typecheck/TcPatSyn.hs

    {-
    (c) The University of Glasgow 2006
    (c) The GRASP/AQUA Project, Glasgow University, 1992-1998

    \section[TcPatSyn]{Typechecking pattern synonym declarations}
    -}

    {-# LANGUAGE CPP #-}

    module TcPatSyn ( tcPatSynSig, tcInferPatSynDecl, tcCheckPatSynDecl
                    , tcPatSynBuilderBind, tcPatSynBuilderOcc, nonBidirectionalErr
      ) where

    import HsSyn
    import TcPat
    import TcHsType( tcImplicitTKBndrs, tcExplicitTKBndrs
                   , tcHsContext, tcHsOpenType, kindGeneralize )
    import TcRnMonad
    import TcEnv
    import TcMType
    import TysPrim
    import TysWiredIn  ( runtimeRepTy )
    import Name
    import SrcLoc
    import PatSyn
    import NameSet
    import Panic
    import Outputable
    import FastString
    import Var
    import VarEnv( emptyTidyEnv )
    import Id
    import IdInfo( RecSelParent(..))
    import TcBinds
    import BasicTypes
    import TcSimplify
    import TcUnify
    import TcType
    import Type
    import TcEvidence
    import BuildTyCl
    import VarSet
    import MkId
    import TcTyDecls
    import ConLike
    import FieldLabel
    import Bag
    import Util
    import ErrUtils
    import Control.Monad ( unless, zipWithM )
    import Data.List( partition )
    #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ < 709
    import Data.Monoid( mconcat, mappend, mempty )
    import Data.Traversable( mapM )
    import Prelude hiding ( mapM )
    #endif

    #include "HsVersions.h"

    {- *********************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
            Type checking a pattern synonym signature
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************

    Note [Pattern synonym signatures]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Pattern synonym signatures are surprisingly tricky (see Trac #11224 for example).
    In general they look like this:

       pattern P :: forall univ_tvs. req
                 => forall ex_tvs. prov
                 => arg1 -> .. -> argn -> body_ty

    For parsing and renaming we treat the signature as an ordinary LHsSigType.

    Once we get to type checking, we decompose it into its parts, in tcPatSynSig.

    * Note that 'forall univ_tvs' and 'req =>'
            and 'forall ex_tvs'   and 'prov =>'
      are all optional.  We gather the pieces at the the top of tcPatSynSig

    * Initially the implicitly-bound tyvars (added by the renamer) include both
      universal and existential vars.

    * After we kind-check the pieces and convert to Types, we do kind generalisation.

    * Note [Splitting the implicit tyvars in a pattern synonym]
      Now the tricky bit: we must split
         the implicitly-bound variables, and
         the kind-generalised variables
      into universal and existential.  We do so as follows:

         Note [The pattern-synonym signature splitting rule]
         the universals are the ones mentioned in
              - univ_tvs (and the kinds thereof)
              - req
              - body_ty
         the existentials are the rest

    * Moreover see Note
    -}

    tcPatSynSig :: Name -> LHsSigType Name -> TcM TcPatSynInfo
    tcPatSynSig name sig_ty
      | HsIB { hsib_vars = implicit_hs_tvs
             , hsib_body = hs_ty }  <- sig_ty
      , (univ_hs_tvs, hs_req,  hs_ty1) <- splitLHsSigmaTy hs_ty
      , (ex_hs_tvs,   hs_prov, hs_ty2) <- splitLHsSigmaTy hs_ty1
      , (hs_arg_tys, hs_body_ty)       <- splitHsFunType  hs_ty2
      = do { (implicit_tvs, (univ_tvs, req, ex_tvs, prov, arg_tys, body_ty))
               <- solveEqualities $
                  tcImplicitTKBndrs implicit_hs_tvs $
                  tcExplicitTKBndrs univ_hs_tvs  $ \ univ_tvs ->
                  tcExplicitTKBndrs ex_hs_tvs    $ \ ex_tvs   ->
                  do { req     <- tcHsContext hs_req
                     ; prov    <- tcHsContext hs_prov
                     ; arg_tys <- mapM tcHsOpenType (hs_arg_tys :: [LHsType Name])
                     -- A (literal) pattern can be unlifted;
                     -- -- e.g. pattern Zero <- 0#   (Trac #12094)
                     ; body_ty <- tcHsOpenType hs_body_ty
                     ; let bound_tvs
                             = unionVarSets [ allBoundVariabless req
                                            , allBoundVariabless prov
                                            , allBoundVariabless (body_ty : arg_tys)
                                            ]
                     ; return ( (univ_tvs, req, ex_tvs, prov, arg_tys, body_ty)
                              , bound_tvs) }

           -- Kind generalisation
           ; kvs <- kindGeneralize $
                    mkSpecForAllTys (implicit_tvs ++ univ_tvs) $
                    mkFunTys req $
                    mkSpecForAllTys ex_tvs $
                    mkFunTys prov $
                    mkFunTys arg_tys $
                    body_ty

           -- These are /signatures/ so we zonk to squeeze out any kind
           -- unification variables.  Do this after quantifyTyVars which may
           -- default kind variables to *.
           -- ToDo: checkValidType?
           ; traceTc "about zonk" empty
           ; implicit_tvs <- mapM zonkTcTyCoVarBndr implicit_tvs
           ; univ_tvs     <- mapM zonkTcTyCoVarBndr univ_tvs
           ; ex_tvs       <- mapM zonkTcTyCoVarBndr ex_tvs
           ; req          <- zonkTcTypes req
           ; prov         <- zonkTcTypes prov
           ; arg_tys      <- zonkTcTypes arg_tys
           ; body_ty      <- zonkTcType  body_ty

           -- Complain about:  pattern P :: () => forall x. x -> P x
           -- The renamer thought it was fine, but the existential 'x'
           -- should not appear in the result type
           ; let bad_tvs = filter (`elemVarSet` tyCoVarsOfType body_ty) ex_tvs
           ; unless (null bad_tvs) $ addErr $
             hang (text "The result type" <+> quotes (ppr body_ty))
                2 (text "mentions existential type variable" <> plural bad_tvs
                   <+> pprQuotedList bad_tvs)

             -- Split [Splitting the implicit tyvars in a pattern synonym]
           ; let univ_fvs = closeOverKinds $
                            (tyCoVarsOfTypes (body_ty : req) `extendVarSetList` univ_tvs)
                 (extra_univ, extra_ex) = partition ((`elemVarSet` univ_fvs) .
                                                     binderVar "tcPatSynSig") $
                                          mkNamedBinders Invisible kvs ++
                                          mkNamedBinders Specified implicit_tvs
           ; traceTc "tcTySig }" $
             vcat [ text "implicit_tvs" <+> ppr_tvs implicit_tvs
                  , text "kvs" <+> ppr_tvs kvs
                  , text "extra_univ" <+> ppr extra_univ
                  , text "univ_tvs" <+> ppr_tvs univ_tvs
                  , text "req" <+> ppr req
                  , text "extra_ex" <+> ppr extra_ex
                  , text "ex_tvs" <+> ppr_tvs ex_tvs
                  , text "prov" <+> ppr prov
                  , text "arg_tys" <+> ppr arg_tys
                  , text "body_ty" <+> ppr body_ty ]
           ; return (TPSI { patsig_name = name
                          , patsig_univ_bndrs = extra_univ ++
                                                mkNamedBinders Specified univ_tvs
                          , patsig_req        = req
                          , patsig_ex_bndrs   = extra_ex   ++
                                                mkNamedBinders Specified ex_tvs
                          , patsig_prov       = prov
                          , patsig_arg_tys    = arg_tys
                          , patsig_body_ty    = body_ty }) }
      where

    ppr_tvs :: [TyVar] -> SDoc
    ppr_tvs tvs = braces (vcat [ ppr tv <+> dcolon <+> ppr (tyVarKind tv)
                               | tv <- tvs])

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
                        Type checking a pattern synonym
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************
    -}

    tcInferPatSynDecl :: PatSynBind Name Name
                      -> TcM (LHsBinds Id, TcGblEnv)
    tcInferPatSynDecl PSB{ psb_id = lname@(L _ name), psb_args = details,
                           psb_def = lpat, psb_dir = dir }
      = addPatSynCtxt lname $
        do { traceTc "tcInferPatSynDecl {" $ ppr name
           ; tcCheckPatSynPat lpat

           ; let (arg_names, rec_fields, is_infix) = collectPatSynArgInfo details
           ; (tclvl, wanted, ((lpat', args), pat_ty))
                <- pushLevelAndCaptureConstraints  $
                   do { pat_ty <- newOpenInferExpType
                      ; stuff <- tcPat PatSyn lpat pat_ty $
                                 mapM tcLookupId arg_names
                      ; pat_ty <- readExpType pat_ty
                      ; return (stuff, pat_ty) }

           ; let named_taus = (name, pat_ty) : map (\arg -> (getName arg, varType arg)) args

           ; (qtvs, req_dicts, ev_binds) <- simplifyInfer tclvl False [] named_taus wanted

           ; let (ex_tvs, prov_dicts) = tcCollectEx lpat'
                 ex_tv_set  = mkVarSet ex_tvs
                 univ_tvs   = filterOut (`elemVarSet` ex_tv_set) qtvs
                 prov_theta = map evVarPred prov_dicts
                 req_theta  = map evVarPred req_dicts

           ; traceTc "tcInferPatSynDecl }" $ (ppr name $$ ppr ex_tvs)
           ; tc_patsyn_finish lname dir is_infix lpat'
                              (univ_tvs, mkNamedBinders Invisible univ_tvs
                                , req_theta,  ev_binds, req_dicts)
                              (ex_tvs,   mkNamedBinders Invisible ex_tvs
                                , mkTyVarTys ex_tvs, prov_theta, map EvId prov_dicts)
                              (map nlHsVar args, map idType args)
                              pat_ty rec_fields }

    tcCheckPatSynDecl :: PatSynBind Name Name
                      -> TcPatSynInfo
                      -> TcM (LHsBinds Id, TcGblEnv)
    tcCheckPatSynDecl psb@PSB{ psb_id = lname@(L _ name), psb_args = details
                             , psb_def = lpat, psb_dir = dir }
                      TPSI{ patsig_univ_bndrs = univ_bndrs, patsig_prov = prov_theta
                          , patsig_ex_bndrs   = ex_bndrs,   patsig_req  = req_theta
                          , patsig_arg_tys    = arg_tys,    patsig_body_ty = pat_ty }
      = addPatSynCtxt lname $
        do { let origin     = ProvCtxtOrigin psb
                 skol_info  = PatSynSigSkol name
                 decl_arity = length arg_names
                 ty_arity   = length arg_tys
                 (arg_names, rec_fields, is_infix) = collectPatSynArgInfo details

                 univ_tvs   = map (binderVar "tcCheckPatSynDecl 1") univ_bndrs
                 ex_tvs     = map (binderVar "tcCheckPatSynDecl 2") ex_bndrs

           ; traceTc "tcCheckPatSynDecl" $
             vcat [ ppr univ_bndrs, ppr req_theta, ppr ex_bndrs
                  , ppr prov_theta, ppr arg_tys, ppr pat_ty ]

           ; checkTc (decl_arity == ty_arity)
                     (wrongNumberOfParmsErr name decl_arity ty_arity)

           ; tcCheckPatSynPat lpat

           -- Right!  Let's check the pattern against the signature
           -- See Note [Checking against a pattern signature]
           ; req_dicts <- newEvVars req_theta
           ; (tclvl, wanted, (lpat', (ex_tvs', prov_dicts, args'))) <-
               ASSERT2( equalLength arg_names arg_tys, ppr name $$ ppr arg_names $$ ppr arg_tys )
               pushLevelAndCaptureConstraints            $
               tcExtendTyVarEnv univ_tvs                 $
               tcPat PatSyn lpat (mkCheckExpType pat_ty) $
               do { (subst, ex_tvs') <- if   isUnidirectional dir
                                        then newMetaTyVars    ex_tvs
                                        else newMetaSigTyVars ex_tvs
                        -- See the "Existential type variables" part of
                        -- Note [Checking against a pattern signature]
                  ; traceTc "tcpatsyn1" (vcat [ ppr v <+> dcolon <+> ppr (tyVarKind v) | v <- ex_tvs])
                  ; traceTc "tcpatsyn2" (vcat [ ppr v <+> dcolon <+> ppr (tyVarKind v) | v <- ex_tvs'])
                  ; prov_dicts <- mapM (emitWanted origin)
                      (substTheta (extendTCvInScopeList subst univ_tvs) prov_theta)
                      -- Add the free vars of 'prov_theta' to the in_scope set to
                      -- satisfy the substition invariant. There's no need to
                      -- add 'ex_tvs' as they are already in the domain of the
                      -- substitution.
                      -- See also Note [The substitution invariant] in TyCoRep.
                  ; args'      <- zipWithM (tc_arg subst) arg_names arg_tys
                  ; return (ex_tvs', prov_dicts, args') }

           ; (implics, ev_binds) <- buildImplicationFor tclvl skol_info univ_tvs req_dicts wanted

           -- Solve the constraints now, because we are about to make a PatSyn,
           -- which should not contain unification variables and the like (Trac #10997)
           ; empty_binds <- simplifyTop (mkImplicWC implics)

           -- Since all the inputs are implications the returned bindings will be empty
           ; MASSERT2( isEmptyBag empty_binds, ppr empty_binds )

           -- ToDo: in the bidirectional case, check that the ex_tvs' are all distinct
           -- Otherwise we may get a type error when typechecking the builder,
           -- when that should be impossible

           ; traceTc "tcCheckPatSynDecl }" $ ppr name
           ; tc_patsyn_finish lname dir is_infix lpat'
                              (univ_tvs, univ_bndrs, req_theta, ev_binds, req_dicts)
                              (ex_tvs, ex_bndrs, mkTyVarTys ex_tvs', prov_theta, prov_dicts)
                              (args', arg_tys)
                              pat_ty rec_fields }
      where
        tc_arg :: TCvSubst -> Name -> Type -> TcM (LHsExpr TcId)
        tc_arg subst arg_name arg_ty
          = do {   -- Look up the variable actually bound by lpat
                   -- and check that it has the expected type
                 arg_id <- tcLookupId arg_name
               ; coi <- unifyType (Just arg_id)
                                  (idType arg_id)
                                  (substTyUnchecked subst arg_ty)
               ; return (mkLHsWrapCo coi $ nlHsVar arg_id) }

    {- Note [Checking against a pattern signature]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    When checking the actual supplied pattern against the pattern synonym
    signature, we need to be quite careful.

    ----- Provided constraints
    Example

        data T a where
          MkT :: Ord a => a -> T a

        pattern P :: () => Eq a => a -> [T a]
        pattern P x = [MkT x]

    We must check that the (Eq a) that P claims to bind (and to
    make available to matches against P), is derivable from the
    actual pattern.  For example:
        f (P (x::a)) = ...here (Eq a) should be available...
    And yes, (Eq a) is derivable from the (Ord a) bound by P's rhs.

    ----- Existential type variables
    Unusually, we instantiate the existential tyvars of the pattern with
    *meta* type variables.  For example

        data S where
          MkS :: Eq a => [a] -> S

        pattern P :: () => Eq x => x -> S
        pattern P x <- MkS x

    The pattern synonym conceals from its client the fact that MkS has a
    list inside it.  The client just thinks it's a type 'x'.  So we must
    unify x := [a] during type checking, and then use the instantiating type
    [a] (called ex_tys) when building the matcher.  In this case we'll get

       $mP :: S -> (forall x. Ex x => x -> r) -> r -> r
       $mP x k = case x of
                   MkS a (d:Eq a) (ys:[a]) -> let dl :: Eq [a]
                                                  dl = $dfunEqList d
                                              in k [a] dl ys

    This "concealing" story works for /uni-directional/ pattern synonmys,
    but obviously not for bidirectional ones.  So in the bidirectional case
    we use SigTv, rather than a generic TauTv, meta-tyvar so that.  And
    we should really check that those SigTvs don't get unified with each
    other.

    -}

    collectPatSynArgInfo :: HsPatSynDetails (Located Name) -> ([Name], [Name], Bool)
    collectPatSynArgInfo details =
      case details of
        PrefixPatSyn names      -> (map unLoc names, [], False)
        InfixPatSyn name1 name2 -> (map unLoc [name1, name2], [], True)
        RecordPatSyn names ->
          let (vars, sels) = unzip (map splitRecordPatSyn names)
          in (vars, sels, False)

      where
        splitRecordPatSyn :: RecordPatSynField (Located Name) -> (Name, Name)
        splitRecordPatSyn (RecordPatSynField { recordPatSynPatVar = L _ patVar
                                             , recordPatSynSelectorId = L _ selId })
          = (patVar, selId)

    addPatSynCtxt :: Located Name -> TcM a -> TcM a
    addPatSynCtxt (L loc name) thing_inside
      = setSrcSpan loc $
        addErrCtxt (text "In the declaration for pattern synonym"
                    <+> quotes (ppr name)) $
        thing_inside

    wrongNumberOfParmsErr :: Name -> Arity -> Arity -> SDoc
    wrongNumberOfParmsErr name decl_arity ty_arity
      = hang (text "Pattern synonym" <+> quotes (ppr name) <+> ptext (sLit "has")
              <+> speakNOf decl_arity (text "argument"))
           2 (text "but its type signature has" <+> speakN ty_arity)

    -------------------------
    -- Shared by both tcInferPatSyn and tcCheckPatSyn
    tc_patsyn_finish :: Located Name  -- ^ PatSyn Name
                     -> HsPatSynDir Name  -- ^ PatSyn type (Uni/Bidir/ExplicitBidir)
                     -> Bool              -- ^ Whether infix
                     -> LPat Id           -- ^ Pattern of the PatSyn
                     -> ([TcTyVar], [TcTyBinder], [PredType], TcEvBinds, [EvVar])
                     -> ([TcTyVar], [TcTyBinder], [TcType], [PredType], [EvTerm])
                     -> ([LHsExpr TcId], [TcType])   -- ^ Pattern arguments and types
                     -> TcType              -- ^ Pattern type
                     -> [Name]              -- ^ Selector names
                     -- ^ Whether fields, empty if not record PatSyn
                     -> TcM (LHsBinds Id, TcGblEnv)
    tc_patsyn_finish lname dir is_infix lpat'
                     (univ_tvs, univ_bndrs, req_theta, req_ev_binds, req_dicts)
                     (ex_tvs, ex_bndrs, ex_tys, prov_theta, prov_dicts)
                     (args, arg_tys)
                     pat_ty field_labels
      = do { -- Zonk everything.  We are about to build a final PatSyn
             -- so there had better be no unification variables in there
             univ_tvs'    <- mapMaybeM zonkQuantifiedTyVar univ_tvs
           ; ex_tvs'      <- mapMaybeM zonkQuantifiedTyVar ex_tvs
           ; prov_theta'  <- zonkTcTypes prov_theta
           ; req_theta'   <- zonkTcTypes req_theta
           ; pat_ty'      <- zonkTcType pat_ty
           ; arg_tys'     <- zonkTcTypes arg_tys

           ; let (env1, univ_tvs) = tidyTyCoVarBndrs emptyTidyEnv univ_tvs'
                 (env2, ex_tvs)   = tidyTyCoVarBndrs env1 ex_tvs'
                 req_theta  = tidyTypes env2 req_theta'
                 prov_theta = tidyTypes env2 prov_theta'
                 arg_tys    = tidyTypes env2 arg_tys'
                 pat_ty     = tidyType  env2 pat_ty'

              -- We need to update the univ and ex binders after zonking.
              -- But zonking may have defaulted some erstwhile binders,
              -- so we need to make sure the tyvars and tybinders remain
              -- lined up
           ; let update_binders :: [TyVar] -> [TcTyBinder] -> [TyBinder]
                 update_binders [] _ = []
                 update_binders all_tvs@(tv:tvs) (bndr:bndrs)
                   | tv == bndr_var
                   = mkNamedBinder (binderVisibility bndr) tv : update_binders tvs bndrs
                   | otherwise
                   = update_binders all_tvs bndrs
                   where
                     bndr_var = binderVar "tc_patsyn_finish" bndr
                 update_binders tvs _ = pprPanic "tc_patsyn_finish" (ppr lname $$ ppr tvs)

                 univ_bndrs' = update_binders univ_tvs univ_bndrs
                 ex_bndrs'   = update_binders ex_tvs   ex_bndrs

           ; traceTc "tc_patsyn_finish {" $
               ppr (unLoc lname) $$ ppr (unLoc lpat') $$
               ppr (univ_tvs, univ_bndrs', req_theta, req_ev_binds, req_dicts) $$
               ppr (ex_tvs, ex_bndrs', prov_theta, prov_dicts) $$
               ppr args $$
               ppr arg_tys $$
               ppr pat_ty

           -- Make the 'matcher'
           ; (matcher_id, matcher_bind) <- tcPatSynMatcher lname lpat'
                                             (univ_tvs, req_theta, req_ev_binds, req_dicts)
                                             (ex_tvs, ex_tys, prov_theta, prov_dicts)
                                             (args, arg_tys)
                                             pat_ty

           -- Make the 'builder'
           ; builder_id <- mkPatSynBuilderId dir lname
                                             univ_bndrs' req_theta
                                             ex_bndrs'   prov_theta
                                             arg_tys pat_ty

             -- TODO: Make this have the proper information
           ; let mkFieldLabel name = FieldLabel (occNameFS (nameOccName name)) False name
                 field_labels' = (map mkFieldLabel field_labels)

           -- Make the PatSyn itself
           ; let patSyn = mkPatSyn (unLoc lname) is_infix
                            (univ_tvs, univ_bndrs', req_theta)
                            (ex_tvs, ex_bndrs', prov_theta)
                            arg_tys
                            pat_ty
                            matcher_id builder_id
                            field_labels'

           -- Selectors
           ; let (sigs, selector_binds) =
                    unzip (mkPatSynRecSelBinds patSyn (patSynFieldLabels patSyn))
           ; let tything = AConLike (PatSynCon patSyn)
           ; tcg_env <-
              tcExtendGlobalEnv [tything] $
                tcRecSelBinds
                  (ValBindsOut (zip (repeat NonRecursive) selector_binds) sigs)

           ; traceTc "tc_patsyn_finish }" empty
           ; return (matcher_bind, tcg_env) }

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
             Constructing the "matcher" Id and its binding
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************
    -}

    tcPatSynMatcher :: Located Name
                    -> LPat Id
                    -> ([TcTyVar], ThetaType, TcEvBinds, [EvVar])
                    -> ([TcTyVar], [TcType], ThetaType, [EvTerm])
                    -> ([LHsExpr TcId], [TcType])
                    -> TcType
                    -> TcM ((Id, Bool), LHsBinds Id)
    -- See Note [Matchers and builders for pattern synonyms] in PatSyn
    tcPatSynMatcher (L loc name) lpat
                    (univ_tvs, req_theta, req_ev_binds, req_dicts)
                    (ex_tvs, ex_tys, prov_theta, prov_dicts)
                    (args, arg_tys) pat_ty
      = do { rr_uniq <- newUnique
           ; tv_uniq <- newUnique
           ; let rr_name  = mkInternalName rr_uniq (mkTyVarOcc "rep") loc
                 tv_name  = mkInternalName tv_uniq (mkTyVarOcc "r") loc
                 rr_tv    = mkTcTyVar rr_name runtimeRepTy (SkolemTv False)
                 rr       = mkTyVarTy rr_tv
                 res_tv   = mkTcTyVar tv_name  (tYPE rr) (SkolemTv False)
                 is_unlifted = null args && null prov_dicts
                 res_ty = mkTyVarTy res_tv
                 (cont_args, cont_arg_tys)
                   | is_unlifted = ([nlHsVar voidPrimId], [voidPrimTy])
                   | otherwise   = (args,                 arg_tys)
                 cont_ty = mkInvSigmaTy ex_tvs prov_theta $
                           mkFunTys cont_arg_tys res_ty

                 fail_ty  = mkFunTy voidPrimTy res_ty

           ; matcher_name <- newImplicitBinder name mkMatcherOcc
           ; scrutinee    <- newSysLocalId (fsLit "scrut") pat_ty
           ; cont         <- newSysLocalId (fsLit "cont")  cont_ty
           ; fail         <- newSysLocalId (fsLit "fail")  fail_ty

           ; let matcher_tau   = mkFunTys [pat_ty, cont_ty, fail_ty] res_ty
                 matcher_sigma = mkInvSigmaTy (rr_tv:res_tv:univ_tvs) req_theta matcher_tau
                 matcher_id    = mkExportedVanillaId matcher_name matcher_sigma
                                 -- See Note [Exported LocalIds] in Id

                 inst_wrap = mkWpEvApps prov_dicts <.> mkWpTyApps ex_tys
                 cont' = foldl nlHsApp (mkLHsWrap inst_wrap (nlHsVar cont)) cont_args

                 fail' = nlHsApps fail [nlHsVar voidPrimId]

                 args = map nlVarPat [scrutinee, cont, fail]
                 lwpat = noLoc $ WildPat pat_ty
                 cases = if isIrrefutableHsPat lpat
                         then [mkSimpleHsAlt lpat  cont']
                         else [mkSimpleHsAlt lpat  cont',
                               mkSimpleHsAlt lwpat fail']
                 body = mkLHsWrap (mkWpLet req_ev_binds) $
                        L (getLoc lpat) $
                        HsCase (nlHsVar scrutinee) $
                        MG{ mg_alts = L (getLoc lpat) cases
                          , mg_arg_tys = [pat_ty]
                          , mg_res_ty = res_ty
                          , mg_origin = Generated
                          }
                 body' = noLoc $
                         HsLam $
                         MG{ mg_alts = noLoc [mkSimpleMatch args body]
                           , mg_arg_tys = [pat_ty, cont_ty, res_ty]
                           , mg_res_ty = res_ty
                           , mg_origin = Generated
                           }
                 match = mkMatch [] (mkHsLams (rr_tv:res_tv:univ_tvs) req_dicts body')
                                 (noLoc EmptyLocalBinds)
                 mg = MG{ mg_alts = L (getLoc match) [match]
                        , mg_arg_tys = []
                        , mg_res_ty = res_ty
                        , mg_origin = Generated
                        }

           ; let bind = FunBind{ fun_id = L loc matcher_id
                               , fun_matches = mg
                               , fun_co_fn = idHsWrapper
                               , bind_fvs = emptyNameSet
                               , fun_tick = [] }
                 matcher_bind = unitBag (noLoc bind)

           ; traceTc "tcPatSynMatcher" (ppr name $$ ppr (idType matcher_id))
           ; traceTc "tcPatSynMatcher" (ppr matcher_bind)

           ; return ((matcher_id, is_unlifted), matcher_bind) }

    mkPatSynRecSelBinds :: PatSyn
                        -> [FieldLabel]
                        -- ^ Visible field labels
                        -> [(LSig Name, LHsBinds Name)]
    mkPatSynRecSelBinds ps fields = map mkRecSel fields
      where
        mkRecSel fld_lbl =
          case mkOneRecordSelector [PatSynCon ps] (RecSelPatSyn ps) fld_lbl of
            (name, (_rec_flag, binds)) -> (name, binds)

    isUnidirectional :: HsPatSynDir a -> Bool
    isUnidirectional Unidirectional          = True
    isUnidirectional ImplicitBidirectional   = False
    isUnidirectional ExplicitBidirectional{} = False

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
             Constructing the "builder" Id
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************
    -}

    mkPatSynBuilderId :: HsPatSynDir a -> Located Name
                      -> [TyBinder] -> ThetaType
                      -> [TyBinder] -> ThetaType
                      -> [Type] -> Type
                      -> TcM (Maybe (Id, Bool))
    mkPatSynBuilderId dir (L _ name)
                      univ_bndrs req_theta ex_bndrs prov_theta
                      arg_tys pat_ty
      | isUnidirectional dir
      = return Nothing
      | otherwise
      = do { builder_name <- newImplicitBinder name mkBuilderOcc
           ; let theta          = req_theta ++ prov_theta
                 need_dummy_arg = isUnliftedType pat_ty && null arg_tys && null theta
                 builder_sigma  = add_void need_dummy_arg $
                                  mkForAllTys univ_bndrs $
                                  mkForAllTys ex_bndrs $
                                  mkFunTys theta $
                                  mkFunTys arg_tys $
                                  pat_ty
                 builder_id     = mkExportedVanillaId builder_name builder_sigma
                  -- See Note [Exported LocalIds] in Id

           ; return (Just (builder_id, need_dummy_arg)) }
      where

    tcPatSynBuilderBind :: TcSigFun
                        -> PatSynBind Name Name
                        -> TcM (LHsBinds Id)
    -- See Note [Matchers and builders for pattern synonyms] in PatSyn
    tcPatSynBuilderBind sig_fun PSB{ psb_id = L loc name, psb_def = lpat
                                   , psb_dir = dir, psb_args = details }
      | isUnidirectional dir
      = return emptyBag

      | Left why <- mb_match_group       -- Can't invert the pattern
      = setSrcSpan (getLoc lpat) $ failWithTc $
        vcat [ hang (text "Invalid right-hand side of bidirectional pattern synonym"
                     <+> quotes (ppr name) <> colon)
                  2 why
             , text "RHS pattern:" <+> ppr lpat ]

      | Right match_group <- mb_match_group  -- Bidirectional
      = do { patsyn <- tcLookupPatSyn name
           ; traceTc "tcPatSynBuilderBind {" $ ppr patsyn
           ; let Just (builder_id, need_dummy_arg) = patSynBuilder patsyn
                       -- Bidirectional, so patSynBuilder returns Just

                 match_group' | need_dummy_arg = add_dummy_arg match_group
                              | otherwise      = match_group

                 bind = FunBind { fun_id      = L loc (idName builder_id)
                                , fun_matches = match_group'
                                , fun_co_fn   = idHsWrapper
                                , bind_fvs    = placeHolderNamesTc
                                , fun_tick    = [] }

           ; sig <- get_builder_sig sig_fun name builder_id need_dummy_arg

           ; (builder_binds, _) <- tcPolyCheck NonRecursive emptyPragEnv sig (noLoc bind)
           ; traceTc "tcPatSynBuilderBind }" $ ppr builder_binds
           ; return builder_binds }

      | otherwise = panic "tcPatSynBuilderBind"  -- Both cases dealt with
      where
        mb_match_group
           = case dir of
               ExplicitBidirectional explicit_mg -> Right explicit_mg
               ImplicitBidirectional             -> fmap mk_mg (tcPatToExpr args lpat)
               Unidirectional -> panic "tcPatSynBuilderBind"

        mk_mg :: LHsExpr Name -> MatchGroup Name (LHsExpr Name)
        mk_mg body = mkMatchGroupName Generated [builder_match]
                 where
                   builder_args  = [L loc (VarPat (L loc n)) | L loc n <- args]
                   builder_match = mkMatch builder_args body (noLoc EmptyLocalBinds)

        args = case details of
                  PrefixPatSyn args     -> args
                  InfixPatSyn arg1 arg2 -> [arg1, arg2]
                  RecordPatSyn args     -> map recordPatSynPatVar args

        add_dummy_arg :: MatchGroup Name (LHsExpr Name)
                      -> MatchGroup Name (LHsExpr Name)
        add_dummy_arg mg@(MG { mg_alts = L l [L loc match@(Match { m_pats = pats })] })
          = mg { mg_alts = L l [L loc (match { m_pats = nlWildPatName : pats })] }
        add_dummy_arg other_mg = pprPanic "add_dummy_arg" $
                                 pprMatches (PatSyn :: HsMatchContext Name) other_mg

    get_builder_sig :: TcSigFun -> Name -> Id -> Bool -> TcM TcIdSigInfo
    get_builder_sig sig_fun name builder_id need_dummy_arg
      | Just (TcPatSynSig sig) <- sig_fun name
      , TPSI { patsig_univ_bndrs = univ_bndrs
             , patsig_req        = req
             , patsig_ex_bndrs   = ex_bndrs
             , patsig_prov       = prov
             , patsig_arg_tys    = arg_tys
             , patsig_body_ty    = body_ty } <- sig
      = -- Constuct a TcIdSigInfo from a TcPatSynInfo
        -- This does unfortunately mean that we have to know how to
        -- make the builder Id's type from the TcPatSynInfo, which
        -- duplicates the construction in mkPatSynBuilderId
        -- But we really want to use the scoped type variables from
        -- the actual sigature, so this is really the Right Thing
        return (TISI { sig_bndr  = CompleteSig builder_id
                     , sig_skols = [ (tyVarName tv, tv)
                                   | bndr <- univ_bndrs ++ ex_bndrs
                                   , let tv = binderVar "get_builder_sig" bndr ]
                     , sig_theta = req ++ prov
                     , sig_tau   = add_void need_dummy_arg $
                                   mkFunTys arg_tys body_ty
                     , sig_ctxt  = PatSynBuilderCtxt name
                     , sig_loc   = getSrcSpan name })
      | otherwise
      = -- No signature, so fake up a TcIdSigInfo from the builder Id
        instTcTySigFromId builder_id
        -- See Note [Redundant constraints for builder]

    tcPatSynBuilderOcc :: PatSyn -> TcM (HsExpr TcId, TcSigmaType)
    -- monadic only for failure
    tcPatSynBuilderOcc ps
      | Just (builder_id, add_void_arg) <- builder
      , let builder_expr = HsVar (noLoc builder_id)
            builder_ty   = idType builder_id
      = return $
        if add_void_arg
        then ( HsApp (noLoc $ builder_expr) (nlHsVar voidPrimId)
             , tcFunResultTy builder_ty )
        else (builder_expr, builder_ty)

      | otherwise  -- Unidirectional
      = nonBidirectionalErr name
      where
        name    = patSynName ps
        builder = patSynBuilder ps

    add_void :: Bool -> Type -> Type
    add_void need_dummy_arg ty
      | need_dummy_arg = mkFunTy voidPrimTy ty
      | otherwise      = ty

    tcPatToExpr :: [Located Name] -> LPat Name -> Either MsgDoc (LHsExpr Name)
    -- Given a /pattern/, return an /expression/ that builds a value
    -- that matches the pattern.  E.g. if the pattern is (Just [x]),
    -- the expression is (Just [x]).  They look the same, but the
    -- input uses constructors from HsPat and the output uses constructors
    -- from HsExpr.
    --
    -- Returns (Left r) if the pattern is not invertible, for reason r.
    -- See Note [Builder for a bidirectional pattern synonym]
    tcPatToExpr args pat = go pat
      where
        lhsVars = mkNameSet (map unLoc args)

        -- Make a prefix con for prefix and infix patterns for simplicity
        mkPrefixConExpr :: Located Name -> [LPat Name] -> Either MsgDoc (HsExpr Name)
        mkPrefixConExpr lcon@(L loc _) pats
          = do { exprs <- mapM go pats
               ; return (foldl (\x y -> HsApp (L loc x) y)
                               (HsVar lcon) exprs) }

        mkRecordConExpr :: Located Name -> HsRecFields Name (LPat Name)
                        -> Either MsgDoc (HsExpr Name)
        mkRecordConExpr con fields
          = do { exprFields <- mapM go fields
               ; return (RecordCon con PlaceHolder noPostTcExpr exprFields) }

        go :: LPat Name -> Either MsgDoc (LHsExpr Name)
        go (L loc p) = L loc <$> go1 p

        go1 :: Pat Name -> Either MsgDoc (HsExpr Name)
        go1 (ConPatIn con info)
          = case info of
              PrefixCon ps  -> mkPrefixConExpr con ps
              InfixCon l r  -> mkPrefixConExpr con [l,r]
              RecCon fields -> mkRecordConExpr con fields

        go1 (SigPatIn pat _) = go1 (unLoc pat)
            -- See Note [Type signatures and the builder expression]

        go1 (VarPat (L l var))
            | var `elemNameSet` lhsVars
            = return $ HsVar (L l var)
            | otherwise
            = Left (quotes (ppr var) <+> text "is not bound by the LHS of the pattern synonym")
        go1 (ParPat pat)                = fmap HsPar $ go pat
        go1 (LazyPat pat)               = go1 (unLoc pat)
        go1 (BangPat pat)               = go1 (unLoc pat)
        go1 (PArrPat pats ptt)          = do { exprs <- mapM go pats
                                             ; return $ ExplicitPArr ptt exprs }
        go1 (ListPat pats ptt reb)      = do { exprs <- mapM go pats
                                             ; return $ ExplicitList ptt (fmap snd reb) exprs }
        go1 (TuplePat pats box _)       = do { exprs <- mapM go pats
                                             ; return $ ExplicitTuple
                                                  (map (noLoc . Present) exprs) box }
        go1 (LitPat lit)                = return $ HsLit lit
        go1 (NPat (L _ n) mb_neg _ _)
            | Just neg <- mb_neg        = return $ unLoc $ nlHsSyntaxApps neg [noLoc (HsOverLit n)]
            | otherwise                 = return $ HsOverLit n
        go1 (ConPatOut{})               = panic "ConPatOut in output of renamer"
        go1 (SigPatOut{})               = panic "SigPatOut in output of renamer"
        go1 (CoPat{})                   = panic "CoPat in output of renamer"
        go1 p = Left (text "pattern" <+> quotes (ppr p) <+> text "is not invertible")

    {- Note [Builder for a bidirectional pattern synonym]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    For a bidirectional pattern synonym we need to produce an /expression/
    that matches the supplied /pattern/, given values for the arguments
    of the pattern synoymy.  For example
      pattern F x y = (Just x, [y])
    The 'builder' for F looks like
      $builderF x y = (Just x, [y])

    We can't always do this:
     * Some patterns aren't invertible; e.g. view patterns
          pattern F x = (reverse -> x:_)

     * The RHS pattern might bind more variables than the pattern
       synonym, so again we can't invert it
          pattern F x = (x,y)

     * Ditto wildcards
          pattern F x = (x,_)

    Note [Redundant constraints for builder]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    The builder can have redundant constraints, which are awkard to eliminate.
    Consider
       pattern P = Just 34
    To match against this pattern we need (Eq a, Num a).  But to build
    (Just 34) we need only (Num a).  Fortunately instTcSigFromId sets
    sig_warn_redundant to False.

    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
             Helper functions
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************

    Note [As-patterns in pattern synonym definitions]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    The rationale for rejecting as-patterns in pattern synonym definitions
    is that an as-pattern would introduce nonindependent pattern synonym
    arguments, e.g. given a pattern synonym like:

            pattern K x y = x@(Just y)

    one could write a nonsensical function like

            f (K Nothing x) = ...

    or
            g (K (Just True) False) = ...

    Note [Type signatures and the builder expression]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Consider
       pattern L x = Left x :: Either [a] [b]

    In tc{Infer/Check}PatSynDecl we will check that the pattern has the
    specified type.  We check the pattern *as a pattern*, so the type
    signature is a pattern signature, and so brings 'a' and 'b' into
    scope.  But we don't have a way to bind 'a, b' in the LHS, as we do
    'x', say.  Nevertheless, the sigature may be useful to constrain
    the type.

    When making the binding for the *builder*, though, we don't want
      $buildL x = Left x :: Either [a] [b]
    because that wil either mean (forall a b. Either [a] [b]), or we'll
    get a complaint that 'a' and 'b' are out of scope. (Actually the
    latter; Trac #9867.)  No, the job of the signature is done, so when
    converting the pattern to an expression (for the builder RHS) we
    simply discard the signature.

    Note [Record PatSyn Desugaring]
    -------------------------------
    It is important that prov_theta comes before req_theta as this ordering is used
    when desugaring record pattern synonym updates.

    Any change to this ordering should make sure to change deSugar/DsExpr.hs if you
    want to avoid difficult to decipher core lint errors!
     -}

    tcCheckPatSynPat :: LPat Name -> TcM ()
    tcCheckPatSynPat = go
      where
        go :: LPat Name -> TcM ()
        go = addLocM go1

        go1 :: Pat Name -> TcM ()
        go1   (ConPatIn _ info)   = mapM_ go (hsConPatArgs info)
        go1   VarPat{}            = return ()
        go1   WildPat{}           = return ()
        go1 p@(AsPat _ _)         = asPatInPatSynErr p
        go1   (LazyPat pat)       = go pat
        go1   (ParPat pat)        = go pat
        go1   (BangPat pat)       = go pat
        go1   (PArrPat pats _)    = mapM_ go pats
        go1   (ListPat pats _ _)  = mapM_ go pats
        go1   (TuplePat pats _ _) = mapM_ go pats
        go1   LitPat{}            = return ()
        go1   NPat{}              = return ()
        go1   (SigPatIn pat _)    = go pat
        go1   (ViewPat _ pat _)   = go pat
        go1 p@SplicePat{}         = thInPatSynErr p
        go1 p@NPlusKPat{}         = nPlusKPatInPatSynErr p
        go1   ConPatOut{}         = panic "ConPatOut in output of renamer"
        go1   SigPatOut{}         = panic "SigPatOut in output of renamer"
        go1   CoPat{}             = panic "CoPat in output of renamer"

    asPatInPatSynErr :: OutputableBndr name => Pat name -> TcM a
    asPatInPatSynErr pat
      = failWithTc $
        hang (text "Pattern synonym definition cannot contain as-patterns (@):")
           2 (ppr pat)

    thInPatSynErr :: OutputableBndr name => Pat name -> TcM a
    thInPatSynErr pat
      = failWithTc $
        hang (text "Pattern synonym definition cannot contain Template Haskell:")
           2 (ppr pat)

    nPlusKPatInPatSynErr :: OutputableBndr name => Pat name -> TcM a
    nPlusKPatInPatSynErr pat
      = failWithTc $
        hang (text "Pattern synonym definition cannot contain n+k-pattern:")
           2 (ppr pat)

    nonBidirectionalErr :: Outputable name => name -> TcM a
    nonBidirectionalErr name = failWithTc $
        text "non-bidirectional pattern synonym"
        <+> quotes (ppr name) <+> text "used in an expression"

    -- Walk the whole pattern and for all ConPatOuts, collect the
    -- existentially-bound type variables and evidence binding variables.
    --
    -- These are used in computing the type of a pattern synonym and also
    -- in generating matcher functions, since success continuations need
    -- to be passed these pattern-bound evidences.
    tcCollectEx
      :: LPat Id
      -> ( [TyVar]        -- Existentially-bound type variables
                          -- in correctly-scoped order; e.g. [ k:*, x:k ]
         , [EvVar] )      -- and evidence variables

    tcCollectEx pat = go pat
      where
        go :: LPat Id -> ([TyVar], [EvVar])
        go = go1 . unLoc

        go1 :: Pat Id -> ([TyVar], [EvVar])
        go1 (LazyPat p)         = go p
        go1 (AsPat _ p)         = go p
        go1 (ParPat p)          = go p
        go1 (BangPat p)         = go p
        go1 (ListPat ps _ _)    = mergeMany . map go $ ps
        go1 (TuplePat ps _ _)   = mergeMany . map go $ ps
        go1 (PArrPat ps _)      = mergeMany . map go $ ps
        go1 (ViewPat _ p _)     = go p
        go1 con@ConPatOut{}     = merge (pat_tvs con, pat_dicts con) $
                                  goConDetails $ pat_args con
        go1 (SigPatOut p _)     = go p
        go1 (CoPat _ p _)       = go1 p
        go1 (NPlusKPat n k _ geq subtract _)
          = pprPanic "TODO: NPlusKPat" $ ppr n $$ ppr k $$ ppr geq $$ ppr subtract
        go1 _                   = empty

        goConDetails :: HsConPatDetails Id -> ([TyVar], [EvVar])
        goConDetails (PrefixCon ps) = mergeMany . map go $ ps
        goConDetails (InfixCon p1 p2) = go p1 `merge` go p2
        goConDetails (RecCon HsRecFields{ rec_flds = flds })
          = mergeMany . map goRecFd $ flds

        goRecFd :: LHsRecField Id (LPat Id) -> ([TyVar], [EvVar])
        goRecFd (L _ HsRecField{ hsRecFieldArg = p }) = go p

        merge (vs1, evs1) (vs2, evs2) = (vs1 ++ vs2, evs1 ++ evs2)
        mergeMany = foldr merge empty
        empty     = ([], [])