Next: Blackfin Variable Attributes, Previous: Common Variable Attributes, Up: Variable Attributes [Contents][Index]
progmemThe progmem attribute is used on the AVR to place read-only
data in the non-volatile program memory (flash). The progmem
attribute accomplishes this by putting respective variables into a
section whose name starts with .progmem.
This attribute works similar to the section attribute
but adds additional checking.
progmem affects the location
of the data but not how this data is accessed.
In order to read data located with the progmem attribute
(inline) assembler must be used.
/* Use custom macros from AVR-LibC */ #include <avr/pgmspace.h> /* Locate var in flash memory */ const int var[2] PROGMEM = { 1, 2 }; int read_var (int i) { /* Access var[] by accessor macro from avr/pgmspace.h */ return (int) pgm_read_word (& var[i]); }
AVR is a Harvard architecture processor and data and read-only data normally resides in the data memory (RAM).
See also the AVR Named Address Spaces section for an alternate way to locate and access data in flash memory.
The compiler adds 0x4000
to the addresses of objects and declarations in progmem and locates
the objects in flash memory, namely in section .progmem.data.
The offset is needed because the flash memory is visible in the RAM
address space starting at address 0x4000.
Data in progmem can be accessed by means of ordinary C code,
no special functions or macros are needed.
/* var is located in flash memory */
extern const int var[2] __attribute__((progmem));
int read_var (int i)
{
return var[i];
}
Please notice that on these devices, there is no need for progmem
at all. Just use an appropriate linker description file like outlined below.
.text :
{ ...
} > text
/* Leave .rodata in flash and add an offset of 0x4000 to all
addresses so that respective objects can be accessed by
LD instructions and open coded C/C++. This means there
is no need for progmem in the source and no overhead by
read-only data in RAM. */
.rodata ADDR(.text) + SIZEOF (.text) + 0x4000 :
{
*(.rodata)
*(.rodata*)
*(.gnu.linkonce.r*)
} AT> text
/* No more need to put .rodata into .data:
Removed all .rodata entries from .data. */
.data :
{ ...
ioio (addr)Variables with the io attribute are used to address
memory-mapped peripherals in the io address range.
If an address is specified, the variable
is assigned that address, and the value is interpreted as an
address in the data address space.
Example:
volatile int porta __attribute__((io (0x22)));
The address specified in the address in the data address range.
Otherwise, the variable it is not assigned an address, but the compiler will still use in/out instructions where applicable, assuming some other module assigns an address in the io address range. Example:
extern volatile int porta __attribute__((io));
io_lowio_low (addr)This is like the io attribute, but additionally it informs the
compiler that the object lies in the lower half of the I/O area,
allowing the use of cbi, sbi, sbic and sbis
instructions.
addressaddress (addr)Variables with the address attribute are used to address
memory-mapped peripherals that may lie outside the io address range.
volatile int porta __attribute__((address (0x600)));
absdataVariables in static storage and with the absdata attribute can
be accessed by the LDS and STS instructions which take
absolute addresses.
0x40…0xbf accessible by
LDS and STS. One way to achieve this as an
appropriate linker description file.
LDS
and STS, there is currently (Binutils 2.26) just an unspecific
warning like
module.c:(.text+0x1c): warning: internal error: out of range error
See also the -mabsdata command-line option.
Next: Blackfin Variable Attributes, Previous: Common Variable Attributes, Up: Variable Attributes [Contents][Index]