cksum FILES...

        Calculate the CRC32 checksums of FILES

    clear
        clear

        Clear screen

    cmp cmp [-l] [-s] FILE1 [FILE2]

        Compare FILE1 with FILE2 (or stdin)

                -l      Write the byte numbers (decimal) and values (octal)
                        for all differing bytes
                -s      Quiet

    comm
        comm [-123] FILE1 FILE2

        Compare FILE1 with FILE2

                -1      Suppress lines unique to FILE1
                -2      Suppress lines unique to FILE2
                -3      Suppress lines common to both files

    cp  cp [OPTIONS] SOURCE... DEST

        Copy SOURCE(s) to DEST

                -a      Same as -dpR
                -R,-r   Recurse
                -d,-P   Preserve symlinks (default if -R)
                -L      Follow all symlinks
                -H      Follow symlinks on command line
                -p      Preserve file attributes if possible
                -f      Overwrite
                -i      Prompt before overwrite
                -l,-s   Create (sym)links
                -u      Copy only newer files

    cpio
        cpio [-dmvu] [-F FILE] [-R USER[:GRP]] [-H newc] [-tio]
        [EXTR_FILE]...

        Extract (-i) or list (-t) files from a cpio archive, or take file
        list from stdin and create an archive (-o)

        Main operation mode:

                -t      List
                -i      Extract EXTR_FILEs (or all)
                -o      Create (requires -H newc)
        Options:

                -d      Make leading directories
                -m      Preserve mtime
                -v      Verbose
                -u      Overwrite
                -F FILE Input (-t,-i,-p) or output (-o) file
                -R USER[:GRP]   Set owner of created files
                -H newc Archive format

    crond
        crond -fbS -l N -d N -L LOGFILE -c DIR

                -f      Foreground
                -b      Background (default)
                -S      Log to syslog (default)
                -l N    Set log level. Most verbose:0, default:8
                -d N    Set log level, log to stderr
                -L FILE Log to FILE
                -c DIR  Cron dir. Default:/var/spool/cron/crontabs

    crontab
        crontab [-c DIR] [-u USER] [-ler]|[FILE]

                -c      Crontab directory
                -u      User
                -l      List crontab
                -e      Edit crontab
                -r      Delete crontab
                FILE    Replace crontab by FILE ('-': stdin)

    cryptpw
        cryptpw [OPTIONS] [PASSWORD] [SALT]

        Crypt PASSWORD using crypt(3)

                -P,--password-fd=N      Read password from fd N
                -m,--method=TYPE        Encryption method
                -S,--salt=SALT

    cttyhack
        cttyhack [PROG ARGS]

        Give PROG a controlling tty if possible. Example for /etc/inittab
        (for busybox init): ::respawn:/bin/cttyhack /bin/sh Giving
        controlling tty to shell running with PID 1: $ exec cttyhack sh
        Starting interactive shell from boot shell script:

                setsid cttyhack sh

    cut cut [OPTIONS] [FILE]...

        Print selected fields from each input FILE to stdout

                -b LIST Output only bytes from LIST
                -c LIST Output only characters from LIST
                -d CHAR Use CHAR instead of tab as the field delimiter
                -s      Output only the lines containing delimiter
                -f N    Print only these fields
                -n      Ignored

    date
        date [OPTIONS] [+FMT] [TIME]

        Display time (using +FMT), or set time

                [-s,--set] TIME Set time to TIME
                -u,--utc        Work in UTC (don't convert to local time)
                -R,--rfc-2822   Output RFC-2822 compliant date string
                -I[SPEC]        Output ISO-8601 compliant date string
                                SPEC='date' (default) for date only,
                                'hours', 'minutes', or 'seconds' for date and
                                time to the indicated precision
                -r,--reference FILE     Display last modification time of FILE
                -d,--date TIME  Display TIME, not 'now'
                -D FMT          Use FMT for -d TIME conversion

        Recognized TIME formats:

                hh:mm[:ss]
                [YYYY.]MM.DD-hh:mm[:ss]
                YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm[:ss]
                [[[[[YY]YY]MM]DD]hh]mm[.ss]
                'date TIME' form accepts MMDDhhmm[[YY]YY][.ss] instead

    dc  dc EXPRESSION...

        Tiny RPN calculator. Operations: +, add, -, sub, *, mul, /, div, %,
        mod, **, exp, and, or, not, xor, p - print top of the stack (without
        popping), f - print entire stack, o - pop the value and set output
        radix (must be 10, 16, 8 or 2). Examples: 'dc 2 2 add p' -> 4, 'dc 8
        8 mul 2 2 + / p' -> 16

    dd  dd [if=FILE] [of=FILE] [ibs=N] [obs=N] [bs=N] [count=N] [skip=N]
        [seek=N] [conv=notrunc|noerror|sync|fsync] [iflag=skip_bytes]

        Copy a file with converting and formatting

                if=FILE         Read from FILE instead of stdin
                of=FILE         Write to FILE instead of stdout
                bs=N            Read and write N bytes at a time
                ibs=N           Read N bytes at a time
                obs=N           Write N bytes at a time
                count=N         Copy only N input blocks
                skip=N          Skip N input blocks
                seek=N          Skip N output blocks
                conv=notrunc    Don't truncate output file
                conv=noerror    Continue after read errors
                conv=sync       Pad blocks with zeros
                conv=fsync      Physically write data out before finishing
                conv=swab       Swap every pair of bytes
                iflag=skip_bytes        skip=N is in bytes
                status=noxfer   Suppress rate output
                status=none     Suppress all output

        N may be suffixed by c (1), w (2), b (512), kB (1000), k (1024), MB,
        M, GB, G

    deallocvt
        deallocvt [N]

        Deallocate unused virtual terminal /dev/ttyN

    delgroup
        delgroup [USER] GROUP

        Delete group GROUP from the system or user USER from group GROUP

    deluser
        deluser [--remove-home] USER

        Delete USER from the system

    df  df [-PkmhTai] [-B SIZE] [FILESYSTEM]...

        Print filesystem usage statistics

                -P      POSIX output format
                -k      1024-byte blocks (default)
                -m      1M-byte blocks
                -h      Human readable (e.g. 1K 243M 2G)
                -T      Print filesystem type
                -a      Show all filesystems
                -i      Inodes
                -B SIZE Blocksize

    dhcprelay
        dhcprelay CLIENT_IFACE[,CLIENT_IFACE2]... SERVER_IFACE [SERVER_IP]

        Relay DHCP requests between clients and server

    diff
        diff [-abBdiNqrTstw] [-L LABEL] [-S FILE] [-U LINES] FILE1 FILE2

        Compare files line by line and output the differences between them.
        This implementation supports unified diffs only.

                -a      Treat all files as text
                -b      Ignore changes in the amount of whitespace
                -B      Ignore changes whose lines are all blank
                -d      Try hard to find a smaller set of changes
                -i      Ignore case differences
                -L      Use LABEL instead of the filename in the unified header
                -N      Treat absent files as empty
                -q      Output only whether files differ
                -r      Recurse
                -S      Start with FILE when comparing directories
                -T      Make tabs line up by prefixing a tab when necessary
                -s      Report when two files are the same
                -t      Expand tabs to spaces in output
                -U      Output LINES lines of context
                -w      Ignore all whitespace

    dirname
        dirname FILENAME

        Strip non-directory suffix from FILENAME

    dmesg
        dmesg [-c] [-n LEVEL] [-s SIZE]

        Print or control the kernel ring buffer

                -c              Clear ring buffer after printing
                -n LEVEL        Set console logging level
                -s SIZE         Buffer size
                -r              Print raw message buffer

    dnsd
        dnsd [-dvs] [-c CONFFILE] [-t TTL_SEC] [-p PORT] [-i ADDR]

        Small static DNS server daemon

                -c FILE Config file
                -t SEC  TTL
                -p PORT Listen on PORT
                -i ADDR Listen on ADDR
                -d      Daemonize
                -v      Verbose
                -s      Send successful replies only. Use this if you want
                        to use /etc/resolv.conf with two nameserver lines:
                                nameserver DNSD_SERVER
                                nameserver NORMAL_DNS_SERVER

    dos2unix
        dos2unix [-ud] [FILE]

        Convert FILE in-place from DOS to Unix format. When no file is
        given, use stdin/stdout.

                -u      dos2unix
                -d      unix2dos

    du  du [-aHLdclsxhmk] [FILE]...

        Summarize disk space used for each FILE and/or directory

                -a      Show file sizes too
                -L      Follow all symlinks
                -H      Follow symlinks on command line
                -d N    Limit output to directories (and files with -a) of depth < N
                -c      Show grand total
                -l      Count sizes many times if hard linked
                -s      Display only a total for each argument
                -x      Skip directories on different filesystems
                -h      Sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 243M 2G)
                -m      Sizes in megabytes
                -k      Sizes in kilobytes (default)

    dumpkmap
        dumpkmap > keymap

        Print a binary keyboard translation table to stdout

    dumpleases
        dumpleases [-r|-a] [-d] [-f LEASEFILE]

        Display DHCP leases granted by udhcpd

                -f,--file=FILE  Lease file
                -r,--remaining  Show remaining time
                -a,--absolute   Show expiration time
                -d,--decimal    Show time in seconds

    echo
        echo [-neE] [ARG]...

        Print the specified ARGs to stdout

                -n      Suppress trailing newline
                -e      Interpret backslash escapes (i.e., \t=tab)
                -E      Don't interpret backslash escapes (default)

    ed  ed

    eject
        eject [-t] [-T] [DEVICE]

        Eject DEVICE or default /dev/cdrom

                -s      SCSI device
                -t      Close tray
                -T      Open/close tray (toggle)

    env env [-iu] [-] [name=value]... [PROG ARGS]

        Print the current environment or run PROG after setting up the
        specified environment

                -, -i   Start with an empty environment
                -u      Remove variable from the environment

    envdir
        envdir DIR PROG ARGS

        Set various environment variables as specified by files in the
        directory DIR, run PROG

    envuidgid
        envuidgid USER PROG ARGS

        Set $UID to USER's uid and $GID to USER's gid, run PROG

    ether-wake
        ether-wake [-b] [-i IFACE] [-p aa:bb:cc:dd[:ee:ff]/a.b.c.d] MAC

        Send a magic packet to wake up sleeping machines. MAC must be a
        station address (00:11:22:33:44:55) or a hostname with a known
        'ethers' entry.

                -b              Broadcast the packet
                -i IFACE        Interface to use (default eth0)
                -p PASSWORD     Append four or six byte PASSWORD to the packet

    expand
        expand [-i] [-t N] [FILE]...

        Convert tabs to spaces, writing to stdout

                -i,--initial    Don't convert tabs after non blanks
                -t,--tabs=N     Tabstops every N chars

    expr
        expr EXPRESSION

        Print the value of EXPRESSION to stdout

        EXPRESSION may be:

                ARG1 | ARG2     ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2
                ARG1 & ARG2     ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0
                ARG1 < ARG2     1 if ARG1 is less than ARG2, else 0. Similarly:
                ARG1 <= ARG2
                ARG1 = ARG2
                ARG1 != ARG2
                ARG1 >= ARG2
                ARG1 > ARG2
                ARG1 + ARG2     Sum of ARG1 and ARG2. Similarly:
                ARG1 - ARG2
                ARG1 * ARG2
                ARG1 / ARG2
                ARG1 % ARG2
                STRING : REGEXP         Anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING
                match STRING REGEXP     Same as STRING : REGEXP
                substr STRING POS LENGTH Substring of STRING, POS counted from 1
                index STRING CHARS      Index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0
                length STRING           Length of STRING
                quote TOKEN             Interpret TOKEN as a string, even if
                                        it is a keyword like 'match' or an
                                        operator like '/'
                (EXPRESSION)            Value of EXPRESSION

        Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells.
        Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else
        lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between
        \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number
        of characters matched or 0.

    fakeidentd
        fakeidentd [-fiw] [-b ADDR] [STRING]

        Provide fake ident (auth) service

                -f      Run in foreground
                -i      Inetd mode
                -w      Inetd 'wait' mode
                -b ADDR Bind to specified address
                STRING  Ident answer string (default: nobody)

    fatattr
        fatattr [-+rhsvda] FILE...

        Change file attributes on FAT filesystem

                -       Clear attributes
                +       Set attributes
                r       Read only
                h       Hidden
                s       System
                v       Volume label
                d       Directory
                a       Archive

    fbset
        fbset [OPTIONS] [MODE]

        Show and modify frame buffer settings

    fbsplash
        fbsplash -s IMGFILE [-c] [-d DEV] [-i INIFILE] [-f CMD]

                -s      Image
                -c      Hide cursor
                -d      Framebuffer device (default /dev/fb0)
                -i      Config file (var=value):
                                BAR_LEFT,BAR_TOP,BAR_WIDTH,BAR_HEIGHT
                                BAR_R,BAR_G,BAR_B
                -f      Control pipe (else exit after drawing image)
                                commands: 'NN' (% for progress bar) or 'exit'

    fdflush
        fdflush DEVICE

        Force floppy disk drive to detect disk change

    fdformat
        fdformat [-n] DEVICE

        Format floppy disk

                -n      Don't verify after format

    fdisk
        fdisk [-ul] [-C CYLINDERS] [-H HEADS] [-S SECTORS] [-b SSZ] DISK

        Change partition table

                -u              Start and End are in sectors (instead of cylinders)
                -l              Show partition table for each DISK, then exit
                -b 2048         (for certain MO disks) use 2048-byte sectors
                -C CYLINDERS    Set number of cylinders/heads/sectors
                -H HEADS
                -S SECTORS

    fgconsole
        fgconsole

        Get active console

    find
        find [-HL] [PATH]... [OPTIONS] [ACTIONS]

        Search for files and perform actions on them. First failed action
        stops processing of current file. Defaults: PATH is current
        directory, action is '-print'

                -L,-follow      Follow symlinks
                -H              ...on command line only
                -xdev           Don't descend directories on other filesystems
                -maxdepth N     Descend at most N levels. -maxdepth 0 applies
                                actions to command line arguments only
                -mindepth N     Don't act on first N levels
                -depth          Act on directory *after* traversing it

        Actions:

                ( ACTIONS )     Group actions for -o / -a
                ! ACT           Invert ACT's success/failure
                ACT1 [-a] ACT2  If ACT1 fails, stop, else do ACT2
                ACT1 -o ACT2    If ACT1 succeeds, stop, else do ACT2
                                Note: -a has higher priority than -o
                -name PATTERN   Match file name (w/o directory name) to PATTERN
                -iname PATTERN  Case insensitive -name
                -path PATTERN   Match path to PATTERN
                -ipath PATTERN  Case insensitive -path
                -regex PATTERN  Match path to regex PATTERN
                -type X         File type is X (one of: f,d,l,b,c,...)
                -perm MASK      At least one mask bit (+MASK), all bits (-MASK),
                                or exactly MASK bits are set in file's mode
                -mtime DAYS     mtime is greater than (+N), less than (-N),
                                or exactly N days in the past
                -mmin MINS      mtime is greater than (+N), less than (-N),
                                or exactly N minutes in the past
                -newer FILE     mtime is more recent than FILE's
                -inum N         File has inode number N
                -user NAME/ID   File is owned by given user
                -group NAME/ID  File is owned by given group
                -size N[bck]    File size is N (c:bytes,k:kbytes,b:512 bytes(def.))
                                +/-N: file size is bigger/smaller than N
                -links N        Number of links is greater than (+N), less than (-N),
                                or exactly N
                -prune          If current file is directory, don't descend into it
        If none of the following actions is specified, -print is assumed
                -print          Print file name
                -print0         Print file name, NUL terminated
                -exec CMD ARG ; Run CMD with all instances of {} replaced by
                                file name. Fails if CMD exits with nonzero
                -exec CMD ARG + Run CMD with {} replaced by list of file names
                -delete         Delete current file/directory. Turns on -depth option

    findfs
        findfs LABEL=label or UUID=uuid

        Find a filesystem device based on a label or UUID

    flock
        flock [-sxun] FD|{FILE [-c] PROG ARGS}

        [Un]lock file descriptor, or lock FILE, run PROG

                -s      Shared lock
                -x      Exclusive lock (default)
                -u      Unlock FD
                -n      Fail rather than wait

    fold
        fold [-bs] [-w WIDTH] [FILE]...

        Wrap input lines in each FILE (or stdin), writing to stdout

                -b      Count bytes rather than columns
                -s      Break at spaces
                -w      Use WIDTH columns instead of 80

    free
        free

        Display the amount of free and used system memory

    freeramdisk
        freeramdisk DEVICE

        Free all memory used by the specified ramdisk

    fsck
        fsck [-ANPRTV] [-t FSTYPE] [FS_OPTS] [BLOCKDEV]...

        Check and repair filesystems

                -A      Walk /etc/fstab and check all filesystems
                -N      Don't execute, just show what would be done
                -P      With -A, check filesystems in parallel
                -R      With -A, skip the root filesystem
                -T      Don't show title on startup
                -V      Verbose
                -t TYPE List of filesystem types to check

    fsck.minix
        fsck.minix [-larvsmf] BLOCKDEV

        Check MINIX filesystem

                -l      List all filenames
                -r      Perform interactive repairs
                -a      Perform automatic repairs
                -v      Verbose
                -s      Output superblock information
                -m      Show "mode not cleared" warnings
                -f      Force file system check

    fstrim
        fstrim [OPTIONS] MOUNTPOINT

                -o,--offset=OFFSET      Offset in bytes to discard from
                -l,--length=LEN         Bytes to discard
                -m,--minimum=MIN        Minimum extent length
                -v,--verbose            Print number of discarded bytes

    fsync
        fsync [-d] FILE...

        Write files' buffered blocks to disk

                -d      Avoid syncing metadata

    ftpd
        ftpd [-wvS] [-t N] [-T N] [DIR]

        Anonymous FTP server

        ftpd should be used as an inetd service. ftpd's line for inetd.conf:
        21 stream tcp nowait root ftpd ftpd /files/to/serve It also can be
        ran from tcpsvd:

                tcpsvd -vE 0.0.0.0 21 ftpd /files/to/serve

                -w      Allow upload
                -v      Log errors to stderr. -vv: verbose log
                -S      Log errors to syslog. -SS: verbose log
                -t,-T   Idle and absolute timeouts
                DIR     Change root to this directory

    ftpget
        ftpget [OPTIONS] HOST [LOCAL_FILE] REMOTE_FILE

        Download a file via FTP

                -c,--continue           Continue previous transfer
                -v,--verbose            Verbose
                -u,--username USER      Username
                -p,--password PASS      Password
                -P,--port NUM           Port

    ftpput
        ftpput [OPTIONS] HOST [REMOTE_FILE] LOCAL_FILE

        Upload a file to a FTP server

                -v,--verbose            Verbose
                -u,--username USER      Username
                -p,--password PASS      Password
                -P,--port NUM           Port

    fuser
        fuser [OPTIONS] FILE or PORT/PROTO

        Find processes which use FILEs or PORTs

                -m      Find processes which use same fs as FILEs
                -4,-6   Search only IPv4/IPv6 space
                -s      Don't display PIDs
                -k      Kill found processes
                -SIGNAL Signal to send (default: KILL)

    getopt
        getopt [OPTIONS] [--] OPTSTRING PARAMS

                -a,--alternative                Allow long options starting with single -
                -l,--longoptions=LOPT[,...]     Long options to recognize
                -n,--name=PROGNAME              The name under which errors are reported
                -o,--options=OPTSTRING          Short options to recognize
                -q,--quiet                      No error messages on unrecognized options
                -Q,--quiet-output               No normal output
                -s,--shell=SHELL                Set shell quoting conventions
                -T,--test                       Version test (exits with 4)
                -u,--unquoted                   Don't quote output

        Example:

        O=`getopt -l bb: -- ab:c:: "$@"` || exit 1 eval set -- "$O" while
        true; do case "$1" in -a) echo A; shift;; -b|--bb) echo "B:'$2'";
        shift 2;; -c) case "$2" in "") echo C; shift 2;; *) echo "C:'$2'";
        shift 2;; esac;; --) shift; break;; *) echo Error; exit 1;; esac
        done

    getty
        getty [OPTIONS] BAUD_RATE[,BAUD_RATE]... TTY [TERMTYPE]

        Open TTY, prompt for login name, then invoke /bin/login

                -h              Enable hardware RTS/CTS flow control
                -L              Set CLOCAL (ignore Carrier Detect state)
                -m              Get baud rate from modem's CONNECT status message
                -n              Don't prompt for login name
                -w              Wait for CR or LF before sending /etc/issue
                -i              Don't display /etc/issue
                -f ISSUE_FILE   Display ISSUE_FILE instead of /etc/issue
                -l LOGIN        Invoke LOGIN instead of /bin/login
                -t SEC          Terminate after SEC if no login name is read
                -I INITSTR      Send INITSTR before anything else
                -H HOST         Log HOST into the utmp file as the hostname

        BAUD_RATE of 0 leaves it unchanged

    grep
        grep [-HhnlLoqvsriwFE] [-m N] [-A/B/C N] PATTERN/-e PATTERN.../-f
        FILE [FILE]...

        Search for PATTERN in FILEs (or stdin)

                -H      Add 'filename:' prefix
                -h      Do not add 'filename:' prefix
                -n      Add 'line_no:' prefix
                -l      Show only names of files that match
                -L      Show only names of files that don't match
                -c      Show only count of matching lines
                -o      Show only the matching part of line
                -q      Quiet. Return 0 if PATTERN is found, 1 otherwise
                -v      Select non-matching lines
                -s      Suppress open and read errors
                -r      Recurse
                -i      Ignore case
                -w      Match whole words only
                -x      Match whole lines only
                -F      PATTERN is a literal (not regexp)
                -E      PATTERN is an extended regexp
                -m N    Match up to N times per file
                -A N    Print N lines of trailing context
                -B N    Print N lines of leading context
                -C N    Same as '-A N -B N'
                -e PTRN Pattern to match
                -f FILE Read pattern from file

    groups
        groups [USER]

        Print the group memberships of USER or for the current process

    gunzip
        gunzip [-cft] [FILE]...

        Decompress FILEs (or stdin)

                -c      Write to stdout
                -f      Force
                -t      Test file integrity

    gzip
        gzip [-cfd123456789] [FILE]...

        Compress FILEs (or stdin)

                -1..9   Compression level
                -d      Decompress
                -c      Write to stdout
                -f      Force

    halt
        halt [-d DELAY] [-n] [-f]

        Halt the system

                -d SEC  Delay interval
                -n      Do not sync
                -f      Force (don't go through init)

    hd  hd FILE...

        hd is an alias for hexdump -C

    hdparm
        hdparm [OPTIONS] [DEVICE]

                -a      Get/set fs readahead
                -A      Set drive read-lookahead flag (0/1)
                -b      Get/set bus state (0 == off, 1 == on, 2 == tristate)
                -B      Set Advanced Power Management setting (1-255)
                -c      Get/set IDE 32-bit IO setting
                -C      Check IDE power mode status
                -d      Get/set using_dma flag
                -D      Enable/disable drive defect-mgmt
                -f      Flush buffer cache for device on exit
                -g      Display drive geometry
                -h      Display terse usage information
                -i      Display drive identification
                -I      Detailed/current information directly from drive
                -k      Get/set keep_settings_over_reset flag (0/1)
                -K      Set drive keep_features_over_reset flag (0/1)
                -L      Set drive doorlock (0/1) (removable harddisks only)
                -m      Get/set multiple sector count
                -n      Get/set ignore-write-errors flag (0/1)
                -p      Set PIO mode on IDE interface chipset (0,1,2,3,4,...)
                -P      Set drive prefetch count
                -Q      Get/set DMA tagged-queuing depth (if supported)
                -r      Get/set readonly flag (DANGEROUS to set)
                -R      Register an IDE interface (DANGEROUS)
                -S      Set standby (spindown) timeout
                -t      Perform device read timings
                -T      Perform cache read timings
                -u      Get/set unmaskirq flag (0/1)
                -U      Unregister an IDE interface (DANGEROUS)
                -v      Defaults; same as -mcudkrag for IDE drives
                -V      Display program version and exit immediately
                -w      Perform device reset (DANGEROUS)
                -W      Set drive write-caching flag (0/1) (DANGEROUS)
                -x      Tristate device for hotswap (0/1) (DANGEROUS)
                -X      Set IDE xfer mode (DANGEROUS)
                -y      Put IDE drive in standby mode
                -Y      Put IDE drive to sleep
                -Z      Disable Seagate auto-powersaving mode
                -z      Reread partition table

    head
        head [OPTIONS] [FILE]...

        Print first 10 lines of each FILE (or stdin) to stdout. With more
        than one FILE, precede each with a filename header.

                -n N[kbm]       Print first N lines
                -n -N[kbm]      Print all except N last lines
                -c [-]N[kbm]    Print first N bytes
                -q              Never print headers
                -v              Always print headers

        N may be suffixed by k (x1024), b (x512), or m (x1024^2).

    hexdump
        hexdump [-bcCdefnosvxR] [FILE]...

        Display FILEs (or stdin) in a user specified format

                -b              One-byte octal display
                -c              One-byte character display
                -C              Canonical hex+ASCII, 16 bytes per line
                -d              Two-byte decimal display
                -e FORMAT_STRING
                -f FORMAT_FILE
                -n LENGTH       Interpret only LENGTH bytes of input
                -o              Two-byte octal display
                -s OFFSET       Skip OFFSET bytes
                -v              Display all input data
                -x              Two-byte hexadecimal display
                -R              Reverse of 'hexdump -Cv'

    hostid
        hostid

        Print out a unique 32-bit identifier for the machine

    hostname
        hostname [OPTIONS] [HOSTNAME | -F FILE]

        Get or set hostname or DNS domain name

                -s      Short
                -i      Addresses for the hostname
                -d      DNS domain name
                -f      Fully qualified domain name
                -F FILE Use FILE's content as hostname

    httpd
        httpd [-ifv[v]] [-c CONFFILE] [-p [IP:]PORT] [-u USER[:GRP]] [-r
        REALM] [-h HOME] or httpd -d/-e/-m STRING

        Listen for incoming HTTP requests

                -i              Inetd mode
                -f              Don't daemonize
                -v[v]           Verbose
                -p [IP:]PORT    Bind to IP:PORT (default *:80)
                -u USER[:GRP]   Set uid/gid after binding to port
                -r REALM        Authentication Realm for Basic Authentication
                -h HOME         Home directory (default .)
                -c FILE         Configuration file (default {/etc,HOME}/httpd.conf)
                -m STRING       MD5 crypt STRING
                -e STRING       HTML encode STRING
                -d STRING       URL decode STRING

    hwclock
        hwclock [-r|--show] [-s|--hctosys] [-w|--systohc] [-t|--systz]
        [-l|--localtime] [-u|--utc] [-f|--rtc FILE]

        Query and set hardware clock (RTC)

                -r      Show hardware clock time
                -s      Set system time from hardware clock
                -w      Set hardware clock from system time
                -t      Set in-kernel timezone, correct system time
                        if hardware clock is in local time
                -u      Assume hardware clock is kept in UTC
                -l      Assume hardware clock is kept in local time
                -f FILE Use specified device (e.g. /dev/rtc2)

    i2cdetect
        i2cdetect [-F I2CBUS] [-l] [-y] [-a] [-q|-r] I2CBUS [FIRST LAST]

        Detect I2C chips.

                I2CBUS  i2c bus number
                FIRST and LAST limit the probing range

                -l      output list of installed busses
                -y      disable interactive mode
                -a      force scanning of non-regular addresses
                -q      use smbus quick write commands for probing (default)
                -r      use smbus read byte commands for probing
                -F      display list of functionalities

    i2cdump
        i2cdump [-f] [-r FIRST-LAST] [-y] BUS ADDR [MODE]

        Examine I2C registers

                I2CBUS  i2c bus number
                ADDRESS 0x03 - 0x77
        MODE is:

                b       byte (default)
                w       word
                W       word on even register addresses
                i       I2C block
                s       SMBus block
                c       consecutive byte
                Append p for SMBus PEC

                -f      force access
                -y      disable interactive mode
                -r      limit the number of registers being accessed

    i2cget
        i2cget [-f] [-y] BUS CHIP-ADDRESS [DATA-ADDRESS [MODE]]

        Read from I2C/SMBus chip registers

                I2CBUS  i2c bus number
                ADDRESS 0x03 - 0x77
        MODE is:

                b       read byte data (default)
                w       read word data
                c       write byte/read byte
                Append p for SMBus PEC

                -f      force access
                -y      disable interactive mode

    i2cset
        i2cset [-f] [-y] [-m MASK] BUS CHIP-ADDR DATA-ADDR [VALUE] ...
        [MODE]

        Set I2C registers

                I2CBUS  i2c bus number
                ADDRESS 0x03 - 0x77
        MODE is:

                c       byte, no value
                b       byte data (default)
                w       word data
                i       I2C block data
                s       SMBus block data
                Append p for SMBus PEC

                -f      force access
                -y      disable interactive mode
                -r      read back and compare the result
                -m MASK mask specifying which bits to write

    id  id [OPTIONS] [USER]

        Print information about USER or the current user

                -u      User ID
                -g      Group ID
                -G      Supplementary group IDs
                -n      Print names instead of numbers
                -r      Print real ID instead of effective ID

    ifconfig
        ifconfig [-a] interface [address]

        Configure a network interface

                [add ADDRESS[/PREFIXLEN]]
                [del ADDRESS[/PREFIXLEN]]
                [[-]broadcast [ADDRESS]] [[-]pointopoint [ADDRESS]]
                [netmask ADDRESS] [dstaddr ADDRESS]
                [outfill NN] [keepalive NN]
                [hw ether|infiniband ADDRESS] [metric NN] [mtu NN]
                [[-]trailers] [[-]arp] [[-]allmulti]
                [multicast] [[-]promisc] [txqueuelen NN] [[-]dynamic]
                [mem_start NN] [io_addr NN] [irq NN]
                [up|down] ...

    ifdown
        ifdown [-anmvf] [-i FILE] IFACE...

                -a      Deconfigure all interfaces
                -i FILE Use FILE for interface definitions
                -n      Print out what would happen, but don't do it
                        (note: doesn't disable mappings)
                -m      Don't run any mappings
                -v      Print out what would happen before doing it
                -f      Force deconfiguration

    ifenslave
        ifenslave [-cdf] MASTER_IFACE SLAVE_IFACE...

        Configure network interfaces for parallel routing

                -c,--change-active      Change active slave
                -d,--detach             Remove slave interface from bonding device
                -f,--force              Force, even if interface is not Ethernet

    ifplugd
        ifplugd [OPTIONS]

        Network interface plug detection daemon

                -n              Don't daemonize
                -s              Don't log to syslog
                -i IFACE        Interface
                -f/-F           Treat link detection error as link down/link up
                                (otherwise exit on error)
                -a              Don't up interface at each link probe
                -M              Monitor creation/destruction of interface
                                (otherwise it must exist)
                -r PROG         Script to run
                -x ARG          Extra argument for script
                -I              Don't exit on nonzero exit code from script
                -p              Don't run "up" script on startup
                -q              Don't run "down" script on exit
                -l              Always run script on startup
                -t SECS         Poll time in seconds
                -u SECS         Delay before running script after link up
                -d SECS         Delay after link down
                -m MODE         API mode (mii, priv, ethtool, wlan, iff, auto)
                -k              Kill running daemon

    ifup
        ifup [-anmvf] [-i FILE] IFACE...

                -a      Configure all interfaces
                -i FILE Use FILE instead of /etc/network/interfaces
                -n      Print out what would happen, but don't do it
                        (note: doesn't disable mappings)
                -m      Don't run any mappings
                -v      Print out what would happen before doing it
                -f      Force configuration

    inetd
        inetd [-fe] [-q N] [-R N] [CONFFILE]

        Listen for network connections and launch programs

                -f      Run in foreground
                -e      Log to stderr
                -q N    Socket listen queue (default: 128)
                -R N    Pause services after N connects/min
                        (default: 0 - disabled)

    init
        init

        Init is the first process started during boot. It never exits. It
        (re)spawns children according to /etc/inittab.

    inotifyd
        inotifyd PROG FILE1[:MASK]...

        Run PROG on filesystem changes. When a filesystem event matching
        MASK occurs on FILEn, PROG ACTUAL_EVENTS FILEn [SUBFILE] is run. If
        PROG is -, events are sent to stdout. Events:

                a       File is accessed
                c       File is modified
                e       Metadata changed
                w       Writable file is closed
                0       Unwritable file is closed
                r       File is opened
                D       File is deleted
                M       File is moved
                u       Backing fs is unmounted
                o       Event queue overflowed
                x       File can't be watched anymore
        If watching a directory:

                y       Subfile is moved into dir
                m       Subfile is moved out of dir
                n       Subfile is created
                d       Subfile is deleted

        inotifyd waits for PROG to exit. When x event happens for all FILEs,
        inotifyd exits.

    insmod
        insmod FILE [SYMBOL=VALUE]...

        Load kernel module

    install
        install [-cdDsp] [-o USER] [-g GRP] [-m MODE] [-t DIR] [SOURCE]...
        DEST

        Copy files and set attributes

                -c      Just copy (default)
                -d      Create directories
                -D      Create leading target directories
                -s      Strip symbol table
                -p      Preserve date
                -o USER Set ownership
                -g GRP  Set group ownership
                -m MODE Set permissions
                -t DIR  Install to DIR

    ionice
        ionice [-c 1-3] [-n 0-7] [-p PID] [PROG]

        Change I/O priority and class

                -c      Class. 1:realtime 2:best-effort 3:idle
                -n      Priority

    iostat
        iostat [-c] [-d] [-t] [-z] [-k|-m] [ALL|BLOCKDEV...] [INTERVAL
        [COUNT]]

        Report CPU and I/O statistics

                -c      Show CPU utilization
                -d      Show device utilization
                -t      Print current time
                -z      Omit devices with no activity
                -k      Use kb/s
                -m      Use Mb/s

    ip  ip [OPTIONS] {address | route | link | tunnel | neigh | rule}
        {COMMAND}

        ip [OPTIONS] OBJECT {COMMAND} where OBJECT := {address | route |
        link | tunnel | neigh | rule} OPTIONS := { -f[amily] { inet | inet6
        | link } | -o[neline] }

    ipaddr
        ipaddr { {add|del} IFADDR dev STRING | {show|flush} [dev STRING] [to
        PREFIX] }

        ipaddr {add|change|replace|delete} IFADDR dev STRING ipaddr
        {show|flush} [dev STRING] [scope SCOPE-ID] [to PREFIX] [label
        PATTERN] IFADDR := PREFIX | ADDR peer PREFIX [broadcast ADDR]
        [anycast ADDR] [label STRING] [scope SCOPE-ID] SCOPE-ID := [host |
        link | global | NUMBER]

    ipcalc
        ipcalc [OPTIONS] ADDRESS[/PREFIX] [NETMASK]

        Calculate IP network settings from a IP address

                -b,--broadcast  Display calculated broadcast address
                -n,--network    Display calculated network address
                -m,--netmask    Display default netmask for IP
                -p,--prefix     Display the prefix for IP/NETMASK
                -h,--hostname   Display first resolved host name
                -s,--silent     Don't ever display error messages

    ipcrm
        ipcrm [-MQS key] [-mqs id]

        Upper-case options MQS remove an object by shmkey value. Lower-case
        options remove an object by shmid value.

                -mM     Remove memory segment after last detach
                -qQ     Remove message queue
                -sS     Remove semaphore

    ipcs
        ipcs [[-smq] -i shmid] | [[-asmq] [-tcplu]]

                -i      Show specific resource
        Resource specification:

                -m      Shared memory segments
                -q      Message queues
                -s      Semaphore arrays
                -a      All (default)
        Output format:

                -t      Time
                -c      Creator
                -p      Pid
                -l      Limits
                -u      Summary

    iplink
        iplink { set DEVICE { up | down | arp { on | off } | show [DEVICE] }

        iplink set DEVICE { up | down | arp | multicast { on | off } |
        dynamic { on | off } | mtu MTU } iplink show [DEVICE]

    ipneigh
        ipneigh { show | flush} [ to PREFIX ] [ dev DEV ] [ nud STATE ]

        ipneigh { show | flush} [ to PREFIX ] [ dev DEV ] [ nud STATE ]

    iproute
        iproute { list | flush | add | del | change | append | replace |
        test } ROUTE

        iproute { list | flush } SELECTOR iproute get ADDRESS [from ADDRESS
        iif STRING] [oif STRING] [tos TOS] iproute { add | del | change |
        append | replace | test } ROUTE SELECTOR := [root PREFIX] [match
        PREFIX] [proto RTPROTO] ROUTE := [TYPE] PREFIX [tos TOS] [proto
        RTPROTO] [metric METRIC]

    iprule
        iprule {[list | add | del] RULE}

        iprule [list | add | del] SELECTOR ACTION SELECTOR := [from PREFIX]
        [to PREFIX] [tos TOS] [fwmark FWMARK] [dev STRING] [pref NUMBER]
        ACTION := [table TABLE_ID] [nat ADDRESS] [prohibit | reject |
        unreachable] [realms [SRCREALM/]DSTREALM] TABLE_ID := [local | main
        | default | NUMBER]

    iptunnel
        iptunnel { add | change | del | show } [NAME] [mode { ipip | gre |
        sit }] [remote ADDR] [local ADDR] [ttl TTL]

        iptunnel { add | change | del | show } [NAME] [mode { ipip | gre |
        sit }] [remote ADDR] [local ADDR] [[i|o]seq] [[i|o]key KEY]
        [[i|o]csum] [ttl TTL] [tos TOS] [[no]pmtudisc] [dev PHYS_DEV]

    kbd_mode
        kbd_mode [-a|k|s|u] [-C TTY]

        Report or set the keyboard mode

                -a      Default (ASCII)
                -k      Medium-raw (keyboard)
                -s      Raw (scancode)
                -u      Unicode (utf-8)
                -C TTY  Affect TTY instead of /dev/tty

    kill
        kill [-l] [-SIG] PID...

        Send a signal (default: TERM) to given PIDs

                -l      List all signal names and numbers

    killall
        killall [-l] [-q] [-SIG] PROCESS_NAME...

        Send a signal (default: TERM) to given processes

                -l      List all signal names and numbers
                -q      Don't complain if no processes were killed

    killall5
        killall5 [-l] [-SIG] [-o PID]...

        Send a signal (default: TERM) to all processes outside current
        session

                -l      List all signal names and numbers
                -o PID  Don't signal this PID

    klogd
        klogd [-c N] [-n]

        Kernel logger

                -c N    Print to console messages more urgent than prio N (1-8)
                -n      Run in foreground

    less
        less [-EIMmNSh~] [FILE]...

        View FILE (or stdin) one screenful at a time

                -E      Quit once the end of a file is reached
                -I      Ignore case in all searches
                -M,-m   Display status line with line numbers
                        and percentage through the file
                -N      Prefix line number to each line
                -S      Truncate long lines
                -~      Suppress ~s displayed past EOF

    ln  ln [OPTIONS] TARGET... LINK|DIR

        Create a link LINK or DIR/TARGET to the specified TARGET(s)

                -s      Make symlinks instead of hardlinks
                -f      Remove existing destinations
                -n      Don't dereference symlinks - treat like normal file
                -b      Make a backup of the target (if exists) before link operation
                -S suf  Use suffix instead of ~ when making backup files
                -T      2nd arg must be a DIR
                -v      Verbose

    loadfont
        loadfont < font

        Load a console font from stdin

    loadkmap
        loadkmap < keymap

        Load a binary keyboard translation table from stdin

    logger
        logger [OPTIONS] [MESSAGE]

        Write MESSAGE (or stdin) to syslog

                -s      Log to stderr as well as the system log
                -t TAG  Log using the specified tag (defaults to user name)
                -p PRIO Priority (numeric or facility.level pair)

    login
        login [-p] [-h HOST] [[-f] USER]

        Begin a new session on the system

                -f      Don't authenticate (user already authenticated)
                -h HOST Host user came from (for network logins)
                -p      Preserve environment

    logname
        logname

        Print the name of the current user

    logread
        logread [-fF]

        Show messages in syslogd's circular buffer

                -f      Output data as log grows
                -F      Same as -f, but dump buffer first

    losetup
        losetup [-r] [-o OFS] {-f|LOOPDEV} FILE - associate loop devices
        losetup -d LOOPDEV - disassociate losetup -a - show status losetup
        -f - show next free loop device

                -o OFS  Start OFS bytes into FILE
                -r      Read-only
                -f      Show/use next free loop device

    lpd lpd SPOOLDIR [HELPER [ARGS]]

        SPOOLDIR must contain (symlinks to) device nodes or directories with
        names matching print queue names. In the first case, jobs are sent
        directly to the device. Otherwise each job is stored in queue
        directory and HELPER program is called. Name of file to print is
        passed in $DATAFILE variable. Example:

                tcpsvd -E 0 515 softlimit -m 999999 lpd /var/spool ./print

    lpq lpq [-P queue[@host[:port]]] [-U USERNAME] [-d JOBID]... [-fs]

                -P      lp service to connect to (else uses $PRINTER)
                -d      Delete jobs
                -f      Force any waiting job to be printed
                -s      Short display

    lpr lpr -P queue[@host[:port]] -U USERNAME -J TITLE -Vmh [FILE]...

                -P      lp service to connect to (else uses $PRINTER)
                -m      Send mail on completion
                -h      Print banner page too
                -V      Verbose

    ls  ls [-1AaCxdLHRFplinsehrSXvctu] [-w WIDTH] [FILE]...

        List directory contents

                -1      One column output
                -a      Include entries which start with .
                -A      Like -a, but exclude . and ..
                -C      List by columns
                -x      List by lines
                -d      List directory entries instead of contents
                -L      Follow symlinks
                -H      Follow symlinks on command line
                -R      Recurse
                -p      Append / to dir entries
                -F      Append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries
                -l      Long listing format
                -i      List inode numbers
                -n      List numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names
                -s      List allocated blocks
                -e      List full date and time
                -h      List sizes in human readable format (1K 243M 2G)
                -r      Sort in reverse order
                -S      Sort by size
                -X      Sort by extension
                -v      Sort by version
                -c      With -l: sort by ctime
                -t      With -l: sort by mtime
                -u      With -l: sort by atime
                -w N    Assume the terminal is N columns wide
                --color[={always,never,auto}]   Control coloring

    lsattr
        lsattr [-Radlv] [FILE]...

        List ext2 file attributes

                -R      Recurse
                -a      Don't hide entries starting with .
                -d      List directory entries instead of contents
                -l      List long flag names
                -v      List version/generation number

    lsmod
        lsmod

        List the currently loaded kernel modules

    lsof
        lsof

        Show all open files

    lspci
        lspci [-mk]

        List all PCI devices

                -m      Parsable output
                -k      Show driver

    lzcat
        lzcat [FILE]...

        Decompress to stdout

    lzma
        lzma -d [-cf] [FILE]...

        Decompress FILE (or stdin)

                -d      Decompress
                -c      Write to stdout
                -f      Force

    lzopcat
        lzopcat [-vF] [FILE]...

                -v      Verbose
                -F      Don't verify checksum

    makedevs
        makedevs [-d device_table] rootdir

        Create a range of special files as specified in a device table.
        Device table entries take the form of:

        <name> <type> <mode> <uid> <gid> <major> <minor> <start> <inc>
        <count> Where name is the file name, type can be one of: f Regular
        file d Directory c Character device b Block device p Fifo (named
        pipe) uid is the user id for the target file, gid is the group id
        for the target file. The rest of the entries (major, minor, etc)
        apply to to device special files. A '-' may be used for blank
        entries.

    makemime
        makemime [OPTIONS] [FILE]...

        Create multipart MIME-encoded message from FILEs

                -o FILE Output. Default: stdout
                -a HDR  Add header(s). Examples:
                        "From: user@host.org", "Date: `date -R`"
                -c CT   Content type. Default: application/octet-stream
                -C CS   Charset. Default: us-ascii

        Other options are silently ignored

    man man [-aw] [MANPAGE]...

        Format and display manual page

                -a      Display all pages
                -w      Show page locations

        $COLUMNS overrides output width

    md5sum
        md5sum [-c[sw]] [FILE]...

        Print or check MD5 checksums

                -c      Check sums against list in FILEs
                -s      Don't output anything, status code shows success
                -w      Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines

    mdev
        mdev [-s]

        mdev -s is to be run during boot to scan /sys and populate /dev.

        Bare mdev is a kernel hotplug helper. To activate it: echo
        /sbin/mdev >/proc/sys/kernel/hotplug

        It uses /etc/mdev.conf with lines [-][ENV=regex;]...DEVNAME UID:GID
        PERM [>|=PATH]|[!] [@|$|*PROG] where DEVNAME is device name regex,
        @major,minor[-minor2], or environment variable regex. A common use
        of the latter is to load modules for hotplugged devices:

                $MODALIAS=.* 0:0 660 @modprobe "$MODALIAS"

        If /dev/mdev.seq file exists, mdev will wait for its value to match
        $SEQNUM variable. This prevents plug/unplug races. To activate this
        feature, create empty /dev/mdev.seq at boot.

        If /dev/mdev.log file exists, debug log will be appended to it.

    mesg
        mesg [y|n]

        Control write access to your terminal y Allow write access to your
        terminal n Disallow write access to your terminal

    microcom
        microcom [-d DELAY] [-t TIMEOUT] [-s SPEED] [-X] TTY

        Copy bytes for stdin to TTY and from TTY to stdout

                -d      Wait up to DELAY ms for TTY output before sending every
                        next byte to it
                -t      Exit if both stdin and TTY are silent for TIMEOUT ms
                -s      Set serial line to SPEED
                -X      Disable special meaning of NUL and Ctrl-X from stdin

    mkdir
        mkdir [OPTIONS] DIRECTORY...

        Create DIRECTORY

                -m MODE Mode
                -p      No error if exists; make parent directories as needed

    mkdosfs
        mkdosfs [-v] [-n LABEL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]

        Make a FAT32 filesystem

                -v      Verbose
                -n LBL  Volume label

    mke2fs
        mke2fs [-Fn] [-b BLK_SIZE] [-i INODE_RATIO] [-I INODE_SIZE] [-m
        RESERVED_PERCENT] [-L LABEL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]

                -b BLK_SIZE     Block size, bytes
                -F              Force
                -i RATIO        Max number of files is filesystem_size / RATIO
                -I BYTES        Inode size (min 128)
                -L LBL          Volume label
                -m PERCENT      Percent of blocks to reserve for admin
                -n              Dry run

    mkfifo
        mkfifo [-m MODE] NAME

        Create named pipe

                -m MODE Mode (default a=rw)

    mkfs.ext2
        mkfs.ext2 [-Fn] [-b BLK_SIZE] [-i INODE_RATIO] [-I INODE_SIZE] [-m
        RESERVED_PERCENT] [-L LABEL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]

                -b BLK_SIZE     Block size, bytes
                -F              Force
                -i RATIO        Max number of files is filesystem_size / RATIO
                -I BYTES        Inode size (min 128)
                -L LBL          Volume label
                -m PERCENT      Percent of blocks to reserve for admin
                -n              Dry run

    mkfs.minix
        mkfs.minix [-c | -l FILE] [-nXX] [-iXX] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]

        Make a MINIX filesystem

                -c              Check device for bad blocks
                -n [14|30]      Maximum length of filenames
                -i INODES       Number of inodes for the filesystem
                -l FILE         Read bad blocks list from FILE
                -v              Make version 2 filesystem

    mkfs.vfat
        mkfs.vfat [-v] [-n LABEL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]

        Make a FAT32 filesystem

                -v      Verbose
                -n LBL  Volume label

    mknod
        mknod [-m MODE] NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR

        Create a special file (block, character, or pipe)

                -m MODE Creation mode (default a=rw)
        TYPE:
                b       Block device
                c or u  Character device
                p       Named pipe (MAJOR and MINOR are ignored)

    mkpasswd
        mkpasswd [OPTIONS] [PASSWORD] [SALT]

        Crypt PASSWORD using crypt(3)

                -P,--password-fd=N      Read password from fd N
                -m,--method=TYPE        Encryption method
                -S,--salt=SALT

    mkswap
        mkswap [-L LBL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]

        Prepare BLOCKDEV to be used as swap partition

                -L LBL  Label

    mktemp
        mktemp [-dt] [-p DIR] [TEMPLATE]

        Create a temporary file with name based on TEMPLATE and print its
        name. TEMPLATE must end with XXXXXX (e.g. [/dir/]nameXXXXXX).
        Without TEMPLATE, -t tmp.XXXXXX is assumed.

                -d      Make directory, not file
                -q      Fail silently on errors
                -t      Prepend base directory name to TEMPLATE
                -p DIR  Use DIR as a base directory (implies -t)
                -u      Do not create anything; print a name

        Base directory is: -p DIR, else $TMPDIR, else /tmp

    modinfo
        modinfo [-adlpn0] [-F keyword] MODULE

                -a              Shortcut for '-F author'
                -d              Shortcut for '-F description'
                -l              Shortcut for '-F license'
                -p              Shortcut for '-F parm'
                -F keyword      Keyword to look for
                -0              Separate output with NULs

    modprobe
        modprobe [-qfwrsv] MODULE [SYMBOL=VALUE]...

                -r      Remove MODULE (stacks) or do autoclean
                -q      Quiet
                -v      Verbose
                -f      Force
                -w      Wait for unload
                -s      Report via syslog instead of stderr

    more
        more [FILE]...

        View FILE (or stdin) one screenful at a time

    mount
        mount [OPTIONS] [-o OPT] DEVICE NODE

        Mount a filesystem. Filesystem autodetection requires /proc.

                -a              Mount all filesystems in fstab
                -f              Dry run
                -i              Don't run mount helper
                -v              Verbose
                -r              Read-only mount
                -t FSTYPE[,...] Filesystem type(s)
                -T FILE         Read FILE instead of /etc/fstab
                -O OPT          Mount only filesystems with option OPT (-a only)
        -o OPT:
                loop            Ignored (loop devices are autodetected)
                [a]sync         Writes are [a]synchronous
                [no]atime       Disable/enable updates to inode access times
                [no]diratime    Disable/enable atime updates to directories
                [no]relatime    Disable/enable atime updates relative to modification time
                [no]dev         (Dis)allow use of special device files
                [no]exec        (Dis)allow use of executable files
                [no]suid        (Dis)allow set-user-id-root programs
                [r]shared       Convert [recursively] to a shared subtree
                [r]slave        Convert [recursively] to a slave subtree
                [r]private      Convert [recursively] to a private subtree
                [un]bindable    Make mount point [un]able to be bind mounted
                [r]bind         Bind a file or directory [recursively] to another location
                move            Relocate an existing mount point
                remount         Remount a mounted filesystem, changing flags
                ro              Same as -r

        There are filesystem-specific -o flags.

    mountpoint
        mountpoint [-q] <[-dn] DIR | -x DEVICE>

        Check if the directory is a mountpoint

                -q      Quiet
                -d      Print major/minor device number of the filesystem
                -n      Print device name of the filesystem
                -x      Print major/minor device number of the blockdevice

    mpstat
        mpstat [-A] [-I SUM|CPU|ALL|SCPU] [-u] [-P num|ALL] [INTERVAL
        [COUNT]]

        Per-processor statistics

                -A                      Same as -I ALL -u -P ALL
                -I SUM|CPU|ALL|SCPU     Report interrupt statistics
                -P num|ALL              Processor to monitor
                -u                      Report CPU utilization

    mt  mt [-f device] opcode value

        Control magnetic tape drive operation

        Available Opcodes:

        bsf bsfm bsr bss datacompression drvbuffer eof eom erase fsf fsfm
        fsr fss load lock mkpart nop offline ras1 ras2 ras3 reset retension
        rewind rewoffline seek setblk setdensity setpart tell unload unlock
        weof wset

    mv  mv [-fin] SOURCE DEST or: mv [-fin] SOURCE... DIRECTORY

        Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY

                -f      Don't prompt before overwriting
                -i      Interactive, prompt before overwrite
                -n      Don't overwrite an existing file

    nameif
        nameif [-s] [-c FILE] [IFNAME HWADDR]...

        Rename network interface while it in the down state. The device with
        address HWADDR is renamed to IFACE.

                -c FILE Configuration file (default: /etc/mactab)
                -s      Log to syslog

    nbd-client
        nbd-client HOST PORT BLOCKDEV

        Connect to HOST and provide a network block device on BLOCKDEV

    nc  nc [OPTIONS] HOST PORT - connect nc [OPTIONS] -l -p PORT [HOST]
        [PORT] - listen

                -e PROG Run PROG after connect (must be last)
                -l      Listen mode, for inbound connects
                -lk     With -e, provides persistent server
                -p PORT Local port
                -s ADDR Local address
                -w SEC  Timeout for connects and final net reads
                -i SEC  Delay interval for lines sent
                -n      Don't do DNS resolution
                -u      UDP mode
                -v      Verbose
                -o FILE Hex dump traffic
                -z      Zero-I/O mode (scanning)

    netstat
        netstat [-ral] [-tuwx] [-enWp]

        Display networking information

                -r      Routing table
                -a      All sockets
                -l      Listening sockets
                        Else: connected sockets
                -t      TCP sockets
                -u      UDP sockets
                -w      Raw sockets
                -x      Unix sockets
                        Else: all socket types
                -e      Other/more information
                -n      Don't resolve names
                -W      Wide display
                -p      Show PID/program name for sockets

    nice
        nice [-n ADJUST] [PROG ARGS]

        Change scheduling priority, run PROG

                -n ADJUST       Adjust priority by ADJUST

    nmeter
        nmeter [-d MSEC] FORMAT_STRING

        Monitor system in real time

         -d MSEC        Milliseconds between updates, default:1000, none:-1

        Format specifiers:

         %Nc or %[cN]   CPU. N - bar size (default:10)
                        (displays: S:system U:user N:niced D:iowait I:irq i:softirq)
         %[nINTERFACE]  Network INTERFACE
         %m             Allocated memory
         %[mf]          Free memory
         %[mt]          Total memory
         %s             Allocated swap
         %f             Number of used file descriptors
         %Ni            Total/specific IRQ rate
         %x             Context switch rate
         %p             Forks
         %[pn]          # of processes
         %b             Block io
         %Nt            Time (with N decimal points)
         %r             Print <cr> instead of <lf> at EOL

    nohup
        nohup PROG ARGS

        Run PROG immune to hangups, with output to a non-tty

    nsenter
        nsenter [OPTIONS] [PROG [ARGS]]

                -t, --target=PID                Target process to get namespaces from
                -m, --mount[=FILE]              Enter mount namespace
                -u, --uts[=FILE]                Enter UTS namespace (hostname etc)
                -i, --ipc[=FILE]                Enter System V IPC namespace
                -n, --net[=FILE]                Enter network namespace
                -p, --pid[=FILE]                Enter pid namespace
                -U, --user[=FILE]               Enter user namespace
                -S, --setuid=UID                Set uid in entered namespace
                -G, --setgid=GID                Set gid in entered namespace
                --preserve-credentials          Don't touch uids or gids
                -r, --root[=DIR]                Set root directory
                -w, --wd[=DIR]                  Set working directory
                -F, --no-fork                   Don't fork before exec'ing PROG

    nslookup
        nslookup [HOST] [SERVER]

        Query the nameserver for the IP address of the given HOST optionally
        using a specified DNS server

    ntpd
        ntpd [-dnqNwl -I IFACE] [-S PROG] [-p PEER]...

        NTP client/server

                -d      Verbose
                -n      Do not daemonize
                -q      Quit after clock is set
                -N      Run at high priority
                -w      Do not set time (only query peers), implies -n
                -S PROG Run PROG after stepping time, stratum change, and every 11 mins
                -p PEER Obtain time from PEER (may be repeated)
                        If -p is not given, 'server HOST' lines
                        from /etc/ntp.conf are used
                -l      Also run as server on port 123
                -I IFACE Bind server to IFACE, implies -l

    od  od [-aBbcDdeFfHhIiLlOovXx] [FILE]

        Print FILE (or stdin) unambiguously, as octal bytes by default

    openvt
        openvt [-c N] [-sw] [PROG ARGS]

        Start PROG on a new virtual terminal

                -c N    Use specified VT
                -s      Switch to the VT
                -w      Wait for PROG to exit

    passwd
        passwd [OPTIONS] [USER]

        Change USER's password (default: current user)

                -a ALG  Encryption method
                -d      Set password to ''
                -l      Lock (disable) account
                -u      Unlock (enable) account

    patch
        patch [OPTIONS] [ORIGFILE [PATCHFILE]]

                -p,--strip N            Strip N leading components from file names
                -i,--input DIFF         Read DIFF instead of stdin
                -R,--reverse            Reverse patch
                -N,--forward            Ignore already applied patches
                -E,--remove-empty-files Remove output files if they become empty

    pgrep
        pgrep [-flnovx] [-s SID|-P PPID|PATTERN]

        Display process(es) selected by regex PATTERN

                -l      Show command name too
                -f      Match against entire command line
                -n      Show the newest process only
                -o      Show the oldest process only
                -v      Negate the match
                -x      Match whole name (not substring)
                -s      Match session ID (0 for current)
                -P      Match parent process ID

    pidof
        pidof [OPTIONS] [NAME]...

        List PIDs of all processes with names that match NAMEs

                -s      Show only one PID
                -o PID  Omit given pid
                        Use %PPID to omit pid of pidof's parent

    ping
        ping [OPTIONS] HOST

        Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts

                -4,-6           Force IP or IPv6 name resolution
                -c CNT          Send only CNT pings
                -s SIZE         Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default:56)
                -t TTL          Set TTL
                -I IFACE/IP     Use interface or IP address as source
                -W SEC          Seconds to wait for the first response (default:10)
                                (after all -c CNT packets are sent)
                -w SEC          Seconds until ping exits (default:infinite)
                                (can exit earlier with -c CNT)
                -q              Quiet, only display output at start
                                and when finished
                -p              Pattern to use for payload

    ping6
        ping6 [OPTIONS] HOST

        Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts

                -c CNT          Send only CNT pings
                -s SIZE         Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default:56)
                -I IFACE/IP     Use interface or IP address as source
                -q              Quiet, only display output at start
                                and when finished
                -p              Pattern to use for payload

    pivot_root
        pivot_root NEW_ROOT PUT_OLD

        Move the current root file system to PUT_OLD and make NEW_ROOT the
        new root file system

    pkill
        pkill [-l|-SIGNAL] [-fnovx] [-s SID|-P PPID|PATTERN]

        Send a signal to process(es) selected by regex PATTERN

                -l      List all signals
                -f      Match against entire command line
                -n      Signal the newest process only
                -o      Signal the oldest process only
                -v      Negate the match
                -x      Match whole name (not substring)
                -s      Match session ID (0 for current)
                -P      Match parent process ID

    pmap
        pmap [-xq] PID

        Display process memory usage

                -x      Show details
                -q      Quiet

    popmaildir
        popmaildir [OPTIONS] MAILDIR [CONN_HELPER ARGS]

        Fetch content of remote mailbox to local maildir

                -s              Skip authorization
                -T              Get messages with TOP instead of RETR
                -k              Keep retrieved messages on the server
                -t SEC          Network timeout
                -F "PROG ARGS"  Filter program (may be repeated)
                -M "PROG ARGS"  Delivery program

        Fetch from plain POP3 server: popmaildir -k DIR nc pop3.server.com
        110 <user_and_pass.txt Fetch from SSLed POP3 server and delete
        fetched emails: popmaildir DIR -- openssl s_client -quiet -connect
        pop3.server.com:995 <user_and_pass.txt

    poweroff
        poweroff [-d DELAY] [-n] [-f]

        Halt and shut off power

                -d SEC  Delay interval
                -n      Do not sync
                -f      Force (don't go through init)

    powertop
        powertop

        Analyze power consumption on Intel-based laptops

    printenv
        printenv [VARIABLE]...

        Print environment VARIABLEs. If no VARIABLE specified, print all.

    printf
        printf FORMAT [ARG]...

        Format and print ARG(s) according to FORMAT (a-la C printf)

    ps  ps

        Show list of processes

                w       Wide output
                l       Long output
                T       Show threads

    pscan
        pscan [-cb] [-p MIN_PORT] [-P MAX_PORT] [-t TIMEOUT] [-T MIN_RTT]
        HOST

        Scan a host, print all open ports

                -c      Show closed ports too
                -b      Show blocked ports too
                -p      Scan from this port (default 1)
                -P      Scan up to this port (default 1024)
                -t      Timeout (default 5000 ms)
                -T      Minimum rtt (default 5 ms, increase for congested hosts)

    pstree
        pstree [-p] [PID|USER]

        Display process tree, optionally start from USER or PID

                -p      Show pids

    pwd pwd

        Print the full filename of the current working directory

    pwdx
        pwdx PID...

        Show current directory for PIDs

    raidautorun
        raidautorun DEVICE

        Tell the kernel to automatically search and start RAID arrays

    rdate
        rdate [-sp] HOST

        Get and possibly set system time from a remote HOST

                -s      Set system time (default)
                -p      Print time

    rdev
        rdev

        Print the device node associated with the filesystem mounted at '/'

    readahead
        readahead [FILE]...

        Preload FILEs to RAM

    readlink
        readlink [-fnv] FILE

        Display the value of a symlink

                -f      Canonicalize by following all symlinks
                -n      Don't add newline
                -v      Verbose

    readprofile
        readprofile [OPTIONS]

                -m mapfile      (Default: /boot/System.map)
                -p profile      (Default: /proc/profile)
                -M NUM          Set the profiling multiplier to NUM
                -i              Print only info about the sampling step
                -v              Verbose
                -a              Print all symbols, even if count is 0
                -b              Print individual histogram-bin counts
                -s              Print individual counters within functions
                -r              Reset all the counters (root only)
                -n              Disable byte order auto-detection

    realpath
        realpath FILE...

        Return the absolute pathnames of given FILE

    reboot
        reboot [-d DELAY] [-n] [-f]

        Reboot the system

                -d SEC  Delay interval
                -n      Do not sync
                -f      Force (don't go through init)

    reformime
        reformime [OPTIONS]

        Parse MIME-encoded message on stdin

                -x PREFIX       Extract content of MIME sections to files
                -X PROG ARGS    Filter content of MIME sections through PROG
                                Must be the last option

        Other options are silently ignored

    renice
        renice [-n] PRIORITY [[-p | -g | -u] ID...]...

        Change scheduling priority of a running process

                -n      Add PRIORITY to current nice value
                        Without -n, nice value is set to PRIORITY
                -p      Process ids (default)
                -g      Process group ids
                -u      Process user names

    reset
        reset

        Reset the screen

    resize
        resize

        Resize the screen

    rev rev [FILE]...

        Reverse lines of FILE

    rfkill
        rfkill COMMAND [INDEX|TYPE]

        Enable/disable wireless devices

        Commands:

                list [INDEX|TYPE]       List current state
                block INDEX|TYPE        Disable device
                unblock INDEX|TYPE      Enable device

                TYPE: all, wlan(wifi), bluetooth, uwb(ultrawideband),
                        wimax, wwan, gps, fm

    rm  rm [-irf] FILE...

        Remove (unlink) FILEs

                -i      Always prompt before removing
                -f      Never prompt
                -R,-r   Recurse

    rmdir
        rmdir [OPTIONS] DIRECTORY...

        Remove DIRECTORY if it is empty

                -p|--parents    Include parents
                --ignore-fail-on-non-empty

    rmmod
        rmmod [-wfa] [MODULE]...

        Unload kernel modules

                -w      Wait until the module is no longer used
                -f      Force unload
                -a      Remove all unused modules (recursively)

    route
        route [{add|del|delete}]

        Edit kernel routing tables

                -n      Don't resolve names
                -e      Display other/more information
                -A inet{6}      Select address family

    rpm2cpio
        rpm2cpio package.rpm

        Output a cpio archive of the rpm file

    rtcwake
        rtcwake [-a | -l | -u] [-d DEV] [-m MODE] [-s SEC | -t TIME]

        Enter a system sleep state until specified wakeup time

                -a,--auto       Read clock mode from adjtime
                -l,--local      Clock is set to local time
                -u,--utc        Clock is set to UTC time
                -d,--device=DEV Specify the RTC device
                -m,--mode=MODE  Set sleep state (default: standby)
                -s,--seconds=SEC Set timeout in SEC seconds from now
                -t,--time=TIME  Set timeout to TIME seconds from epoch

    run-parts
        run-parts [-a ARG]... [-u UMASK] [--reverse] [--test]
        [--exit-on-error] [--list] DIRECTORY

        Run a bunch of scripts in DIRECTORY

                -a ARG          Pass ARG as argument to scripts
                -u UMASK        Set UMASK before running scripts
                --reverse       Reverse execution order
                --test          Dry run
                --exit-on-error Exit if a script exits with non-zero
                --list          Print names of matching files even if they are not executable

    runsv
        runsv DIR

        Start and monitor a service and optionally an appendant log service

    runsvdir
        runsvdir [-P] [-s SCRIPT] DIR

        Start a runsv process for each subdirectory. If it exits, restart
        it.

                -P              Put each runsv in a new session
                -s SCRIPT       Run SCRIPT <signo> after signal is processed

    rx  rx FILE

        Receive a file using the xmodem protocol

    script
        script [-afqt] [-c PROG] [OUTFILE]

                -a      Append output
                -c PROG Run PROG, not shell
                -f      Flush output after each write
                -q      Quiet
                -t      Send timing to stderr

    scriptreplay
        scriptreplay timingfile [typescript [divisor]]

        Play back typescripts, using timing information

    sed sed [-inrE] [-f FILE]... [-e CMD]... [FILE]... or: sed [-inrE] CMD
        [FILE]...

                -e CMD  Add CMD to sed commands to be executed
                -f FILE Add FILE contents to sed commands to be executed
                -i[SFX] Edit files in-place (otherwise sends to stdout)
                        Optionally back files up, appending SFX
                -n      Suppress automatic printing of pattern space
                -r,-E   Use extended regex syntax

        If no -e or -f, the first non-option argument is the sed command
        string. Remaining arguments are input files (stdin if none).

    sendmail
        sendmail [-tv] [-f SENDER] [-amLOGIN 4<user_pass.txt | -auUSER
        -apPASS] [-w SECS] [-H 'PROG ARGS' | -S HOST] [RECIPIENT_EMAIL]...

        Read email from stdin and send it

        Standard options:

                -t              Read additional recipients from message body
                -f SENDER       For use in MAIL FROM:<sender>. Can be empty string
                                Default: -auUSER, or username of current UID
                -o OPTIONS      Various options. -oi implied, others are ignored
                -i              -oi synonym, implied and ignored

        Busybox specific options:

                -v              Verbose
                -w SECS         Network timeout
                -H 'PROG ARGS'  Run connection helper. Examples:
                        openssl s_client -quiet -tls1 -starttls smtp -connect smtp.gmail.com:25
                        openssl s_client -quiet -tls1 -connect smtp.gmail.com:465
                                $SMTP_ANTISPAM_DELAY: seconds to wait after helper connect
                -S HOST[:PORT]  Server (default $SMTPHOST or 127.0.0.1)
                -amLOGIN        Log in using AUTH LOGIN (-amCRAM-MD5 not supported)
                -auUSER         Username for AUTH
                -apPASS         Password for AUTH

        If no -a options are given, authentication is not done. If -amLOGIN
        is given but no -au/-ap, user/password is read from fd #4. Other
        options are silently ignored; -oi is implied. Use makemime to create
        emails with attachments.

    seq seq [-w] [-s SEP] [FIRST [INC]] LAST

        Print numbers from FIRST to LAST, in steps of INC. FIRST, INC
        default to 1.

                -w      Pad to last with leading zeros
                -s SEP  String separator

    setarch
        setarch PERSONALITY [-R] PROG ARGS

        PERSONALITY may be:

                linux32 Set 32bit uname emulation
                linux64 Set 64bit uname emulation

                -R      Disable address space randomization

    setconsole
        setconsole [-r|--reset] [DEVICE]

        Redirect system console output to DEVICE (default: /dev/tty)

                -r      Reset output to /dev/console

    setfont
        setfont FONT [-m MAPFILE] [-C TTY]

        Load a console font

                -m MAPFILE      Load console screen map
                -C TTY          Affect TTY instead of /dev/tty

    setkeycodes
        setkeycodes SCANCODE KEYCODE...

        Set entries into the kernel's scancode-to-keycode map, allowing
        unusual keyboards to generate usable keycodes.

        SCANCODE may be either xx or e0xx (hexadecimal), and KEYCODE is
        given in decimal.

    setlogcons
        setlogcons [N]

        Redirect the kernel output to console N. Default:0 (current console)

    setserial
        setserial [-gabGvzV] DEVICE [PARAMETER [ARG]]...

        Request or set Linux serial port information

                -g      Interpret parameters as list of devices for reporting
                -a      Print all available information
                -b      Print summary information
                -G      Print in form which can be fed back
                        to setserial as command line parameters
                -z      Zero out serial flags before setting
                -v      Verbose

        Parameters: (* = takes an argument, ^ = can be turned off by
        preceding ^) *port, *irq, *divisor, *uart, *baud_base, *close_delay,
        *closing_wait, ^fourport, ^auto_irq, ^skip_test, ^sak,
        ^session_lockout, ^pgrp_lockout, ^callout_nohup, ^split_termios,
        ^hup_notify, ^low_latency, autoconfig, spd_normal, spd_hi, spd_vhi,
        spd_shi, spd_warp, spd_cust

        UART types:

                unknown, 8250, 16450, 16550, 16550A, Cirrus, 16650, 16650V2, 16750,
                16950, 16954, 16654, 16850, RSA, NS16550A, XSCALE, RM9000, OCTEON, AR7,
                U6_16550A

    setsid
        setsid [-c] PROG ARGS

        Run PROG in a new session. PROG will have no controlling terminal
        and will not be affected by keyboard signals (^C etc).

                -c      Set controlling terminal to stdin

    setuidgid
        setuidgid USER PROG ARGS

        Set uid and gid to USER's uid and gid, drop supplementary group ids,
        run PROG

    sh  sh [-/+OPTIONS] [-/+o OPT]... [-c 'SCRIPT' [ARG0 [ARGS]] / FILE
        [ARGS]]

        Unix shell interpreter

    sha1sum
        sha1sum [-c[sw]] [FILE]...

        Print or check SHA1 checksums

                -c      Check sums against list in FILEs
                -s      Don't output anything, status code shows success
                -w      Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines

    sha256sum
        sha256sum [-c[sw]] [FILE]...

        Print or check SHA256 checksums

                -c      Check sums against list in FILEs
                -s      Don't output anything, status code shows success
                -w      Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines

    sha3sum
        sha3sum [-c[sw]] [-a BITS] [FILE]...

        Print or check SHA3 checksums

                -c      Check sums against list in FILEs
                -s      Don't output anything, status code shows success
                -w      Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines
                -a BITS 224 (default), 256, 384, 512

    sha512sum
        sha512sum [-c[sw]] [FILE]...

        Print or check SHA512 checksums

                -c      Check sums against list in FILEs
                -s      Don't output anything, status code shows success
                -w      Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines

    showkey
        showkey [-a | -k | -s]

        Show keys pressed

                -a      Display decimal/octal/hex values of the keys
                -k      Display interpreted keycodes (default)
                -s      Display raw scan-codes

    shuf
        shuf [-e|-i L-H] [-n NUM] [-o FILE] [-z] [FILE|ARG...]

        Randomly permute lines

                -e      Treat ARGs as lines
                -i L-H  Treat numbers L-H as lines
                -n NUM  Output at most NUM lines
                -o FILE Write to FILE, not standard output
                -z      End lines with zero byte, not newline

    slattach
        slattach [-cehmLF] [-s SPEED] [-p PROTOCOL] DEVICE

        Attach network interface(s) to serial line(s)

                -p PROT Set protocol (slip, cslip, slip6, clisp6 or adaptive)
                -s SPD  Set line speed
                -e      Exit after initializing device
                -h      Exit when the carrier is lost
                -c PROG Run PROG when the line is hung up
                -m      Do NOT initialize the line in raw 8 bits mode
                -L      Enable 3-wire operation
                -F      Disable RTS/CTS flow control

    sleep
        sleep [N]...

        Pause for a time equal to the total of the args given, where each
        arg can have an optional suffix of (s)econds, (m)inutes, (h)ours, or
        (d)ays

    smemcap
        smemcap >SMEMDATA.TAR

        Collect memory usage data in /proc and write it to stdout

    softlimit
        softlimit [-a BYTES] [-m BYTES] [-d BYTES] [-s BYTES] [-l BYTES] [-f
        BYTES] [-c BYTES] [-r BYTES] [-o N] [-p N] [-t N] PROG ARGS

        Set soft resource limits, then run PROG

                -a BYTES        Limit total size of all segments
                -m BYTES        Same as -d BYTES -s BYTES -l BYTES -a BYTES
                -d BYTES        Limit data segment
                -s BYTES        Limit stack segment
                -l BYTES        Limit locked memory size
                -o N            Limit number of open files per process
                -p N            Limit number of processes per uid
        Options controlling file sizes:

                -f BYTES        Limit output file sizes
                -c BYTES        Limit core file size
        Efficiency opts:

                -r BYTES        Limit resident set size
                -t N            Limit CPU time, process receives
                                a SIGXCPU after N seconds

    sort
        sort [-nrugMcszbdfiokt] [-o FILE] [-k
        start[.offset][opts][,end[.offset][opts]] [-t CHAR] [FILE]...

        Sort lines of text

                -o FILE Output to FILE
                -c      Check whether input is sorted
                -b      Ignore leading blanks
                -f      Ignore case
                -i      Ignore unprintable characters
                -d      Dictionary order (blank or alphanumeric only)
                -g      General numerical sort
                -M      Sort month
                -n      Sort numbers
                -t CHAR Field separator
                -k N[,M] Sort by Nth field
                -r      Reverse sort order
                -s      Stable (don't sort ties alphabetically)
                -u      Suppress duplicate lines
                -z      Lines are terminated by NUL, not newline

    split
        split [OPTIONS] [INPUT [PREFIX]]

                -b N[k|m]       Split by N (kilo|mega)bytes
                -l N            Split by N lines
                -a N            Use N letters as suffix

    start-stop-daemon
        start-stop-daemon [OPTIONS] [-S|-K] ... [-- ARGS...]

        Search for matching processes, and then -K: stop all matching
        processes. -S: start a process unless a matching process is found.

        Process matching:

                -u,--user USERNAME|UID  Match only this user's processes
                -n,--name NAME          Match processes with NAME
                                        in comm field in /proc/PID/stat
                -x,--exec EXECUTABLE    Match processes with this command
                                        in /proc/PID/{exe,cmdline}
                -p,--pidfile FILE       Match a process with PID from the file
                All specified conditions must match
        -S only:
                -x,--exec EXECUTABLE    Program to run
                -a,--startas NAME       Zeroth argument
                -b,--background         Background
                -N,--nicelevel N        Change nice level
                -c,--chuid USER[:[GRP]] Change to user/group
                -m,--make-pidfile       Write PID to the pidfile specified by -p
        -K only:
                -s,--signal SIG         Signal to send
                -t,--test               Match only, exit with 0 if a process is found
        Other:

                -o,--oknodo             Exit with status 0 if nothing is done
                -v,--verbose            Verbose
                -q,--quiet              Quiet

    stat
        stat [OPTIONS] FILE...

        Display file (default) or filesystem status

                -c FMT  Use the specified format
                -f      Display filesystem status
                -L      Follow links
                -t      Terse display

        FMT sequences for files:

         %a     Access rights in octal
         %A     Access rights in human readable form
         %b     Number of blocks allocated (see %B)
         %B     Size in bytes of each block reported by %b
         %d     Device number in decimal
         %D     Device number in hex
         %f     Raw mode in hex
         %F     File type
         %g     Group ID
         %G     Group name
         %h     Number of hard links
         %i     Inode number
         %n     File name
         %N     File name, with -> TARGET if symlink
         %o     I/O block size
         %s     Total size in bytes
         %t     Major device type in hex
         %T     Minor device type in hex
         %u     User ID
         %U     User name
         %x     Time of last access
         %X     Time of last access as seconds since Epoch
         %y     Time of last modification
         %Y     Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch
         %z     Time of last change
         %Z     Time of last change as seconds since Epoch

        FMT sequences for file systems:

         %a     Free blocks available to non-superuser
         %b     Total data blocks
         %c     Total file nodes
         %d     Free file nodes
         %f     Free blocks
         %i     File System ID in hex
         %l     Maximum length of filenames
         %n     File name
         %s     Block size (for faster transfer)
         %S     Fundamental block size (for block counts)
         %t     Type in hex
         %T     Type in human readable form

    strings
        strings [-fo] [-t o/d/x] [-n LEN] [FILE]...

        Display printable strings in a binary file

                -f              Precede strings with filenames
                -o              Precede strings with octal offsets
                -t o/d/x        Precede strings with offsets in base 8/10/16
                -n LEN          At least LEN characters form a string (default 4)

    stty
        stty [-a|g] [-F DEVICE] [SETTING]...

        Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations
        from stty sane

                -F DEVICE       Open device instead of stdin
                -a              Print all current settings in human-readable form
                -g              Print in stty-readable form
                [SETTING]       See manpage

    su  su [-lmp] [-] [-s SH] [USER [SCRIPT ARGS / -c 'CMD' ARG0 ARGS]]

        Run shell under USER (by default, root)

                -,-l    Clear environment, go to home dir, run shell as login shell
                -p,-m   Do not set new $HOME, $SHELL, $USER, $LOGNAME
                -c CMD  Command to pass to 'sh -c'
                -s SH   Shell to use instead of user's default

    sulogin
        sulogin [-t N] [TTY]

        Single user login

                -t N    Timeout

    sum sum [-rs] [FILE]...

        Checksum and count the blocks in a file

                -r      Use BSD sum algorithm (1K blocks)
                -s      Use System V sum algorithm (512byte blocks)

    sv  sv [-v] [-w SEC] CMD SERVICE_DIR...

        Control services monitored by runsv supervisor. Commands (only first
        character is enough):

        status: query service status up: if service isn't running, start it.
        If service stops, restart it once: like 'up', but if service stops,
        don't restart it down: send TERM and CONT signals. If ./run exits,
        start ./finish if it exists. After it stops, don't restart service
        exit: send TERM and CONT signals to service and log service. If they
        exit, runsv exits too pause, cont, hup, alarm, interrupt, quit, 1,
        2, term, kill: send STOP, CONT, HUP, ALRM, INT, QUIT, USR1, USR2,
        TERM, KILL signal to service

    svc svc [-udopchaitkx] SERVICE_DIR...

        Control services monitored by runsv supervisor

                -u      If service is not running, start it; restart if it stops
                -d      If service is running, send TERM+CONT signals; do not restart it
                -o      Once: if service is not running, start it; do not restart it
                -pchaitk Send STOP, CONT, HUP, ALRM, INT, TERM, KILL signal to service
                -x      Exit: runsv will exit as soon as the service is down

    svlogd
        svlogd [-ttv] [-r C] [-R CHARS] [-l MATCHLEN] [-b BUFLEN] DIR...

        Continuously read log data from stdin and write to rotated log files
        in DIRs

        DIR/config file modifies behavior: sSIZE - when to rotate logs nNUM
        - number of files to retain !PROG - process rotated log with PROG
        +,-PATTERN - (de)select line for logging E,ePATTERN - (de)select
        line for stderr

    swapoff
        swapoff [-a] [DEVICE]

        Stop swapping on DEVICE

                -a      Stop swapping on all swap devices

    swapon
        swapon [-a] [-e] [-d[POL]] [-p PRI] [DEVICE]

        Start swapping on DEVICE

                -a      Start swapping on all swap devices
                -d[POL] Discard blocks at swapon (POL=once),
                        as freed (POL=pages), or both (POL omitted)
                -e      Silently skip devices that do not exist
                -p PRI  Set swap device priority

    switch_root
        switch_root [-c /dev/console] NEW_ROOT NEW_INIT [ARGS]

        Free initramfs and switch to another root fs:

        chroot to NEW_ROOT, delete all in /, move NEW_ROOT to /, execute
        NEW_INIT. PID must be 1. NEW_ROOT must be a mountpoint.

                -c DEV  Reopen stdio to DEV after switch

    sync
        sync [-df] [FILE]...

        Write all buffered blocks (in FILEs) to disk -d Avoid syncing
        metadata -f Sync filesystems underlying FILEs

    sysctl
        sysctl [OPTIONS] [KEY[=VALUE]]...

        Show/set kernel parameters

                -e      Don't warn about unknown keys
                -n      Don't show key names
                -a      Show all values
                -w      Set values
                -p FILE Set values from FILE (default /etc/sysctl.conf)
                -q      Set values silently

    syslogd
        syslogd [OPTIONS]

        System logging utility

                -n              Run in foreground
                -R HOST[:PORT]  Log to HOST:PORT (default PORT:514)
                -L              Log locally and via network (default is network only if -R)
                -C[size_kb]     Log to shared mem buffer (use logread to read it)
                -K              Log to kernel printk buffer (use dmesg to read it)
                -O FILE         Log to FILE (default: /var/log/messages, stdout if -)
                -s SIZE         Max size (KB) before rotation (default:200KB, 0=off)
                -b N            N rotated logs to keep (default:1, max=99, 0=purge)
                -l N            Log only messages more urgent than prio N (1-8)
                -S              Smaller output
                -D              Drop duplicates
                -f FILE         Use FILE as config (default:/etc/syslog.conf)

    tac tac [FILE]...

        Concatenate FILEs and print them in reverse

    tail
        tail [OPTIONS] [FILE]...

        Print last 10 lines of each FILE (or stdin) to stdout. With more
        than one FILE, precede each with a filename header.

                -f              Print data as file grows
                -c [+]N[kbm]    Print last N bytes
                -n N[kbm]       Print last N lines
                -n +N[kbm]      Start on Nth line and print the rest
                -q              Never print headers
                -s SECONDS      Wait SECONDS between reads with -f
                -v              Always print headers
                -F              Same as -f, but keep retrying

        N may be suffixed by k (x1024), b (x512), or m (x1024^2).

    tar tar -[cxtZzJjahvO] [-X FILE] [-T FILE] [-f TARFILE] [-C DIR]
        [FILE]...

        Create, extract, or list files from a tar file

        Operation:

                c       Create
                x       Extract
                t       List
                f       Name of TARFILE ('-' for stdin/out)
                C       Change to DIR before operation
                v       Verbose
                Z       (De)compress using compress
                z       (De)compress using gzip
                J       (De)compress using xz
                j       (De)compress using bzip2
                a       (De)compress using lzma
                O       Extract to stdout
                h       Follow symlinks
                exclude File to exclude
                X       File with names to exclude
                T       File with names to include

    taskset
        taskset [-p] [MASK] [PID | PROG ARGS]

        Set or get CPU affinity

                -p      Operate on an existing PID

    tcpsvd
        tcpsvd [-hEv] [-c N] [-C N[:MSG]] [-b N] [-u USER] [-l NAME] IP PORT
        PROG

        Create TCP socket, bind to IP:PORT and listen for incoming
        connections. Run PROG for each connection.

                IP PORT         IP:PORT to listen on
                PROG ARGS       Program to run
                -u USER[:GRP]   Change to user/group after bind
                -c N            Up to N connections simultaneously (default 30)
                -b N            Allow backlog of approximately N TCP SYNs (default 20)
                -C N[:MSG]      Allow only up to N connections from the same IP:
                                new connections from this IP address are closed
                                immediately, MSG is written to the peer before close
                -E              Don't set up environment
                -h              Look up peer's hostname
                -l NAME         Local hostname (else look up local hostname in DNS)
                -v              Verbose

        Environment if no -E: PROTO='TCP' TCPREMOTEADDR='ip:port'
        ('[ip]:port' for IPv6) TCPLOCALADDR='ip:port'
        TCPORIGDSTADDR='ip:port' of destination before firewall Useful for
        REDIRECTed-to-local connections: iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p
        tcp --dport 80 -j REDIRECT --to 8080
        TCPCONCURRENCY=num_of_connects_from_this_ip If -h:
        TCPLOCALHOST='hostname' (-l NAME is used if specified)
        TCPREMOTEHOST='hostname'

    tee tee [-ai] [FILE]...

        Copy stdin to each FILE, and also to stdout

                -a      Append to the given FILEs, don't overwrite
                -i      Ignore interrupt signals (SIGINT)

    telnet
        telnet [-a] [-l USER] HOST [PORT]

        Connect to telnet server

                -a      Automatic login with $USER variable
                -l USER Automatic login as USER

    telnetd
        telnetd [OPTIONS]

        Handle incoming telnet connections

                -l LOGIN        Exec LOGIN on connect
                -f ISSUE_FILE   Display ISSUE_FILE instead of /etc/issue
                -K              Close connection as soon as login exits
                                (normally wait until all programs close slave pty)
                -p PORT         Port to listen on
                -b ADDR[:PORT]  Address to bind to
                -F              Run in foreground
                -i              Inetd mode

    tftp
        tftp [OPTIONS] HOST [PORT]

        Transfer a file from/to tftp server

                -l FILE Local FILE
                -r FILE Remote FILE
                -g      Get file
                -p      Put file
                -b SIZE Transfer blocks of SIZE octets

    tftpd
        tftpd [-cr] [-u USER] [DIR]

        Transfer a file on tftp client's request

        tftpd should be used as an inetd service. tftpd's line for
        inetd.conf: 69 dgram udp nowait root tftpd tftpd -l /files/to/serve
        It also can be ran from udpsvd:

                udpsvd -vE 0.0.0.0 69 tftpd /files/to/serve

                -r      Prohibit upload
                -c      Allow file creation via upload
                -u      Access files as USER
                -l      Log to syslog (inetd mode requires this)

    time
        time [-v] PROG ARGS

        Run PROG, display resource usage when it exits

                -v      Verbose

    timeout
        timeout [-t SECS] [-s SIG] PROG ARGS

        Runs PROG. Sends SIG to it if it is not gone in SECS seconds.
        Defaults: SECS: 10, SIG: TERM.

    top top [-b] [-nCOUNT] [-dSECONDS] [-m]

        Provide a view of process activity in real time. Read the status of
        all processes from /proc each SECONDS and display a screenful of
        them. Keys:

                N/M/P/T: show CPU usage, sort by pid/mem/cpu/time
                S: show memory
                R: reverse sort
                H: toggle threads, 1: toggle SMP
                Q,^C: exit

        Options:

                -b      Batch mode
                -n N    Exit after N iterations
                -d N    Delay between updates
                -m      Same as 's' key

    touch
        touch [-c] [-d DATE] [-t DATE] [-r FILE] FILE...

        Update the last-modified date on the given FILE[s]

                -c      Don't create files
                -h      Don't follow links
                -d DT   Date/time to use
                -t DT   Date/time to use
                -r FILE Use FILE's date/time

    tr  tr [-cds] STRING1 [STRING2]

        Translate, squeeze, or delete characters from stdin, writing to
        stdout

                -c      Take complement of STRING1
                -d      Delete input characters coded STRING1
                -s      Squeeze multiple output characters of STRING2 into one character

    traceroute
        traceroute [-46FIlnrv] [-f 1ST_TTL] [-m MAXTTL] [-q PROBES] [-p
        PORT] [-t TOS] [-w WAIT_SEC] [-s SRC_IP] [-i IFACE] [-z PAUSE_MSEC]
        HOST [BYTES]

        Trace the route to HOST

                -4,-6   Force IP or IPv6 name resolution
                -F      Set don't fragment bit
                -l      Display TTL value of the returned packet
                -n      Print numeric addresses
                -r      Bypass routing tables, send directly to HOST
                -f N    First number of hops (default 1)
                -m N    Max number of hops
                -q N    Number of probes per hop (default 3)
                -p N    Base UDP port number used in probes
                        (default 33434)
                -s IP   Source address
                -i IFACE Source interface
                -t N    Type-of-service in probe packets (default 0)
                -w SEC  Time to wait for a response (default 3)
                -g IP   Loose source route gateway (8 max)

    traceroute6
        traceroute6 [-nrv] [-m MAXTTL] [-q PROBES] [-p PORT] [-t TOS] [-w
        WAIT_SEC] [-s SRC_IP] [-i IFACE] HOST [BYTES]

        Trace the route to HOST

                -n      Print numeric addresses
                -r      Bypass routing tables, send directly to HOST
                -m N    Max number of hops
                -q N    Number of probes per hop (default 3)
                -p N    Base UDP port number used in probes
                        (default 33434)
                -s IP   Source address
                -i IFACE Source interface
                -t N    Type-of-service in probe packets (default 0)
                -w SEC  Time wait for a response (default 3)

    truncate
        truncate [-c] -s SIZE FILE...

        Truncate FILEs to the given size

                -c      Do not create files
                -s SIZE Truncate to SIZE

    tty tty

        Print file name of stdin's terminal

                -s      Print nothing, only return exit status

    ttysize
        ttysize [w] [h]

        Print dimension(s) of stdin's terminal, on error return 80x25

    tunctl
        tunctl [-f device] ([-t name] | -d name) [-u owner] [-g group] [-b]

        Create or delete tun interfaces

                -f name         tun device (/dev/net/tun)
                -t name         Create iface 'name'
                -d name         Delete iface 'name'
                -u owner        Set iface owner
                -g group        Set iface group
                -b              Brief output

    tune2fs
        tune2fs [-c MAX_MOUNT_COUNT] [-i DAYS] [-C MOUNT_COUNT] [-L LABEL]
        BLOCKDEV

        Adjust filesystem options on ext[23] filesystems

    ubiattach
        ubiattach -m MTD_NUM [-d UBI_NUM] [-O VID_HDR_OFF] UBI_CTRL_DEV

        Attach MTD device to UBI

                -m MTD_NUM      MTD device number to attach
                -d UBI_NUM      UBI device number to assign
                -O VID_HDR_OFF  VID header offset

    ubidetach
        ubidetach -d UBI_NUM UBI_CTRL_DEV

        Detach MTD device from UBI

                -d UBI_NUM      UBI device number

    ubimkvol
        ubimkvol -N NAME [-s SIZE | -m] UBI_DEVICE

        Create UBI volume

                -a ALIGNMENT    Volume alignment (default 1)
                -m              Set volume size to maximum available
                -n VOLID        Volume ID. If not specified,
                                assigned automatically
                -N NAME         Volume name
                -s SIZE         Size in bytes
                -t TYPE         Volume type (static|dynamic)

    ubirename
        ubirename UBI_DEVICE OLD_VOLNAME NEW_VOLNAME [OLD2 NEW2]...

        Rename UBI volumes on UBI_DEVICE

    ubirmvol
        ubirmvol -n VOLID / -N VOLNAME UBI_DEVICE

        Remove UBI volume

                -n VOLID        Volume ID
                -N VOLNAME      Volume name

    ubirsvol
        ubirsvol -n VOLID -s SIZE UBI_DEVICE

        Resize UBI volume

                -n VOLID        Volume ID
                -s SIZE         Size in bytes

    ubiupdatevol
        ubiupdatevol [-t | [-s SIZE] IMG_FILE] UBI_DEVICE

        Update UBI volume

                -t      Truncate to zero size
                -s SIZE Size in bytes to resize to

    udhcpc
        udhcpc [-fbqvRB] [-a[MSEC]] [-t N] [-T SEC] [-A SEC/-n] [-i IFACE]
        [-P PORT] [-s PROG] [-p PIDFILE] [-oC] [-r IP] [-V VENDOR] [-F NAME]
        [-x OPT:VAL]... [-O OPT]...

                -i,--interface IFACE    Interface to use (default eth0)
                -P,--client-port PORT   Use PORT (default 68)
                -s,--script PROG        Run PROG at DHCP events (default /usr/share/udhcpc/default.script)
                -p,--pidfile FILE       Create pidfile
                -B,--broadcast          Request broadcast replies
                -t,--retries N          Send up to N discover packets (default 3)
                -T,--timeout SEC        Pause between packets (default 3)
                -A,--tryagain SEC       Wait if lease is not obtained (default 20)
                -n,--now                Exit if lease is not obtained
                -q,--quit               Exit after obtaining lease
                -R,--release            Release IP on exit
                -f,--foreground         Run in foreground
                -b,--background         Background if lease is not obtained
                -S,--syslog             Log to syslog too
                -a[MSEC],--arping[=MSEC] Validate offered address with ARP ping
                -r,--request IP         Request this IP address
                -o,--no-default-options Don't request any options (unless -O is given)
                -O,--request-option OPT Request option OPT from server (cumulative)
                -x OPT:VAL              Include option OPT in sent packets (cumulative)
                                        Examples of string, numeric, and hex byte opts:
                                        -x hostname:bbox - option 12
                                        -x lease:3600 - option 51 (lease time)
                                        -x 0x3d:0100BEEFC0FFEE - option 61 (client id)
                -F,--fqdn NAME          Ask server to update DNS mapping for NAME
                -V,--vendorclass VENDOR Vendor identifier (default 'udhcp VERSION')
                -C,--clientid-none      Don't send MAC as client identifier
                -v                      Verbose
        Signals:

                USR1    Renew lease
                USR2    Release lease

    udhcpc6
        udhcpc6 [-fbnqvoR] [-i IFACE] [-r IP] [-s PROG] [-p PIDFILE] [-x
        OPT:VAL]... [-O OPT]... [-P N]

                -i,--interface IFACE    Interface to use (default eth0)
                -p,--pidfile FILE       Create pidfile
                -s,--script PROG        Run PROG at DHCP events (default /usr/share/udhcpc/default.script)
                -B,--broadcast          Request broadcast replies
                -t,--retries N          Send up to N discover packets
                -T,--timeout N          Pause between packets (default 3 seconds)
                -A,--tryagain N         Wait N seconds after failure (default 20)
                -f,--foreground         Run in foreground
                -b,--background         Background if lease is not obtained
                -n,--now                Exit if lease is not obtained
                -q,--quit               Exit after obtaining lease
                -R,--release            Release IP on exit
                -S,--syslog             Log to syslog too
                -P,--client-port N      Use port N (default 546)
                -O,--request-option OPT Request option OPT from server (cumulative)
                -o,--no-default-options Don't request any options (unless -O is given)
                -r,--request IP         Request this IP address
                -x OPT:VAL              Include option OPT in sent packets (cumulative)
                                        Examples of string, numeric, and hex byte opts:
                                        -x hostname:bbox - option 12
                                        -x lease:3600 - option 51 (lease time)
                                        -x 0x3d:0100BEEFC0FFEE - option 61 (client id)
                -v                      Verbose
        Signals:

                USR1    Renew lease
                USR2    Release lease

    udhcpd
        udhcpd [-fS] [-I ADDR] [-P N] [CONFFILE]

        DHCP server

                -f      Run in foreground
                -S      Log to syslog too
                -I ADDR Local address
                -a MSEC Timeout for ARP ping (default 2000)
                -P N    Use port N (default 67)

    udpsvd
        udpsvd [-hEv] [-c N] [-u USER] [-l NAME] IP PORT PROG

        Create UDP socket, bind to IP:PORT and wait for incoming packets.
        Run PROG for each packet, redirecting all further packets with same
        peer ip:port to it.

                IP PORT         IP:PORT to listen on
                PROG ARGS       Program to run
                -u USER[:GRP]   Change to user/group after bind
                -c N            Up to N connections simultaneously (default 30)
                -E              Don't set up environment
                -h              Look up peer's hostname
                -l NAME         Local hostname (else look up local hostname in DNS)
                -v              Verbose

        Environment if no -E: PROTO='UDP' UDPREMOTEADDR='ip:port'
        ('[ip]:port' for IPv6) UDPLOCALADDR='ip:port' If -h:
        UDPLOCALHOST='hostname' (-l NAME is used if specified)
        UDPREMOTEHOST='hostname'

    uevent
        uevent [PROG [ARGS]]

        uevent runs PROG for every netlink notification. PROG's environment
        contains data passed from the kernel. Typical usage (daemon for
        dynamic device node creation): # uevent mdev & mdev -s

    umount
        umount [OPTIONS] FILESYSTEM|DIRECTORY

        Unmount file systems

                -a      Unmount all file systems
                -r      Try to remount devices as read-only if mount is busy
                -l      Lazy umount (detach filesystem)
                -f      Force umount (i.e., unreachable NFS server)
                -D      Don't free loop device even if it has been used

    uname
        uname [-amnrspvio]

        Print system information

                -a      Print all
                -m      The machine (hardware) type
                -n      Hostname
                -r      Kernel release
                -s      Kernel name (default)
                -p      Processor type
                -v      Kernel version
                -i      The hardware platform
                -o      OS name

    uncompress
        uncompress [-cf] [FILE]...

        Decompress .Z file[s]

                -c      Write to stdout
                -f      Overwrite

    unexpand
        unexpand [-fa][-t N] [FILE]...

        Convert spaces to tabs, writing to stdout

                -a,--all        Convert all blanks
                -f,--first-only Convert only leading blanks
                -t,--tabs=N     Tabstops every N chars

    uniq
        uniq [-cdu][-f,s,w N] [INPUT [OUTPUT]]

        Discard duplicate lines

                -c      Prefix lines by the number of occurrences
                -d      Only print duplicate lines
                -u      Only print unique lines
                -f N    Skip first N fields
                -s N    Skip first N chars (after any skipped fields)
                -w N    Compare N characters in line

    unix2dos
        unix2dos [-ud] [FILE]

        Convert FILE in-place from Unix to DOS format. When no file is
        given, use stdin/stdout.

                -u      dos2unix
                -d      unix2dos

    unlink
        unlink FILE

        Delete FILE by calling unlink()

    unlzma
        unlzma [-cf] [FILE]...

        Decompress FILE (or stdin)

                -c      Write to stdout
                -f      Force

    unlzop
        unlzop [-cfvF] [FILE]...

                -c      Write to stdout
                -f      Force
                -v      Verbose
                -F      Don't verify checksum

    unshare
        unshare [OPTIONS] [PROG [ARGS]]

                -m, --mount[=FILE]      Unshare mount namespace
                -u, --uts[=FILE]        Unshare UTS namespace (hostname etc.)
                -i, --ipc[=FILE]        Unshare System V IPC namespace
                -n, --net[=FILE]        Unshare network namespace
                -p, --pid[=FILE]        Unshare PID namespace
                -U, --user[=FILE}       Unshare user namespace
                -f, --fork              Fork before execing PROG
                -r, --map-root-user     Map current user to root (implies -u)
                --mount-proc[=DIR]      Mount /proc filesystem first (implies -m)
                --propagation slave|shared|private|unchanged
                                        Modify mount propagation in mount namespace
                --setgroups allow|deny  Control the setgroups syscall in user namespaces

    unxz
        unxz [-cf] [FILE]...

        Decompress FILE (or stdin)

                -c      Write to stdout
                -f      Force

    unzip
        unzip [-lnopq] FILE[.zip] [FILE]... [-x FILE...] [-d DIR]

        Extract FILEs from ZIP archive

                -l      List contents (with -q for short form)
                -n      Never overwrite files (default: ask)
                -o      Overwrite
                -p      Print to stdout
                -q      Quiet
                -x FILE Exclude FILEs
                -d DIR  Extract into DIR

    uptime
        uptime

        Display the time since the last boot

    usleep
        usleep N

        Pause for N microseconds

    uudecode
        uudecode [-o OUTFILE] [INFILE]

        Uudecode a file Finds OUTFILE in uuencoded source unless -o is given

    uuencode
        uuencode [-m] [FILE] STORED_FILENAME

        Uuencode FILE (or stdin) to stdout

                -m      Use base64 encoding per RFC1521

    vconfig
        vconfig COMMAND [OPTIONS]

        Create and remove virtual ethernet devices

                add             IFACE VLAN_ID
                rem             VLAN_NAME
                set_flag        IFACE 0|1 VLAN_QOS
                set_egress_map  VLAN_NAME SKB_PRIO VLAN_QOS
                set_ingress_map VLAN_NAME SKB_PRIO VLAN_QOS
                set_name_type   NAME_TYPE

    vi  vi [OPTIONS] [FILE]...

        Edit FILE

                -c CMD  Initial command to run ($EXINIT also available)
                -R      Read-only
                -H      List available features

    vlock
        vlock [-a]

        Lock a virtual terminal. A password is required to unlock.

                -a      Lock all VTs

    volname
        volname [DEVICE]

        Show CD volume name of the DEVICE (default /dev/cdrom)

    watch
        watch [-n SEC] [-t] PROG ARGS

        Run PROG periodically

                -n      Loop period in seconds (default 2)
                -t      Don't print header

    watchdog
        watchdog [-t N[ms]] [-T N[ms]] [-F] DEV

        Periodically write to watchdog device DEV

                -T N    Reboot after N seconds if not reset (default 60)
                -t N    Reset every N seconds (default 30)
                -F      Run in foreground

        Use 500ms to specify period in milliseconds

    wc  wc [-cmlwL] [FILE]...

        Count lines, words, and bytes for each FILE (or stdin)

                -c      Count bytes
                -m      Count characters
                -l      Count newlines
                -w      Count words
                -L      Print longest line length

    wget
        wget [-c|--continue] [--spider] [-q|--quiet] [-O|--output-document
        FILE] [--header 'header: value'] [-Y|--proxy on/off] [-P DIR]
        [-U|--user-agent AGENT] [-T SEC] URL...

        Retrieve files via HTTP or FTP

                --spider        Spider mode - only check file existence
                -c              Continue retrieval of aborted transfer
                -q              Quiet
                -P DIR          Save to DIR (default .)
                -T SEC          Network read timeout is SEC seconds
                -O FILE         Save to FILE ('-' for stdout)
                -U STR          Use STR for User-Agent header
                -Y on/off       Use proxy

    which
        which [COMMAND]...

        Locate a COMMAND

    whoami
        whoami

        Print the user name associated with the current effective user id

    whois
        whois [-i] [-h SERVER] [-p PORT] NAME...

        Query WHOIS info about NAME

                -i      Show redirect results too
                -h,-p   Server to query

    xargs
        xargs [OPTIONS] [PROG ARGS]

        Run PROG on every item given by stdin

                -p      Ask user whether to run each command
                -r      Don't run command if input is empty
                -0      Input is separated by NUL characters
                -t      Print the command on stderr before execution
                -e[STR] STR stops input processing
                -n N    Pass no more than N args to PROG
                -s N    Pass command line of no more than N bytes
                -I STR  Replace STR within PROG ARGS with input line
                -x      Exit if size is exceeded

    xz  xz -d [-cf] [FILE]...

        Decompress FILE (or stdin)

                -d      Decompress
                -c      Write to stdout
                -f      Force

    xzcat
        xzcat [FILE]...

        Decompress to stdout

    yes yes [STRING]

        Repeatedly output a line with STRING, or 'y'

    zcat
        zcat [FILE]...

        Decompress to stdout

    zcip
        zcip [OPTIONS] IFACE SCRIPT

        Manage a ZeroConf IPv4 link-local address

                -f              Run in foreground
                -q              Quit after obtaining address
                -r 169.254.x.x  Request this address first
                -l x.x.0.0      Use this range instead of 169.254
                -v              Verbose

        $LOGGING=none Suppress logging $LOGGING=syslog Log to syslog

        With no -q, runs continuously monitoring for ARP conflicts, exits
        only on I/O errors (link down etc)

LIBC NSS
    GNU Libc (glibc) uses the Name Service Switch (NSS) to configure the
    behavior of the C library for the local environment, and to configure
    how it reads system data, such as passwords and group information. This
    is implemented using an /etc/nsswitch.conf configuration file, and using
    one or more of the /lib/libnss_* libraries. BusyBox tries to avoid using
    any libc calls that make use of NSS. Some applets however, such as login
    and su, will use libc functions that require NSS.

    If you enable CONFIG_USE_BB_PWD_GRP, BusyBox will use internal functions
    to directly access the /etc/passwd, /etc/group, and /etc/shadow files
    without using NSS. This may allow you to run your system without the
    need for installing any of the NSS configuration files and libraries.

    When used with glibc, the BusyBox 'networking' applets will similarly
    require that you install at least some of the glibc NSS stuff (in
    particular, /etc/nsswitch.conf, /lib/libnss_dns*, /lib/libnss_files*,
    and /lib/libresolv*).

    Shameless Plug: As an alternative, one could use a C library such as
    uClibc. In addition to making your system significantly smaller, uClibc
    does not require the use of any NSS support files or libraries.

MAINTAINER
    Denis Vlasenko <vda.linux@googlemail.com>

AUTHORS
    The following people have contributed code to BusyBox whether they know
    it or not. If you have written code included in BusyBox, you should
    probably be listed here so you can obtain your bit of eternal glory. If
    you should be listed here, or the description of what you have done
    needs more detail, or is incorrect, please send in an update.

    Emanuele Aina <emanuele.aina@tiscali.it> run-parts

    Erik Andersen <andersen@codepoet.org>

        Tons of new stuff, major rewrite of most of the
        core apps, tons of new apps as noted in header files.
        Lots of tedious effort writing these boring docs that
        nobody is going to actually read.

    Laurence Anderson <l.d.anderson@warwick.ac.uk>

        rpm2cpio, unzip, get_header_cpio, read_gz interface, rpm

    Jeff Angielski <jeff@theptrgroup.com>

        ftpput, ftpget

    Edward Betts <edward@debian.org>

        expr, hostid, logname, whoami

    John Beppu <beppu@codepoet.org>

        du, nslookup, sort

    Brian Candler <B.Candler@pobox.com>

        tiny-ls(ls)

    Randolph Chung <tausq@debian.org>

        fbset, ping, hostname

    Dave Cinege <dcinege@psychosis.com>

        more(v2), makedevs, dutmp, modularization, auto links file,
        various fixes, Linux Router Project maintenance

    Jordan Crouse <jordan@cosmicpenguin.net>

        ipcalc

    Magnus Damm <damm@opensource.se>

        tftp client insmod powerpc support

    Larry Doolittle <ldoolitt@recycle.lbl.gov>

        pristine source directory compilation, lots of patches and fixes.

    Glenn Engel <glenne@engel.org>

        httpd

    Gennady Feldman <gfeldman@gena01.com>

        Sysklogd (single threaded syslogd, IPC Circular buffer support,
        logread), various fixes.

    Karl M. Hegbloom <karlheg@debian.org>

        cp_mv.c, the test suite, various fixes to utility.c, &c.

    Daniel Jacobowitz <dan@debian.org>

        mktemp.c

    Matt Kraai <kraai@alumni.cmu.edu>

        documentation, bugfixes, test suite

    Stephan Linz <linz@li-pro.net>

        ipcalc, Red Hat equivalence

    John Lombardo <john@deltanet.com>

        tr

    Glenn McGrath <bug1@iinet.net.au>

        Common unarchiving code and unarchiving applets, ifupdown, ftpgetput,
        nameif, sed, patch, fold, install, uudecode.
        Various bugfixes, review and apply numerous patches.

    Manuel Novoa III <mjn3@codepoet.org>

        cat, head, mkfifo, mknod, rmdir, sleep, tee, tty, uniq, usleep, wc, yes,
        mesg, vconfig, make_directory, parse_mode, dirname, mode_string,
        get_last_path_component, simplify_path, and a number trivial libbb routines

        also bug fixes, partial rewrites, and size optimizations in
        ash, basename, cal, cmp, cp, df, du, echo, env, ln, logname, md5sum, mkdir,
        mv, realpath, rm, sort, tail, touch, uname, watch, arith, human_readable,
        interface, dutmp, ifconfig, route

    Vladimir Oleynik <dzo@simtreas.ru>

        cmdedit; xargs(current), httpd(current);
        ports: ash, crond, fdisk, inetd, stty, traceroute, top;
        locale, various fixes
        and irreconcilable critic of everything not perfect.

    Bruce Perens <bruce@pixar.com>

        Original author of BusyBox in 1995, 1996. Some of his code can
        still be found hiding here and there...

    Tim Riker <Tim@Rikers.org>

        bug fixes, member of fan club

    Kent Robotti <robotti@metconnect.com>

        reset, tons and tons of bug reports and patches.

    Chip Rosenthal <chip@unicom.com>, <crosenth@covad.com>

        wget - Contributed by permission of Covad Communications

    Pavel Roskin <proski@gnu.org>

        Lots of bugs fixes and patches.

    Gyepi Sam <gyepi@praxis-sw.com>

        Remote logging feature for syslogd

    Linus Torvalds <torvalds@transmeta.com>

        mkswap, fsck.minix, mkfs.minix

    Mark Whitley <markw@codepoet.org>

        grep, sed, cut, xargs(previous),
        style-guide, new-applet-HOWTO, bug fixes, etc.

    Charles P. Wright <cpwright@villagenet.com>

        gzip, mini-netcat(nc)

    Enrique Zanardi <ezanardi@ull.es>

        tarcat (since removed), loadkmap, various fixes, Debian maintenance

    Tito Ragusa <farmatito@tiscali.it>

        devfsd and size optimizations in strings, openvt and deallocvt.

    Paul Fox <pgf@foxharp.boston.ma.us>

        vi editing mode for ash, various other patches/fixes

    Roberto A. Foglietta <me@roberto.foglietta.name>

        port: dnsd

    Bernhard Reutner-Fischer <rep.dot.nop@gmail.com>

        misc

    Mike Frysinger <vapier@gentoo.org>

        initial e2fsprogs, printenv, setarch, sum, misc

    Jie Zhang <jie.zhang@analog.com>

        fixed two bugs in msh and hush (exitcode of killed processes)

