The pageinspect module provides functions that allow you to
  inspect the contents of database pages at a low level, which is useful for
  debugging purposes.  All of these functions may be used only by superusers.
 
get_raw_page(relname text, fork text, blkno int) returns bytea
     
    
      get_raw_page reads the specified block of the named
      relation and returns a copy as a bytea value.  This allows a
      single time-consistent copy of the block to be obtained.
      fork should be 'main' for
      the main data fork, 'fsm' for the free space map,
      'vm' for the visibility map, or 'init'
      for the initialization fork.
     
get_raw_page(relname text, blkno int) returns bytea
    
      A shorthand version of get_raw_page, for reading
      from the main fork.  Equivalent to
      get_raw_page(relname, 'main', blkno)
     
page_header(page bytea) returns record
     
    
      page_header shows fields that are common to all
      PostgreSQL heap and index pages.
     
      A page image obtained with get_raw_page should be
      passed as argument.  For example:
test=# SELECT * FROM page_header(get_raw_page('pg_class', 0));
    lsn    | checksum | flags  | lower | upper | special | pagesize | version | prune_xid
-----------+----------+--------+-------+-------+---------+----------+---------+-----------
 0/24A1B50 |        0 |      1 |   232 |   368 |    8192 |     8192 |       4 |         0
      The returned columns correspond to the fields in the
      PageHeaderData struct.
      See src/include/storage/bufpage.h for details.
     
      The checksum field is the checksum stored in
      the page, which might be incorrect if the page is somehow corrupted.  If
      data checksums are not enabled for this instance, then the value stored
      is meaningless.
     
page_checksum(page bytea, blkno int4) returns smallint
     
    
      page_checksum computes the checksum for the page, as if
      it was located at the given block.
     
      A page image obtained with get_raw_page should be
      passed as argument.  For example:
test=# SELECT page_checksum(get_raw_page('pg_class', 0), 0);
 page_checksum
---------------
         13443
Note that the checksum depends on the block number, so matching block numbers should be passed (except when doing esoteric debugging).
      The checksum computed with this function can be compared with
      the checksum result field of the
      function page_header.  If data checksums are
      enabled for this instance, then the two values should be equal.
     
heap_page_items(page bytea) returns setof record
     
    
      heap_page_items shows all line pointers on a heap
      page.  For those line pointers that are in use, tuple headers as well
      as tuple raw data are also shown. All tuples are shown, whether or not
      the tuples were visible to an MVCC snapshot at the time the raw page
      was copied.
     
      A heap page image obtained with get_raw_page should
      be passed as argument.  For example:
test=# SELECT * FROM heap_page_items(get_raw_page('pg_class', 0));
      See src/include/storage/itemid.h and
      src/include/access/htup_details.h for explanations of the fields
      returned.
     
tuple_data_split(rel_oid, t_data bytea, t_infomask integer, t_infomask2 integer, t_bits text [, do_detoast bool]) returns bytea[]
     
    
      tuple_data_split splits tuple data into attributes
      in the same way as backend internals.
test=# SELECT tuple_data_split('pg_class'::regclass, t_data, t_infomask, t_infomask2, t_bits) FROM heap_page_items(get_raw_page('pg_class', 0));
      This function should be called with the same arguments as the return
      attributes of heap_page_items.
     
      If do_detoast is true,
      attribute that will be detoasted as needed. Default value is
      false.
     
heap_page_item_attrs(rel_oid, t_data bytea, [, do_detoast bool]) returns bytea[]
     
    
      heap_page_item_attrs is equivalent to
      heap_page_items except that it returns
      tuple raw data as an array of attributes that can optionally
      be detoasted by do_detoast which is
      false by default.
     
      A heap page image obtained with get_raw_page should
      be passed as argument.  For example:
test=# SELECT * FROM heap_page_item_attrs(get_raw_page('pg_class', 0), 'pg_class'::regclass);
fsm_page_contents(page bytea) returns text
     
    
      fsm_page_contents shows the internal node structure
      of a FSM page. The output is a multiline string, with one line per
      node in the binary tree within the page. Only those nodes that are not
      zero are printed. The so-called "next" pointer, which points to the
      next slot to be returned from the page, is also printed.
     
      See src/backend/storage/freespace/README for more
      information on the structure of an FSM page.
     
bt_metap(relname text) returns record
     
    
      bt_metap returns information about a B-tree
      index's metapage.  For example:
test=# SELECT * FROM bt_metap('pg_cast_oid_index');
-[ RECORD 1 ]-----------+-------
magic                   | 340322
version                 | 3
root                    | 1
level                   | 0
fastroot                | 1
fastlevel               | 0
oldest_xact             | 582
last_cleanup_num_tuples | 1000
bt_page_stats(relname text, blkno int) returns record
     
    
      bt_page_stats returns summary information about
      single pages of B-tree indexes.  For example:
test=# SELECT * FROM bt_page_stats('pg_cast_oid_index', 1);
-[ RECORD 1 ]-+-----
blkno         | 1
type          | l
live_items    | 256
dead_items    | 0
avg_item_size | 12
page_size     | 8192
free_size     | 4056
btpo_prev     | 0
btpo_next     | 0
btpo          | 0
btpo_flags    | 3
bt_page_items(relname text, blkno int) returns setof record
     
    
      bt_page_items returns detailed information about
      all of the items on a B-tree index page.  For example:
test=# SELECT * FROM bt_page_items('pg_cast_oid_index', 1);
 itemoffset |  ctid   | itemlen | nulls | vars |    data
------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------
          1 | (0,1)   |      12 | f     | f    | 23 27 00 00
          2 | (0,2)   |      12 | f     | f    | 24 27 00 00
          3 | (0,3)   |      12 | f     | f    | 25 27 00 00
          4 | (0,4)   |      12 | f     | f    | 26 27 00 00
          5 | (0,5)   |      12 | f     | f    | 27 27 00 00
          6 | (0,6)   |      12 | f     | f    | 28 27 00 00
          7 | (0,7)   |      12 | f     | f    | 29 27 00 00
          8 | (0,8)   |      12 | f     | f    | 2a 27 00 00
      In a B-tree leaf page, ctid points to a heap tuple.
      In an internal page, the block number part of ctid
      points to another page in the index itself, while the offset part
      (the second number) is ignored and is usually 1.
     
      Note that the first item on any non-rightmost page (any page with
      a non-zero value in the btpo_next field) is the
      page's “high key”, meaning its data
      serves as an upper bound on all items appearing on the page, while
      its ctid field is meaningless.  Also, on non-leaf
      pages, the first real data item (the first item that is not a high
      key) is a “minus infinity” item, with no actual value
      in its data field.  Such an item does have a valid
      downlink in its ctid field, however.
     
bt_page_items(page bytea) returns setof record
     
    
      It is also possible to pass a page to bt_page_items
      as a bytea value.  A page image obtained
      with get_raw_page should be passed as argument.  So
      the last example could also be rewritten like this:
test=# SELECT * FROM bt_page_items(get_raw_page('pg_cast_oid_index', 1));
 itemoffset |  ctid   | itemlen | nulls | vars |    data
------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------
          1 | (0,1)   |      12 | f     | f    | 23 27 00 00
          2 | (0,2)   |      12 | f     | f    | 24 27 00 00
          3 | (0,3)   |      12 | f     | f    | 25 27 00 00
          4 | (0,4)   |      12 | f     | f    | 26 27 00 00
          5 | (0,5)   |      12 | f     | f    | 27 27 00 00
          6 | (0,6)   |      12 | f     | f    | 28 27 00 00
          7 | (0,7)   |      12 | f     | f    | 29 27 00 00
          8 | (0,8)   |      12 | f     | f    | 2a 27 00 00
All the other details are the same as explained in the previous item.
brin_page_type(page bytea) returns text
     
    
      brin_page_type returns the page type of the given
      BRIN index page, or throws an error if the page is
      not a valid BRIN page.  For example:
test=# SELECT brin_page_type(get_raw_page('brinidx', 0));
 brin_page_type 
----------------
 meta
brin_metapage_info(page bytea) returns record
     
    
      brin_metapage_info returns assorted information
      about a BRIN index metapage.  For example:
test=# SELECT * FROM brin_metapage_info(get_raw_page('brinidx', 0));
   magic    | version | pagesperrange | lastrevmappage 
------------+---------+---------------+----------------
 0xA8109CFA |       1 |             4 |              2
brin_revmap_data(page bytea) returns setof tid
     
    
      brin_revmap_data returns the list of tuple
      identifiers in a BRIN index range map page.
      For example:
test=# SELECT * FROM brin_revmap_data(get_raw_page('brinidx', 2)) LIMIT 5;
  pages  
---------
 (6,137)
 (6,138)
 (6,139)
 (6,140)
 (6,141)
brin_page_items(page bytea, index oid) returns setof record
     
    
      brin_page_items returns the data stored in the
      BRIN data page.  For example:
test=# SELECT * FROM brin_page_items(get_raw_page('brinidx', 5),
                                     'brinidx')
       ORDER BY blknum, attnum LIMIT 6;
 itemoffset | blknum | attnum | allnulls | hasnulls | placeholder |    value     
------------+--------+--------+----------+----------+-------------+--------------
        137 |      0 |      1 | t        | f        | f           | 
        137 |      0 |      2 | f        | f        | f           | {1 .. 88}
        138 |      4 |      1 | t        | f        | f           | 
        138 |      4 |      2 | f        | f        | f           | {89 .. 176}
        139 |      8 |      1 | t        | f        | f           | 
        139 |      8 |      2 | f        | f        | f           | {177 .. 264}
      The returned columns correspond to the fields in the
      BrinMemTuple and BrinValues structs.
      See src/include/access/brin_tuple.h for details.
     
gin_metapage_info(page bytea) returns record
     
    
      gin_metapage_info returns information about
      a GIN index metapage.  For example:
test=# SELECT * FROM gin_metapage_info(get_raw_page('gin_index', 0));
-[ RECORD 1 ]----+-----------
pending_head     | 4294967295
pending_tail     | 4294967295
tail_free_size   | 0
n_pending_pages  | 0
n_pending_tuples | 0
n_total_pages    | 7
n_entry_pages    | 6
n_data_pages     | 0
n_entries        | 693
version          | 2
gin_page_opaque_info(page bytea) returns record
     
    
      gin_page_opaque_info returns information about
      a GIN index opaque area, like the page type.
      For example:
test=# SELECT * FROM gin_page_opaque_info(get_raw_page('gin_index', 2));
 rightlink | maxoff |         flags
-----------+--------+------------------------
         5 |      0 | {data,leaf,compressed}
(1 row)
gin_leafpage_items(page bytea) returns setof record
     
    
      gin_leafpage_items returns information about
      the data stored in a GIN leaf page.  For example:
test=# SELECT first_tid, nbytes, tids[0:5] AS some_tids
        FROM gin_leafpage_items(get_raw_page('gin_test_idx', 2));
 first_tid | nbytes |                        some_tids
-----------+--------+----------------------------------------------------------
 (8,41)    |    244 | {"(8,41)","(8,43)","(8,44)","(8,45)","(8,46)"}
 (10,45)   |    248 | {"(10,45)","(10,46)","(10,47)","(10,48)","(10,49)"}
 (12,52)   |    248 | {"(12,52)","(12,53)","(12,54)","(12,55)","(12,56)"}
 (14,59)   |    320 | {"(14,59)","(14,60)","(14,61)","(14,62)","(14,63)"}
 (167,16)  |    376 | {"(167,16)","(167,17)","(167,18)","(167,19)","(167,20)"}
 (170,30)  |    376 | {"(170,30)","(170,31)","(170,32)","(170,33)","(170,34)"}
 (173,44)  |    197 | {"(173,44)","(173,45)","(173,46)","(173,47)","(173,48)"}
(7 rows)
hash_page_type(page bytea) returns text
     
    
      hash_page_type returns page type of
      the given HASH index page.  For example:
test=# SELECT hash_page_type(get_raw_page('con_hash_index', 0));
 hash_page_type 
----------------
 metapage
hash_page_stats(page bytea) returns setof record
     
    
      hash_page_stats returns information about
      a bucket or overflow page of a HASH index.
      For example:
test=# SELECT * FROM hash_page_stats(get_raw_page('con_hash_index', 1));
-[ RECORD 1 ]---+-----------
live_items      | 407
dead_items      | 0
page_size       | 8192
free_size       | 8
hasho_prevblkno | 4096
hasho_nextblkno | 8474
hasho_bucket    | 0
hasho_flag      | 66
hasho_page_id   | 65408
hash_page_items(page bytea) returns setof record
     
    
      hash_page_items returns information about
      the data stored in a bucket or overflow page of a HASH
      index page.  For example:
test=# SELECT * FROM hash_page_items(get_raw_page('con_hash_index', 1)) LIMIT 5;
 itemoffset |   ctid    |    data    
------------+-----------+------------
          1 | (899,77)  | 1053474816
          2 | (897,29)  | 1053474816
          3 | (894,207) | 1053474816
          4 | (892,159) | 1053474816
          5 | (890,111) | 1053474816
hash_bitmap_info(index oid, blkno int) returns record
     
    
      hash_bitmap_info shows the status of a bit
      in the bitmap page for a particular overflow page of HASH
      index. For example:
test=# SELECT * FROM hash_bitmap_info('con_hash_index', 2052);
 bitmapblkno | bitmapbit | bitstatus 
-------------+-----------+-----------
          65 |         3 | t
hash_metapage_info(page bytea) returns record
     
    
      hash_metapage_info returns information stored
      in meta page of a HASH index.  For example:
test=# SELECT magic, version, ntuples, ffactor, bsize, bmsize, bmshift,
test-#     maxbucket, highmask, lowmask, ovflpoint, firstfree, nmaps, procid,
test-#     regexp_replace(spares::text, '(,0)*}', '}') as spares,
test-#     regexp_replace(mapp::text, '(,0)*}', '}') as mapp
test-# FROM hash_metapage_info(get_raw_page('con_hash_index', 0));
-[ RECORD 1 ]-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
spares    | {0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,3,4,4,4,45,55,58,59,508,567,628,704,1193,1202,1204}
magic     | 105121344
version   | 3
ntuples   | 500500
ffactor   | 40
bsize     | 8152
bmsize    | 4096
bmshift   | 15
maxbucket | 12512
highmask  | 16383
lowmask   | 8191
ovflpoint | 28
firstfree | 1204
nmaps     | 1
procid    | 450
spares    | {0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,3,4,4,4,45,55,58,59,508,567,628,704,1193,1202,1204}
mapp      | {65}