# -*- coding: iso-8859-1 -*-
#
# Copyright (c) 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006 Allan Saddi <allan@saddi.com>
# All rights reserved.
#
# This software is licensed as described in the file COPYING, which
# you should have received as part of this distribution. The terms
# are also available at http://trac.edgewall.org/wiki/TracLicense.
#
# This software consists of voluntary contributions made by many
# individuals. For the exact contribution history, see the revision
# history and logs, available at http://trac.edgewall.org/log/.
#
# Author: Allan Saddi <allan@saddi.com>

"""
fcgi - a FastCGI/WSGI gateway.

For more information about FastCGI, see <http://www.fastcgi.com/>.

For more information about the Web Server Gateway Interface, see

<http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0333.html>.

Example usage:

  #!/usr/bin/env python
  from myapplication import app # Assume app is your WSGI application object
  from fcgi import WSGIServer
  WSGIServer(app).run()

See the documentation for WSGIServer/Server for more information.

On most platforms, fcgi will fallback to regular CGI behavior if run in a
non-FastCGI context. If you want to force CGI behavior, set the environment
variable FCGI_FORCE_CGI to "Y" or "y".
"""

__author__ = 'Allan Saddi <allan@saddi.com>'
__version__ = '$Revision: 2025 $'

import sys
import os
import signal
import struct
import cStringIO as StringIO
import select
import socket
import errno
import traceback

try:
    import thread
    import threading
    thread_available = True
except ImportError:
    import dummy_thread as thread
    import dummy_threading as threading
    thread_available = False

# Apparently 2.3 doesn't define SHUT_WR? Assume it is 1 in this case.
if not hasattr(socket, 'SHUT_WR'):
    socket.SHUT_WR = 1

__all__ = ['WSGIServer']

# Constants from the spec.
FCGI_LISTENSOCK_FILENO = 0

FCGI_HEADER_LEN = 8

FCGI_VERSION_1 = 1

FCGI_BEGIN_REQUEST = 1
FCGI_ABORT_REQUEST = 2
FCGI_END_REQUEST = 3
FCGI_PARAMS = 4
FCGI_STDIN = 5
FCGI_STDOUT = 6
FCGI_STDERR = 7
FCGI_DATA = 8
FCGI_GET_VALUES = 9
FCGI_GET_VALUES_RESULT = 10
FCGI_UNKNOWN_TYPE = 11
FCGI_MAXTYPE = FCGI_UNKNOWN_TYPE

FCGI_NULL_REQUEST_ID = 0

FCGI_KEEP_CONN = 1

FCGI_RESPONDER = 1
FCGI_AUTHORIZER = 2
FCGI_FILTER = 3

FCGI_REQUEST_COMPLETE = 0
FCGI_CANT_MPX_CONN = 1
FCGI_OVERLOADED = 2
FCGI_UNKNOWN_ROLE = 3

FCGI_MAX_CONNS = 'FCGI_MAX_CONNS'
FCGI_MAX_REQS = 'FCGI_MAX_REQS'
FCGI_MPXS_CONNS = 'FCGI_MPXS_CONNS'

FCGI_Header = '!BBHHBx'
FCGI_BeginRequestBody = '!HB5x'
FCGI_EndRequestBody = '!LB3x'
FCGI_UnknownTypeBody = '!B7x'

FCGI_EndRequestBody_LEN = struct.calcsize(FCGI_EndRequestBody)
FCGI_UnknownTypeBody_LEN = struct.calcsize(FCGI_UnknownTypeBody)

if __debug__:
    import time

    # Set non-zero to write debug output to a file.
    DEBUG = 0
    DEBUGLOG = '/tmp/fcgi.log'

    def _debug(level, msg):
        if DEBUG < level:
            return

        try:
            f = open(DEBUGLOG, 'a')
            f.write('%sfcgi: %s\n' % (time.ctime()[4:-4], msg))
            f.close()
        except:
            pass

class InputStream(object):
    """
    File-like object representing FastCGI input streams (FCGI_STDIN and
    FCGI_DATA). Supports the minimum methods required by WSGI spec.
    """
    def __init__(self, conn):
        self._conn = conn

        # See Server.
        self._shrinkThreshold = conn.server.inputStreamShrinkThreshold

        self._buf = ''
        self._bufList = []
        self._pos = 0 # Current read position.
        self._avail = 0 # Number of bytes currently available.

        self._eof = False # True when server has sent EOF notification.

    def _shrinkBuffer(self):
        """Gets rid of already read data (since we can't rewind)."""
        if self._pos >= self._shrinkThreshold:
            self._buf = self._buf[self._pos:]
            self._avail -= self._pos
            self._pos = 0

            assert self._avail >= 0

    def _waitForData(self):
        """Waits for more data to become available."""
        self._conn.process_input()

    def read(self, n=-1):
        if self._pos == self._avail and self._eof:
            return ''
        while True:
            if n < 0 or (self._avail - self._pos) < n:
                # Not enough data available.
                if self._eof:
                    # And there's no more coming.
                    newPos = self._avail
                    break
                else:
                    # Wait for more data.
                    self._waitForData()
                    continue
            else:
                newPos = self._pos + n
                break
        # Merge buffer list, if necessary.
        if self._bufList:
            self._buf += ''.join(self._bufList)
            self._bufList = []
        r = self._buf[self._pos:newPos]
        self._pos = newPos
        self._shrinkBuffer()
        return r

    def readline(self, length=None):
        if self._pos == self._avail and self._eof:
            return ''
        while True:
            # Unfortunately, we need to merge the buffer list early.
            if self._bufList:
                self._buf += ''.join(self._bufList)
                self._bufList = []
            # Find newline.
            i = self._buf.find('\n', self._pos)
            if i < 0:
                # Not found?
                if self._eof:
                    # No more data coming.
                    newPos = self._avail
                    break
                else:
                    # Wait for more to come.
                    self._waitForData()
                    continue
            else:
                newPos = i + 1
                break
        if length is not None:
            if self._pos + length < newPos:
                newPos = self._pos + length
        r = self._buf[self._pos:newPos]
        self._pos = newPos
        self._shrinkBuffer()
        return r

    def readlines(self, sizehint=0):
        total = 0
        lines = []
        line = self.readline()
        while line:
            lines.append(line)
            total += len(line)
            if 0 < sizehint <= total:
                break
            line = self.readline()
        return lines

    def __iter__(self):
        return self

    def next(self):
        r = self.readline()
        if not r:
            raise StopIteration
        return r

    def add_data(self, data):
        if not data:
            self._eof = True
        else:
            self._bufList.append(data)
            self._avail += len(data)

class MultiplexedInputStream(InputStream):
    """
    A version of InputStream meant to be used with MultiplexedConnections.
    Assumes the MultiplexedConnection (the producer) and the Request
    (the consumer) are running in different threads.
    """
    def __init__(self, conn):
        super(MultiplexedInputStream, self).__init__(conn)

        # Arbitrates access to this InputStream (it's used simultaneously
        # by a Request and its owning Connection object).
        lock = threading.RLock()

        # Notifies Request thread that there is new data available.
        self._lock = threading.Condition(lock)

    def _waitForData(self):
        # Wait for notification from add_data().
        self._lock.wait()

    def read(self, n=-1):
        self._lock.acquire()
        try:
            return super(MultiplexedInputStream, self).read(n)
        finally:
            self._lock.release()

    def readline(self, length=None):
        self._lock.acquire()
        try:
            return super(MultiplexedInputStream, self).readline(length)
        finally:
            self._lock.release()

    def add_data(self, data):
        self._lock.acquire()
        try:
            super(MultiplexedInputStream, self).add_data(data)
            self._lock.notify()
        finally:
            self._lock.release()

class OutputStream(object):
    """
    FastCGI output stream (FCGI_STDOUT/FCGI_STDERR). By default, calls to
    write() or writelines() immediately result in Records being sent back
    to the server. Buffering should be done in a higher level!
    """
    def __init__(self, conn, req, type, buffered=False):
        self._conn = conn
        self._req = req
        self._type = type
        self._buffered = buffered
        self._bufList = [] # Used if buffered is True
        self.dataWritten = False
        self.closed = False

    def _write(self, data):
        length = len(data)
        while length:
            toWrite = min(length, self._req.server.maxwrite - FCGI_HEADER_LEN)

            rec = Record(self._type, self._req.requestId)
            rec.contentLength = toWrite
            rec.contentData = data[:toWrite]
            self._conn.writeRecord(rec)

            data = data[toWrite:]
            length -= toWrite

    def write(self, data):
        assert not self.closed

        if not data:
            return

        self.dataWritten = True

        if self._buffered:
            self._bufList.append(data)
        else:
            self._write(data)

    def writelines(self, lines):
        assert not self.closed

        for line in lines:
            self.write(line)

    def flush(self):
        # Only need to flush if this OutputStream is actually buffered.
        if self._buffered:
            data = ''.join(self._bufList)
            self._bufList = []
            self._write(data)

    # Though available, the following should NOT be called by WSGI apps.
    def close(self):
        """Sends end-of-stream notification, if necessary."""
        if not self.closed and self.dataWritten:
            self.flush()
            rec = Record(self._type, self._req.requestId)
            self._conn.writeRecord(rec)
            self.closed = True

class TeeOutputStream(object):
    """
    Simple wrapper around two or more output file-like objects that copies
    written data to all streams.
    """
    def __init__(self, streamList):
        self._streamList = streamList

    def write(self, data):
        for f in self._streamList:
            f.write(data)

    def writelines(self, lines):
        for line in lines:
            self.write(line)

    def flush(self):
        for f in self._streamList:
            f.flush()

class StdoutWrapper(object):
    """
    Wrapper for sys.stdout so we know if data has actually been written.
    """
    def __init__(self, stdout):
        self._file = stdout
        self.dataWritten = False

    def write(self, data):
        if data:
            self.dataWritten = True
        self._file.write(data)

    def writelines(self, lines):
        for line in lines:
            self.write(line)

    def __getattr__(self, name):
        return getattr(self._file, name)

def decode_pair(s, pos=0):
    """
    Decodes a name/value pair.

    The number of bytes decoded as well as the name/value pair
    are returned.
    """
    nameLength = ord(s[pos])
    if nameLength & 128:
        nameLength = struct.unpack('!L', s[pos:pos+4])[0] & 0x7fffffff
        pos += 4
    else:
        pos += 1

    valueLength = ord(s[pos])
    if valueLength & 128:
        valueLength = struct.unpack('!L', s[pos:pos+4])[0] & 0x7fffffff
        pos += 4
    else:
        pos += 1

    name = s[pos:pos+nameLength]
    pos += nameLength
    value = s[pos:pos+valueLength]
    pos += valueLength

    return (pos, (name, value))

def encode_pair(name, value):
    """
    Encodes a name/value pair.

    The encoded string is returned.
    """
    nameLength = len(name)
    if nameLength < 128:
        s = chr(nameLength)
    else:
        s = struct.pack('!L', nameLength | 0x80000000L)

    valueLength = len(value)
    if valueLength < 128:
        s += chr(valueLength)
    else:
        s += struct.pack('!L', valueLength | 0x80000000L)

    return s + name + value

class Record(object):
    """
    A FastCGI Record.

    Used for encoding/decoding records.
    """
    def __init__(self, type=FCGI_UNKNOWN_TYPE, requestId=FCGI_NULL_REQUEST_ID):
        self.version = FCGI_VERSION_1
        self.type = type
        self.requestId = requestId
        self.contentLength = 0
        self.paddingLength = 0
        self.contentData = ''

    @staticmethod
    def _recvall(sock, length):
        """
        Attempts to receive length bytes from a socket, blocking if necessary.
        (Socket may be blocking or non-blocking.)
        """
        dataList = []
        recvLen = 0
        while length:
            try:
                data = sock.recv(length)
            except socket.error as e:
                if e[0] == errno.EAGAIN:
                    select.select([sock], [], [])
                    continue
                else:
                    raise
            if not data: # EOF
                break
            dataList.append(data)
            dataLen = len(data)
            recvLen += dataLen
            length -= dataLen
        return ''.join(dataList), recvLen

    def read(self, sock):
        """Read and decode a Record from a socket."""
        try:
            header, length = self._recvall(sock, FCGI_HEADER_LEN)
        except:
            raise EOFError

        if length < FCGI_HEADER_LEN:
            raise EOFError

        self.version, self.type, self.requestId, self.contentLength, \
                      self.paddingLength = struct.unpack(FCGI_Header, header)

        if __debug__: _debug(9, 'read: fd = %d, type = %d, requestId = %d, '
                             'contentLength = %d' %
                             (sock.fileno(), self.type, self.requestId,
                              self.contentLength))

        if self.contentLength:
            try:
                self.contentData, length = self._recvall(sock,
                                                         self.contentLength)
            except:
                raise EOFError

            if length < self.contentLength:
                raise EOFError

        if self.paddingLength:
            try:
                self._recvall(sock, self.paddingLength)
            except:
                raise EOFError

    @staticmethod
    def _sendall(sock, data):
        """
        Writes data to a socket and does not return until all the data is sent.
        """
        length = len(data)
        while length:
            try:
                sent = sock.send(data)
            except socket.error as e:
                if e[0] == errno.EAGAIN:
                    select.select([], [sock], [])
                    continue
                else:
                    raise
            data = data[sent:]
            length -= sent

    def write(self, sock):
        """Encode and write a Record to a socket."""
        self.paddingLength = -self.contentLength & 7

        if __debug__: _debug(9, 'write: fd = %d, type = %d, requestId = %d, '
                             'contentLength = %d' %
                             (sock.fileno(), self.type, self.requestId,
                              self.contentLength))

        header = struct.pack(FCGI_Header, self.version, self.type,
                             self.requestId, self.contentLength,
                             self.paddingLength)
        self._sendall(sock, header)
        if self.contentLength:
            self._sendall(sock, self.contentData)
        if self.paddingLength:
            self._sendall(sock, '\x00'*self.paddingLength)

class Request(object):
    """
    Represents a single FastCGI request.

    These objects are passed to your handler and is the main interface
    between your handler and the fcgi module. The methods should not
    be called by your handler. However, server, params, stdin, stdout,
    stderr, and data are free for your handler's use.
    """
    def __init__(self, conn, inputStreamClass):
        self._conn = conn

        self.server = conn.server
        self.params = {}
        self.stdin = inputStreamClass(conn)
        self.stdout = OutputStream(conn, self, FCGI_STDOUT)
        self.stderr = OutputStream(conn, self, FCGI_STDERR, buffered=True)
        self.data = inputStreamClass(conn)

    def run(self):
        """Runs the handler, flushes the streams, and ends the request."""
        try:
            protocolStatus, appStatus = self.server.handler(self)
        except:
            traceback.print_exc(file=self.stderr)
            self.stderr.flush()
            if not self.stdout.dataWritten:
                self.server.error(self)

            protocolStatus, appStatus = FCGI_REQUEST_COMPLETE, 0

        if __debug__: _debug(1, 'protocolStatus = %d, appStatus = %d' %
                             (protocolStatus, appStatus))

        try:
            self._flush()
            self._end(appStatus, protocolStatus)
        except socket.error as e:
            if e[0] != errno.EPIPE:
                raise

    def _end(self, appStatus=0L, protocolStatus=FCGI_REQUEST_COMPLETE):
        self._conn.end_request(self, appStatus, protocolStatus)

    def _flush(self):
        self.stdout.close()
        self.stderr.close()

class CGIRequest(Request):
    """A normal CGI request disguised as a FastCGI request."""
    def __init__(self, server):
        # These are normally filled in by Connection.
        self.requestId = 1
        self.role = FCGI_RESPONDER
        self.flags = 0
        self.aborted = False

        self.server = server
        self.params = dict(os.environ)
        self.stdin = sys.stdin
        self.stdout = StdoutWrapper(sys.stdout) # Oh, the humanity!
        self.stderr = sys.stderr
        self.data = StringIO.StringIO()

    def _end(self, appStatus=0L, protocolStatus=FCGI_REQUEST_COMPLETE):
        sys.exit(appStatus)

    def _flush(self):
        # Not buffered, do nothing.
        pass

class Connection(object):
    """
    A Connection with the web server.

    Each Connection is associated with a single socket (which is
    connected to the web server) and is responsible for handling all
    the FastCGI message processing for that socket.
    """
    _multiplexed = False
    _inputStreamClass = InputStream

    def __init__(self, sock, addr, server):
        self._sock = sock
        self._addr = addr
        self.server = server

        # Active Requests for this Connection, mapped by request ID.
        self._requests = {}

    def _cleanupSocket(self):
        """Close the Connection's socket."""
        try:
            self._sock.shutdown(socket.SHUT_WR)
        except:
            return
        try:
            while True:
                r, w, e = select.select([self._sock], [], [])
                if not r or not self._sock.recv(1024):
                    break
        except:
            pass
        self._sock.close()

    def run(self):
        """Begin processing data from the socket."""
        self._keepGoing = True
        while self._keepGoing:
            try:
                self.process_input()
            except EOFError:
                break
            except (select.error, socket.error) as e:
                if e[0] == errno.EBADF: # Socket was closed by Request.
                    break
                raise

        self._cleanupSocket()

    def process_input(self):
        """Attempt to read a single Record from the socket and process it."""
        # Currently, any children Request threads notify this Connection
        # that it is no longer needed by closing the Connection's socket.
        # We need to put a timeout on select, otherwise we might get
        # stuck in it indefinitely... (I don't like this solution.)
        while self._keepGoing:
            try:
                r, w, e = select.select([self._sock], [], [], 1.0)
            except ValueError:
                # Sigh. ValueError gets thrown sometimes when passing select
                # a closed socket.
                raise EOFError
            if r: break
        if not self._keepGoing:
            return
        rec = Record()
        rec.read(self._sock)

        if rec.type == FCGI_GET_VALUES:
            self._do_get_values(rec)
        elif rec.type == FCGI_BEGIN_REQUEST:
            self._do_begin_request(rec)
        elif rec.type == FCGI_ABORT_REQUEST:
            self._do_abort_request(rec)
        elif rec.type == FCGI_PARAMS:
            self._do_params(rec)
        elif rec.type == FCGI_STDIN:
            self._do_stdin(rec)
        elif rec.type == FCGI_DATA:
            self._do_data(rec)
        elif rec.requestId == FCGI_NULL_REQUEST_ID:
            self._do_unknown_type(rec)
        else:
            # Need to complain about this.
            pass

    def writeRecord(self, rec):
        """
        Write a Record to the socket.
        """
        rec.write(self._sock)

    def end_request(self, req, appStatus=0L,
                    protocolStatus=FCGI_REQUEST_COMPLETE, remove=True):
        """
        End a Request.

        Called by Request objects. An FCGI_END_REQUEST Record is
        sent to the web server. If the web server no longer requires
        the connection, the socket is closed, thereby ending this
        Connection (run() returns).
        """
        rec = Record(FCGI_END_REQUEST, req.requestId)
        rec.contentData = struct.pack(FCGI_EndRequestBody, appStatus,
                                      protocolStatus)
        rec.contentLength = FCGI_EndRequestBody_LEN
        self.writeRecord(rec)

        if remove:
            del self._requests[req.requestId]

        if __debug__: _debug(2, 'end_request: flags = %d' % req.flags)

        if not (req.flags & FCGI_KEEP_CONN) and not self._requests:
            self._cleanupSocket()
            self._keepGoing = False

    def _do_get_values(self, inrec):
        """Handle an FCGI_GET_VALUES request from the web server."""
        outrec = Record(FCGI_GET_VALUES_RESULT)

        pos = 0
        while pos < inrec.contentLength:
            pos, (name, value) = decode_pair(inrec.contentData, pos)
            cap = self.server.capability.get(name)
            if cap is not None:
                outrec.contentData += encode_pair(name, str(cap))

        outrec.contentLength = len(outrec.contentData)
        self.writeRecord(outrec)

    def _do_begin_request(self, inrec):
        """Handle an FCGI_BEGIN_REQUEST from the web server."""
        role, flags = struct.unpack(FCGI_BeginRequestBody, inrec.contentData)

        req = self.server.request_class(self, self._inputStreamClass)
        req.requestId, req.role, req.flags = inrec.requestId, role, flags
        req.aborted = False

        if not self._multiplexed and self._requests:
            # Can't multiplex requests.
            self.end_request(req, 0L, FCGI_CANT_MPX_CONN, remove=False)
        else:
            self._requests[inrec.requestId] = req

    def _do_abort_request(self, inrec):
        """
        Handle an FCGI_ABORT_REQUEST from the web server.

        We just mark a flag in the associated Request.
        """
        req = self._requests.get(inrec.requestId)
        if req is not None:
            req.aborted = True

    def _start_request(self, req):
        """Run the request."""
        # Not multiplexed, so run it inline.
        req.run()

    def _do_params(self, inrec):
        """
        Handle an FCGI_PARAMS Record.

        If the last FCGI_PARAMS Record is received, start the request.
        """
        req = self._requests.get(inrec.requestId)
        if req is not None:
            if inrec.contentLength:
                pos = 0
                while pos < inrec.contentLength:
                    pos, (name, value) = decode_pair(inrec.contentData, pos)
                    req.params[name] = value
            else:
                self._start_request(req)

    def _do_stdin(self, inrec):
        """Handle the FCGI_STDIN stream."""
        req = self._requests.get(inrec.requestId)
        if req is not None:
            req.stdin.add_data(inrec.contentData)

    def _do_data(self, inrec):
        """Handle the FCGI_DATA stream."""
        req = self._requests.get(inrec.requestId)
        if req is not None:
            req.data.add_data(inrec.contentData)

    def _do_unknown_type(self, inrec):
        """Handle an unknown request type. Respond accordingly."""
        outrec = Record(FCGI_UNKNOWN_TYPE)
        outrec.contentData = struct.pack(FCGI_UnknownTypeBody, inrec.type)
        outrec.contentLength = FCGI_UnknownTypeBody_LEN
        self.writeRecord(outrec)

class MultiplexedConnection(Connection):
    """
    A version of Connection capable of handling multiple requests
    simultaneously.
    """
    _multiplexed = True
    _inputStreamClass = MultiplexedInputStream

    def __init__(self, sock, addr, server):
        super(MultiplexedConnection, self).__init__(sock, addr, server)

        # Used to arbitrate access to self._requests.
        lock = threading.RLock()

        # Notification is posted everytime a request completes, allowing us
        # to quit cleanly.
        self._lock = threading.Condition(lock)

    def _cleanupSocket(self):
        # Wait for any outstanding requests before closing the socket.
        self._lock.acquire()
        while self._requests:
            self._lock.wait()
        self._lock.release()

        super(MultiplexedConnection, self)._cleanupSocket()

    def writeRecord(self, rec):
        # Must use locking to prevent intermingling of Records from different
        # threads.
        self._lock.acquire()
        try:
            # Probably faster than calling super. ;)
            rec.write(self._sock)
        finally:
            self._lock.release()

    def end_request(self, req, appStatus=0L,
                    protocolStatus=FCGI_REQUEST_COMPLETE, remove=True):
        self._lock.acquire()
        try:
            super(MultiplexedConnection, self).end_request(req, appStatus,
                                                           protocolStatus,
                                                           remove)
            self._lock.notify()
        finally:
            self._lock.release()

    def _do_begin_request(self, inrec):
        self._lock.acquire()
        try:
            super(MultiplexedConnection, self)._do_begin_request(inrec)
        finally:
            self._lock.release()

    def _do_abort_request(self, inrec):
        self._lock.acquire()
        try:
            super(MultiplexedConnection, self)._do_abort_request(inrec)
        finally:
            self._lock.release()

    def _start_request(self, req):
        thread.start_new_thread(req.run, ())

    def _do_params(self, inrec):
        self._lock.acquire()
        try:
            super(MultiplexedConnection, self)._do_params(inrec)
        finally:
            self._lock.release()

    def _do_stdin(self, inrec):
        self._lock.acquire()
        try:
            super(MultiplexedConnection, self)._do_stdin(inrec)
        finally:
            self._lock.release()

    def _do_data(self, inrec):
        self._lock.acquire()
        try:
            super(MultiplexedConnection, self)._do_data(inrec)
        finally:
            self._lock.release()

class Server(object):
    """
    The FastCGI server.

    Waits for connections from the web server, processing each
    request.

    If run in a normal CGI context, it will instead instantiate a
    CGIRequest and run the handler through there.
    """
    request_class = Request
    cgirequest_class = CGIRequest

    # Limits the size of the InputStream's string buffer to this size + the
    # server's maximum Record size. Since the InputStream is not seekable,
    # we throw away already-read data once this certain amount has been read.
    inputStreamShrinkThreshold = 102400 - 8192

    def __init__(self, handler=None, maxwrite=8192, bindAddress=None,
                 umask=None, multiplexed=False):
        """
        handler, if present, must reference a function or method that
        takes one argument: a Request object. If handler is not
        specified at creation time, Server *must* be subclassed.
        (The handler method below is abstract.)

        maxwrite is the maximum number of bytes (per Record) to write
        to the server. I've noticed mod_fastcgi has a relatively small
        receive buffer (8K or so).

        bindAddress, if present, must either be a string or a 2-tuple. If
        present, run() will open its own listening socket. You would use
        this if you wanted to run your application as an 'external' FastCGI
        app. (i.e. the webserver would no longer be responsible for starting
        your app) If a string, it will be interpreted as a filename and a UNIX
        socket will be opened. If a tuple, the first element, a string,
        is the interface name/IP to bind to, and the second element (an int)
        is the port number.

        Set multiplexed to True if you want to handle multiple requests
        per connection. Some FastCGI backends (namely mod_fastcgi) don't
        multiplex requests at all, so by default this is off (which saves
        on thread creation/locking overhead). If threads aren't available,
        this keyword is ignored; it's not possible to multiplex requests
        at all.
        """
        if handler is not None:
            self.handler = handler
        self.maxwrite = maxwrite
        if thread_available:
            try:
                import resource
                # Attempt to glean the maximum number of connections
                # from the OS.
                maxConns = resource.getrlimit(resource.RLIMIT_NOFILE)[0]
            except (ImportError, AttributeError):
                maxConns = 100 # Just some made up number.
            maxReqs = maxConns
            if multiplexed:
                self._connectionClass = MultiplexedConnection
                maxReqs *= 5 # Another made up number.
            else:
                self._connectionClass = Connection
            self.capability = {
                FCGI_MAX_CONNS: maxConns,
                FCGI_MAX_REQS: maxReqs,
                FCGI_MPXS_CONNS: multiplexed and 1 or 0
                }
        else:
            self._connectionClass = Connection
            self.capability = {
                # If threads aren't available, these are pretty much correct.
                FCGI_MAX_CONNS: 1,
                FCGI_MAX_REQS: 1,
                FCGI_MPXS_CONNS: 0
                }
        self._bindAddress = bindAddress
        self._umask = umask

    def _setupSocket(self):
        if self._bindAddress is None: # Run as a normal FastCGI?
            isFCGI = True

            sock = socket.fromfd(FCGI_LISTENSOCK_FILENO, socket.AF_INET,
                                 socket.SOCK_STREAM)
            try:
                sock.getpeername()
            except socket.error as e:
                if e[0] == errno.ENOTSOCK:
                    # Not a socket, assume CGI context.
                    isFCGI = False
                elif e[0] != errno.ENOTCONN:
                    raise

            # FastCGI/CGI discrimination is broken on Mac OS X.
            # Set the environment variable FCGI_FORCE_CGI to "Y" or "y"
            # if you want to run your app as a simple CGI. (You can do
            # this with Apache's mod_env [not loaded by default in OS X
            # client, ha ha] and the SetEnv directive.)
            if not isFCGI or \
               os.environ.get('FCGI_FORCE_CGI', 'N').upper().startswith('Y'):
                req = self.cgirequest_class(self)
                req.run()
                sys.exit(0)
        else:
            # Run as a server
            oldUmask = None
            if type(self._bindAddress) is str:
                # Unix socket
                sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
                try:
                    os.unlink(self._bindAddress)
                except OSError:
                    pass
                if self._umask is not None:
                    oldUmask = os.umask(self._umask)
            else:
                # INET socket
                assert type(self._bindAddress) is tuple
                assert len(self._bindAddress) == 2
                sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
                sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)

            sock.bind(self._bindAddress)
            sock.listen(socket.SOMAXCONN)

            if oldUmask is not None:
                os.umask(oldUmask)

        return sock

    def _cleanupSocket(self, sock):
        """Closes the main socket."""
        sock.close()

    def _installSignalHandlers(self):
        self._oldSIGs = [(x,signal.getsignal(x)) for x in
                         (signal.SIGHUP, signal.SIGINT, signal.SIGTERM)]
        signal.signal(signal.SIGHUP, self._hupHandler)
        signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, self._intHandler)
        signal.signal(signal.SIGTERM, self._intHandler)

    def _restoreSignalHandlers(self):
        for signum,handler in self._oldSIGs:
            signal.signal(signum, handler)

    def _hupHandler(self, signum, frame):
        self._hupReceived = True
        self._keepGoing = False

    def _intHandler(self, signum, frame):
        self._keepGoing = False

    def run(self, timeout=1.0):
        """
        The main loop. Exits on SIGHUP, SIGINT, SIGTERM. Returns True if
        SIGHUP was received, False otherwise.
        """
        web_server_addrs = os.environ.get('FCGI_WEB_SERVER_ADDRS')
        if web_server_addrs is not None:
            web_server_addrs = map(lambda x: x.strip(),
                                   web_server_addrs.split(','))

        sock = self._setupSocket()

        self._keepGoing = True
        self._hupReceived = False

        # Install signal handlers.
        self._installSignalHandlers()

        while self._keepGoing:
            try:
                r, w, e = select.select([sock], [], [], timeout)
            except select.error as e:
                if e[0] == errno.EINTR:
                    continue
                raise

            if r:
                try:
                    clientSock, addr = sock.accept()
                except socket.error as e:
                    if e[0] in (errno.EINTR, errno.EAGAIN):
                        continue
                    raise

                if web_server_addrs and \
                       (len(addr) != 2 or addr[0] not in web_server_addrs):
                    clientSock.close()
                    continue

                # Instantiate a new Connection and begin processing FastCGI
                # messages (either in a new thread or this thread).
                conn = self._connectionClass(clientSock, addr, self)
                thread.start_new_thread(conn.run, ())

            self._mainloopPeriodic()

        # Restore signal handlers.
        self._restoreSignalHandlers()

        self._cleanupSocket(sock)

        return self._hupReceived

    def _mainloopPeriodic(self):
        """
        Called with just about each iteration of the main loop. Meant to
        be overridden.
        """
        pass

    def _exit(self, reload=False):
        """
        Protected convenience method for subclasses to force an exit. Not
        really thread-safe, which is why it isn't public.
        """
        if self._keepGoing:
            self._keepGoing = False
            self._hupReceived = reload

    def handler(self, req):
        """
        Default handler, which just raises an exception. Unless a handler
        is passed at initialization time, this must be implemented by
        a subclass.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError, self.__class__.__name__ + '.handler'

    def error(self, req):
        """
        Called by Request if an exception occurs within the handler. May and
        should be overridden.
        """
        import cgitb
        req.stdout.write('Content-Type: text/html\r\n\r\n' +
                         cgitb.html(sys.exc_info()))

class WSGIServer(Server):
    """
    FastCGI server that supports the Web Server Gateway Interface. See
    <http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0333.html>.
    """
    def __init__(self, application, environ=None,
                 multithreaded=True, **kw):
        """
        environ, if present, must be a dictionary-like object. Its
        contents will be copied into application's environ. Useful
        for passing application-specific variables.

        Set multithreaded to False if your application is not MT-safe.
        """
        if 'handler' in kw:
            del kw['handler'] # Doesn't make sense to let this through
        super(WSGIServer, self).__init__(**kw)

        if environ is None:
            environ = {}

        self.application = application
        self.environ = environ
        self.multithreaded = multithreaded

        # Used to force single-threadedness
        self._app_lock = thread.allocate_lock()

    def handler(self, req):
        """Special handler for WSGI."""
        if req.role != FCGI_RESPONDER:
            return FCGI_UNKNOWN_ROLE, 0

        # Mostly taken from example CGI gateway.
        environ = req.params
        environ.update(self.environ)

        environ['wsgi.version'] = (1,0)
        environ['wsgi.input'] = req.stdin
        if self._bindAddress is None:
            stderr = req.stderr
        else:
            stderr = TeeOutputStream((sys.stderr, req.stderr))
        environ['wsgi.errors'] = stderr
        environ['wsgi.multithread'] = not isinstance(req, CGIRequest) and \
                                      thread_available and self.multithreaded
        # Rationale for the following: If started by the web server
        # (self._bindAddress is None) in either FastCGI or CGI mode, the
        # possibility of being spawned multiple times simultaneously is quite
        # real. And, if started as an external server, multiple copies may be
        # spawned for load-balancing/redundancy. (Though I don't think
        # mod_fastcgi supports this?)
        environ['wsgi.multiprocess'] = True
        environ['wsgi.run_once'] = isinstance(req, CGIRequest)

        if environ.get('HTTPS', '').lower() in ('yes', 'on', '1'):
            environ['wsgi.url_scheme'] = 'https'
        elif environ.get('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO', '').lower() == 'https':
            environ['wsgi.url_scheme'] = 'https'
        else:
            environ['wsgi.url_scheme'] = 'http'

        self._sanitizeEnv(environ)

        headers_set = []
        headers_sent = []
        result = None

        def write(data):
            assert type(data) is str, 'write() argument must be string'
            assert headers_set, 'write() before start_response()'

            if not headers_sent:
                status, responseHeaders = headers_sent[:] = headers_set
                found = False
                for header,value in responseHeaders:
                    if header.lower() == 'content-length':
                        found = True
                        break
                if not found and result is not None:
                    try:
                        if len(result) == 1:
                            responseHeaders.append(('Content-Length',
                                                    str(len(data))))
                    except:
                        pass
                s = 'Status: %s\r\n' % status
                for header in responseHeaders:
                    s += '%s: %s\r\n' % header
                s += '\r\n'
                req.stdout.write(s)

            req.stdout.write(data)
            req.stdout.flush()

        def start_response(status, response_headers, exc_info=None):
            if exc_info:
                try:
                    if headers_sent:
                        # Re-raise if too late
                        raise exc_info[0], exc_info[1], exc_info[2]
                finally:
                    exc_info = None # avoid dangling circular ref
            else:
                assert not headers_set, 'Headers already set!'

            assert type(status) is str, 'Status must be a string'
            assert len(status) >= 4, 'Status must be at least 4 characters'
            assert int(status[:3]), 'Status must begin with 3-digit code'
            assert status[3] == ' ', 'Status must have a space after code'
            assert type(response_headers) is list, 'Headers must be a list'
            if __debug__:
                for name,val in response_headers:
                    assert type(name) is str, 'Header names must be strings'
                    assert type(val) is str, 'Header values must be strings'

            headers_set[:] = [status, response_headers]
            return write

        if not self.multithreaded:
            self._app_lock.acquire()
        try:
            try:
                result = self.application(environ, start_response)
                try:
                    for data in result:
                        if data:
                            write(data)
                    if not headers_sent:
                        write('') # in case body was empty
                finally:
                    if hasattr(result, 'close'):
                        result.close()
            except socket.error as e:
                if e[0] != errno.EPIPE:
                    raise # Don't let EPIPE propagate beyond server
        finally:
            if not self.multithreaded:
                self._app_lock.release()

        return FCGI_REQUEST_COMPLETE, 0

    def _sanitizeEnv(self, environ):
        """Ensure certain values are present, if required by WSGI."""
        if 'SCRIPT_NAME' not in environ:
            environ['SCRIPT_NAME'] = ''
        if 'PATH_INFO' not in environ:
            environ['PATH_INFO'] = ''

        # If any of these are missing, it probably signifies a broken
        # server...
        for name,default in [('REQUEST_METHOD', 'GET'),
                             ('SERVER_NAME', 'localhost'),
                             ('SERVER_PORT', '80'),
                             ('SERVER_PROTOCOL', 'HTTP/1.0')]:
            if name not in environ:
                environ['wsgi.errors'].write('%s: missing FastCGI param %s '
                                             'required by WSGI!\n' %
                                             (self.__class__.__name__, name))
                environ[name] = default

if __name__ == '__main__':
    def test_app(environ, start_response):
        """Probably not the most efficient example."""
        import cgi
        start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'text/html')])
        yield '<html><head><title>Hello World!</title></head>\n' \
              '<body>\n' \
              '<p>Hello World!</p>\n' \
              '<table border="1">'
        names = environ.keys()
        names.sort()
        for name in names:
            yield '<tr><td>%s</td><td>%s</td></tr>\n' % (
                name, cgi.escape(`environ[name]`))

        form = cgi.FieldStorage(fp=environ['wsgi.input'], environ=environ,
                                keep_blank_values=1)
        if form.list:
            yield '<tr><th colspan="2">Form data</th></tr>'

        for field in form.list:
            yield '<tr><td>%s</td><td>%s</td></tr>\n' % (
                field.name, field.value)

        yield '</table>\n' \
              '</body></html>\n'

    WSGIServer(test_app).run()
