12.5. tarfile — Read and write tar archive files¶
New in version 2.3.
Source code: Lib/tarfile.py
The tarfile module makes it possible to read and write tar
archives, including those using gzip or bz2 compression.
Use the zipfile module to read or write .zip files, or the
higher-level functions in shutil.
Some facts and figures:
reads and writes
gzipandbz2compressed archives if the respective modules are available.read/write support for the POSIX.1-1988 (ustar) format.
read/write support for the GNU tar format including longname and longlink extensions, read-only support for the sparse extension.
read/write support for the POSIX.1-2001 (pax) format.
New in version 2.6.
handles directories, regular files, hardlinks, symbolic links, fifos, character devices and block devices and is able to acquire and restore file information like timestamp, access permissions and owner.
-
tarfile.open(name=None, mode='r', fileobj=None, bufsize=10240, **kwargs)¶ Return a
TarFileobject for the pathname name. For detailed information onTarFileobjects and the keyword arguments that are allowed, see TarFile Objects.mode has to be a string of the form
'filemode[:compression]', it defaults to'r'. Here is a full list of mode combinations:mode action 'r' or 'r:*'Open for reading with transparent compression (recommended). 'r:'Open for reading exclusively without compression. 'r:gz'Open for reading with gzip compression. 'r:bz2'Open for reading with bzip2 compression. 'a' or 'a:'Open for appending with no compression. The file is created if it does not exist. 'w' or 'w:'Open for uncompressed writing. 'w:gz'Open for gzip compressed writing. 'w:bz2'Open for bzip2 compressed writing. Note that
'a:gz'or'a:bz2'is not possible. If mode is not suitable to open a certain (compressed) file for reading,ReadErroris raised. Use mode'r'to avoid this. If a compression method is not supported,CompressionErroris raised.If fileobj is specified, it is used as an alternative to a file object opened for name. It is supposed to be at position 0.
For modes
'w:gz','r:gz','w:bz2','r:bz2',tarfile.open()accepts the keyword argument compresslevel (default9) to specify the compression level of the file.For special purposes, there is a second format for mode:
'filemode|[compression]'.tarfile.open()will return aTarFileobject that processes its data as a stream of blocks. No random seeking will be done on the file. If given, fileobj may be any object that has aread()orwrite()method (depending on the mode). bufsize specifies the blocksize and defaults to20 * 512bytes. Use this variant in combination with e.g.sys.stdin, a socket file object or a tape device. However, such aTarFileobject is limited in that it does not allow random access, see Examples. The currently possible modes:Mode Action 'r|*'Open a stream of tar blocks for reading with transparent compression. 'r|'Open a stream of uncompressed tar blocks for reading. 'r|gz'Open a gzip compressed stream for reading. 'r|bz2'Open a bzip2 compressed stream for reading. 'w|'Open an uncompressed stream for writing. 'w|gz'Open a gzip compressed stream for writing. 'w|bz2'Open a bzip2 compressed stream for writing.
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class
tarfile.TarFile¶ Class for reading and writing tar archives. Do not use this class directly, better use
tarfile.open()instead. See TarFile Objects.
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tarfile.is_tarfile(name)¶ Return
Trueif name is a tar archive file, that thetarfilemodule can read.
-
class
tarfile.TarFileCompat(filename, mode='r', compression=TAR_PLAIN)¶ Class for limited access to tar archives with a
zipfile-like interface. Please consult the documentation of thezipfilemodule for more details. compression must be one of the following constants:-
TAR_PLAIN¶ Constant for an uncompressed tar archive.
Deprecated since version 2.6: The
TarFileCompatclass has been removed in Python 3.-
-
exception
tarfile.ReadError¶ Is raised when a tar archive is opened, that either cannot be handled by the
tarfilemodule or is somehow invalid.
-
exception
tarfile.CompressionError¶ Is raised when a compression method is not supported or when the data cannot be decoded properly.
-
exception
tarfile.StreamError¶ Is raised for the limitations that are typical for stream-like
TarFileobjects.
-
exception
tarfile.ExtractError¶ Is raised for non-fatal errors when using
TarFile.extract(), but only ifTarFile.errorlevel== 2.
The following constants are available at the module level:
-
tarfile.ENCODING¶ The default character encoding:
'utf-8'on Windows, the value returned bysys.getfilesystemencoding()otherwise.
-
exception
tarfile.HeaderError¶ Is raised by
TarInfo.frombuf()if the buffer it gets is invalid.New in version 2.6.
Each of the following constants defines a tar archive format that the
tarfile module is able to create. See section Supported tar formats for
details.
-
tarfile.USTAR_FORMAT¶ POSIX.1-1988 (ustar) format.
-
tarfile.GNU_FORMAT¶ GNU tar format.
-
tarfile.PAX_FORMAT¶ POSIX.1-2001 (pax) format.
-
tarfile.DEFAULT_FORMAT¶ The default format for creating archives. This is currently
GNU_FORMAT.
See also
- Module
zipfile - Documentation of the
zipfilestandard module. - Archiving operations
- Documentation of the higher-level archiving facilities provided by the
standard
shutilmodule. - GNU tar manual, Basic Tar Format
- Documentation for tar archive files, including GNU tar extensions.
12.5.1. TarFile Objects¶
The TarFile object provides an interface to a tar archive. A tar
archive is a sequence of blocks. An archive member (a stored file) is made up of
a header block followed by data blocks. It is possible to store a file in a tar
archive several times. Each archive member is represented by a TarInfo
object, see TarInfo Objects for details.
A TarFile object can be used as a context manager in a with
statement. It will automatically be closed when the block is completed. Please
note that in the event of an exception an archive opened for writing will not
be finalized; only the internally used file object will be closed. See the
Examples section for a use case.
New in version 2.7: Added support for the context management protocol.
-
class
tarfile.TarFile(name=None, mode='r', fileobj=None, format=DEFAULT_FORMAT, tarinfo=TarInfo, dereference=False, ignore_zeros=False, encoding=ENCODING, errors=None, pax_headers=None, debug=0, errorlevel=0) All following arguments are optional and can be accessed as instance attributes as well.
name is the pathname of the archive. It can be omitted if fileobj is given. In this case, the file object’s
nameattribute is used if it exists.mode is either
'r'to read from an existing archive,'a'to append data to an existing file or'w'to create a new file overwriting an existing one.If fileobj is given, it is used for reading or writing data. If it can be determined, mode is overridden by fileobj‘s mode. fileobj will be used from position 0.
Note
fileobj is not closed, when
TarFileis closed.format controls the archive format. It must be one of the constants
USTAR_FORMAT,GNU_FORMATorPAX_FORMATthat are defined at module level.New in version 2.6.
The tarinfo argument can be used to replace the default
TarInfoclass with a different one.New in version 2.6.
If dereference is
False, add symbolic and hard links to the archive. If it isTrue, add the content of the target files to the archive. This has no effect on systems that do not support symbolic links.If ignore_zeros is
False, treat an empty block as the end of the archive. If it isTrue, skip empty (and invalid) blocks and try to get as many members as possible. This is only useful for reading concatenated or damaged archives.debug can be set from
0(no debug messages) up to3(all debug messages). The messages are written tosys.stderr.If errorlevel is
0, all errors are ignored when usingTarFile.extract(). Nevertheless, they appear as error messages in the debug output, when debugging is enabled. If1, all fatal errors are raised asOSErrororIOErrorexceptions. If2, all non-fatal errors are raised asTarErrorexceptions as well.The encoding and errors arguments control the way strings are converted to unicode objects and vice versa. The default settings will work for most users. See section Unicode issues for in-depth information.
New in version 2.6.
The pax_headers argument is an optional dictionary of unicode strings which will be added as a pax global header if format is
PAX_FORMAT.New in version 2.6.
-
classmethod
TarFile.open(...)¶ Alternative constructor. The
tarfile.open()function is actually a shortcut to this classmethod.
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TarFile.getmember(name)¶ Return a
TarInfoobject for member name. If name can not be found in the archive,KeyErroris raised.Note
If a member occurs more than once in the archive, its last occurrence is assumed to be the most up-to-date version.
-
TarFile.getmembers()¶ Return the members of the archive as a list of
TarInfoobjects. The list has the same order as the members in the archive.
-
TarFile.getnames()¶ Return the members as a list of their names. It has the same order as the list returned by
getmembers().
-
TarFile.list(verbose=True)¶ Print a table of contents to
sys.stdout. If verbose isFalse, only the names of the members are printed. If it isTrue, output similar to that of ls -l is produced.
-
TarFile.next()¶ Return the next member of the archive as a
TarInfoobject, whenTarFileis opened for reading. ReturnNoneif there is no more available.
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TarFile.extractall(path=".", members=None)¶ Extract all members from the archive to the current working directory or directory path. If optional members is given, it must be a subset of the list returned by
getmembers(). Directory information like owner, modification time and permissions are set after all members have been extracted. This is done to work around two problems: A directory’s modification time is reset each time a file is created in it. And, if a directory’s permissions do not allow writing, extracting files to it will fail.Warning
Never extract archives from untrusted sources without prior inspection. It is possible that files are created outside of path, e.g. members that have absolute filenames starting with
"/"or filenames with two dots"..".New in version 2.5.
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TarFile.extract(member, path="")¶ Extract a member from the archive to the current working directory, using its full name. Its file information is extracted as accurately as possible. member may be a filename or a
TarInfoobject. You can specify a different directory using path.Note
The
extract()method does not take care of several extraction issues. In most cases you should consider using theextractall()method.Warning
See the warning for
extractall().
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TarFile.extractfile(member)¶ Extract a member from the archive as a file object. member may be a filename or a
TarInfoobject. If member is a regular file, a file-like object is returned. If member is a link, a file-like object is constructed from the link’s target. If member is none of the above,Noneis returned.Note
The file-like object is read-only. It provides the methods
read(),readline(),readlines(),seek(),tell(), andclose(), and also supports iteration over its lines.
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TarFile.add(name, arcname=None, recursive=True, exclude=None, filter=None)¶ Add the file name to the archive. name may be any type of file (directory, fifo, symbolic link, etc.). If given, arcname specifies an alternative name for the file in the archive. Directories are added recursively by default. This can be avoided by setting recursive to
False. If exclude is given it must be a function that takes one filename argument and returns a boolean value. Depending on this value the respective file is either excluded (True) or added (False). If filter is specified it must be a function that takes aTarInfoobject argument and returns the changedTarInfoobject. If it instead returnsNonetheTarInfoobject will be excluded from the archive. See Examples for an example.Changed in version 2.6: Added the exclude parameter.
Changed in version 2.7: Added the filter parameter.
Deprecated since version 2.7: The exclude parameter is deprecated, please use the filter parameter instead. For maximum portability, filter should be used as a keyword argument rather than as a positional argument so that code won’t be affected when exclude is ultimately removed.
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TarFile.addfile(tarinfo, fileobj=None)¶ Add the
TarInfoobject tarinfo to the archive. If fileobj is given,tarinfo.sizebytes are read from it and added to the archive. You can createTarInfoobjects directly, or by usinggettarinfo().Note
On Windows platforms, fileobj should always be opened with mode
'rb'to avoid irritation about the file size.
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TarFile.gettarinfo(name=None, arcname=None, fileobj=None)¶ Create a
TarInfoobject from the result ofos.stat()or equivalent on an existing file. The file is either named by name, or specified as a file object fileobj with a file descriptor. If given, arcname specifies an alternative name for the file in the archive, otherwise, the name is taken from fileobj’snameattribute, or the name argument.You can modify some of the
TarInfo’s attributes before you add it usingaddfile(). If the file object is not an ordinary file object positioned at the beginning of the file, attributes such assizemay need modifying. This is the case for objects such asGzipFile. Thenamemay also be modified, in which case arcname could be a dummy string.
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TarFile.close()¶ Close the
TarFile. In write mode, two finishing zero blocks are appended to the archive.
-
TarFile.posix¶ Setting this to
Trueis equivalent to setting theformatattribute toUSTAR_FORMAT,Falseis equivalent toGNU_FORMAT.Changed in version 2.4: posix defaults to
False.Deprecated since version 2.6: Use the
formatattribute instead.
-
TarFile.pax_headers¶ A dictionary containing key-value pairs of pax global headers.
New in version 2.6.
12.5.2. TarInfo Objects¶
A TarInfo object represents one member in a TarFile. Aside
from storing all required attributes of a file (like file type, size, time,
permissions, owner etc.), it provides some useful methods to determine its type.
It does not contain the file’s data itself.
TarInfo objects are returned by TarFile‘s methods
getmember(), getmembers() and gettarinfo().
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TarInfo.frombuf(buf)¶ Create and return a
TarInfoobject from string buffer buf.New in version 2.6: Raises
HeaderErrorif the buffer is invalid..
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TarInfo.fromtarfile(tarfile)¶ Read the next member from the
TarFileobject tarfile and return it as aTarInfoobject.New in version 2.6.
-
TarInfo.tobuf(format=DEFAULT_FORMAT, encoding=ENCODING, errors='strict')¶ Create a string buffer from a
TarInfoobject. For information on the arguments see the constructor of theTarFileclass.Changed in version 2.6: The arguments were added.
A TarInfo object has the following public data attributes:
-
TarInfo.name¶ Name of the archive member.
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TarInfo.size¶ Size in bytes.
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TarInfo.mtime¶ Time of last modification.
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TarInfo.mode¶ Permission bits.
-
TarInfo.type¶ File type. type is usually one of these constants:
REGTYPE,AREGTYPE,LNKTYPE,SYMTYPE,DIRTYPE,FIFOTYPE,CONTTYPE,CHRTYPE,BLKTYPE,GNUTYPE_SPARSE. To determine the type of aTarInfoobject more conveniently, use theis*()methods below.
-
TarInfo.linkname¶ Name of the target file name, which is only present in
TarInfoobjects of typeLNKTYPEandSYMTYPE.
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TarInfo.uid¶ User ID of the user who originally stored this member.
-
TarInfo.gid¶ Group ID of the user who originally stored this member.
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TarInfo.uname¶ User name.
-
TarInfo.gname¶ Group name.
-
TarInfo.pax_headers¶ A dictionary containing key-value pairs of an associated pax extended header.
New in version 2.6.
A TarInfo object also provides some convenient query methods:
12.5.3. Examples¶
How to extract an entire tar archive to the current working directory:
import tarfile
tar = tarfile.open("sample.tar.gz")
tar.extractall()
tar.close()
How to extract a subset of a tar archive with TarFile.extractall() using
a generator function instead of a list:
import os
import tarfile
def py_files(members):
for tarinfo in members:
if os.path.splitext(tarinfo.name)[1] == ".py":
yield tarinfo
tar = tarfile.open("sample.tar.gz")
tar.extractall(members=py_files(tar))
tar.close()
How to create an uncompressed tar archive from a list of filenames:
import tarfile
tar = tarfile.open("sample.tar", "w")
for name in ["foo", "bar", "quux"]:
tar.add(name)
tar.close()
The same example using the with statement:
import tarfile
with tarfile.open("sample.tar", "w") as tar:
for name in ["foo", "bar", "quux"]:
tar.add(name)
How to read a gzip compressed tar archive and display some member information:
import tarfile
tar = tarfile.open("sample.tar.gz", "r:gz")
for tarinfo in tar:
print tarinfo.name, "is", tarinfo.size, "bytes in size and is",
if tarinfo.isreg():
print "a regular file."
elif tarinfo.isdir():
print "a directory."
else:
print "something else."
tar.close()
How to create an archive and reset the user information using the filter
parameter in TarFile.add():
import tarfile
def reset(tarinfo):
tarinfo.uid = tarinfo.gid = 0
tarinfo.uname = tarinfo.gname = "root"
return tarinfo
tar = tarfile.open("sample.tar.gz", "w:gz")
tar.add("foo", filter=reset)
tar.close()
12.5.4. Supported tar formats¶
There are three tar formats that can be created with the tarfile module:
The POSIX.1-1988 ustar format (
USTAR_FORMAT). It supports filenames up to a length of at best 256 characters and linknames up to 100 characters. The maximum file size is 8 gigabytes. This is an old and limited but widely supported format.The GNU tar format (
GNU_FORMAT). It supports long filenames and linknames, files bigger than 8 gigabytes and sparse files. It is the de facto standard on GNU/Linux systems.tarfilefully supports the GNU tar extensions for long names, sparse file support is read-only.The POSIX.1-2001 pax format (
PAX_FORMAT). It is the most flexible format with virtually no limits. It supports long filenames and linknames, large files and stores pathnames in a portable way. However, not all tar implementations today are able to handle pax archives properly.The pax format is an extension to the existing ustar format. It uses extra headers for information that cannot be stored otherwise. There are two flavours of pax headers: Extended headers only affect the subsequent file header, global headers are valid for the complete archive and affect all following files. All the data in a pax header is encoded in UTF-8 for portability reasons.
There are some more variants of the tar format which can be read, but not created:
- The ancient V7 format. This is the first tar format from Unix Seventh Edition, storing only regular files and directories. Names must not be longer than 100 characters, there is no user/group name information. Some archives have miscalculated header checksums in case of fields with non-ASCII characters.
- The SunOS tar extended format. This format is a variant of the POSIX.1-2001 pax format, but is not compatible.
12.5.5. Unicode issues¶
The tar format was originally conceived to make backups on tape drives with the main focus on preserving file system information. Nowadays tar archives are commonly used for file distribution and exchanging archives over networks. One problem of the original format (that all other formats are merely variants of) is that there is no concept of supporting different character encodings. For example, an ordinary tar archive created on a UTF-8 system cannot be read correctly on a Latin-1 system if it contains non-ASCII characters. Names (i.e. filenames, linknames, user/group names) containing these characters will appear damaged. Unfortunately, there is no way to autodetect the encoding of an archive.
The pax format was designed to solve this problem. It stores non-ASCII names using the universal character encoding UTF-8. When a pax archive is read, these UTF-8 names are converted to the encoding of the local file system.
The details of unicode conversion are controlled by the encoding and errors
keyword arguments of the TarFile class.
The default value for encoding is the local character encoding. It is deduced
from sys.getfilesystemencoding() and sys.getdefaultencoding(). In
read mode, encoding is used exclusively to convert unicode names from a pax
archive to strings in the local character encoding. In write mode, the use of
encoding depends on the chosen archive format. In case of PAX_FORMAT,
input names that contain non-ASCII characters need to be decoded before being
stored as UTF-8 strings. The other formats do not make use of encoding
unless unicode objects are used as input names. These are converted to 8-bit
character strings before they are added to the archive.
The errors argument defines how characters are treated that cannot be
converted to or from encoding. Possible values are listed in section
Codec Base Classes. In read mode, there is an additional scheme
'utf-8' which means that bad characters are replaced by their UTF-8
representation. This is the default scheme. In write mode the default value for
errors is 'strict' to ensure that name information is not altered
unnoticed.
