Hello, World! - The Rust Programming Language

## Hello, World!

Now that you’ve installed Rust, let’s write your first Rust program. It’s traditional when learning a new language to write a little program that prints the text `Hello, world!` to the screen, so we’ll do the same here!

> Note: This book assumes basic familiarity with the command line. Rust makes no specific demands about your editing or tooling or where your code lives, so if you prefer to use an integrated development environment (IDE) instead of the command line, feel free to use your favorite IDE. Many IDEs now have some degree of Rust support; check the IDE’s documentation for details. Recently, the Rust team has been focusing on enabling great IDE support, and progress has been made rapidly on that front!

### Creating a Project Directory

You’ll start by making a directory to store your Rust code. It doesn’t matter to Rust where your code lives, but for the exercises and projects in this book, we suggest making a projects directory in your home directory and keeping all your projects there.

Open a terminal and enter the following commands to make a projects directory and a directory for the Hello, world! project within the projects directory.

For Linux and macOS, enter this:

    $ mkdir ~/projects
    $ cd ~/projects
    $ mkdir hello_world
    $ cd hello_world

For Windows CMD, enter this:

    > mkdir "%USERPROFILE%\projects"
    > cd /d "%USERPROFILE%\projects"
    > mkdir hello_world
    > cd hello_world

For Windows PowerShell, enter this:

    > mkdir $env:USERPROFILE\projects
    > cd $env:USERPROFILE\projects
    > mkdir hello_world
    > cd hello_world

### Writing and Running a Rust Program

Next, make a new source file and call it main.rs. Rust files always end with the .rs extension. If you’re using more than one word in your filename, use an underscore to separate them. For example, use hello_world.rs rather than helloworld.rs.

Now open the main.rs file you just created and enter the code in Listing 1-1.

Filename: main.rs

    fn main() {
        println!("Hello, world!");
    }

Listing 1-1: A program that prints `Hello, world!`

Save the file and go back to your terminal window. On Linux or macOS, enter the following commands to compile and run the file:

    $ rustc main.rs
    $ ./main
    Hello, world!

On Windows, enter the command `.\main.exe` instead of `./main`:

    > rustc main.rs
    > .\main.exe
    Hello, world!

Regardless of your operating system, the string `Hello, world!` should print to the terminal. If you don’t see this output, refer back to the “Troubleshooting” part of the Installation section for ways to get help.

If `Hello, world!` did print, congratulations! You’ve officially written a Rust program. That makes you a Rust programmer—welcome!

### Anatomy of a Rust Program

Let’s review in detail what just happened in your Hello, world! program. Here’s the first piece of the puzzle:

    fn main() {

    }

These lines define a function in Rust. The `main` function is special: it is always the first code that runs in every executable Rust program. The first line declares a function named `main` that has no parameters and returns nothing. If there were parameters, they would go inside the parentheses, `()`.

Also, note that the function body is wrapped in curly brackets, `{}`. Rust requires these around all function bodies. It’s good style to place the opening curly bracket on the same line as the function declaration, adding one space in between.

At the time of this writing, an automatic formatter tool called `rustfmt` is under development. If you want to stick to a standard style across Rust projects, `rustfmt` will format your code in a particular style. The Rust team plans to eventually include this tool with the standard Rust distribution, like `rustc`. So depending on when you read this book, it might already be installed on your computer! Check the online documentation for more details.

Inside the `main` function is the following code:

    # #![allow(unused_variables)]
    #fn main() {
        println!("Hello, world!");
    #}

This line does all the work in this little program: it prints text to the screen. There are four important details to notice here. First, Rust style is to indent with four spaces, not a tab.

Second, `println!` calls a Rust macro. If it called a function instead, it would be entered as `println` (without the `!`). We’ll discuss Rust macros in more detail in Chapter 19. For now, you just need to know that using a `!` means that you’re calling a macro instead of a normal function.

Third, you see the `"Hello, world!"` string. We pass this string as an argument to `println!`, and the string is printed to the screen.

Fourth, we end the line with a semicolon (`;`), which indicates that this expression is over and the next one is ready to begin. Most lines of Rust code end with a semicolon.

### Compiling and Running Are Separate Steps

You’ve just run a newly created program, so let’s examine each step in the process.

Before running a Rust program, you must compile it using the Rust compiler by entering the `rustc` command and passing it the name of your source file, like this:

    $ rustc main.rs

If you have a C or C++ background, you’ll notice that this is similar to `gcc` or `clang`. After compiling successfully, Rust outputs a binary executable.

On Linux and macOS you can see the executable by entering the `ls` command in your shell as follows:

    $ ls
    main  main.rs

With PowerShell on Windows, you can use `ls` as well, but you’ll see three files:

    > ls

        Directory: Path:\to\the\project

    Mode                LastWriteTime         Length Name
    ----                -------------         ------ ----
    -a----         6/1/2018   7:31 AM         137728 main.exe
    -a----         6/1/2018   7:31 AM        1454080 main.pdb
    -a----         6/1/2018   7:31 AM             14 main.rs

With CMD on Windows, you would enter the following:

    > dir /B %= the /B option says to only show the file names =%
    main.exe
    main.pdb
    main.rs

This shows the source code file with the .rs extension, the executable file (main.exe on Windows, but main on all other platforms), and, when using CMD, a file containing debugging information with the .pdb extension. From here, you run the main or main.exe file, like this:

    $ ./main # or .\main.exe on Windows

If main.rs was your Hello, world! program, this line would print `Hello, world!` to your terminal.

If you’re more familiar with a dynamic language, such as Ruby, Python, or JavaScript, you might not be used to compiling and running a program as separate steps. Rust is an ahead-of-time compiled language, meaning you can compile a program and give the executable to someone else, and they can run it even without having Rust installed. If you give someone a .rb, .py, or .js file, they need to have a Ruby, Python, or JavaScript implementation installed (respectively). But in those languages, you only need one command to compile and run your program. Everything is a trade-off in language design.

Just compiling with `rustc` is fine for simple programs, but as your project grows, you’ll want to manage all the options and make it easy to share your code. Next, we’ll introduce you to the Cargo tool, which will help you write real-world Rust programs.