Erlang -- Robustness

Getting Started with Erlang

User's Guide

Version 10.6

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### Chapters

- Introduction
  - Top of chapter
  - Prerequisites
  - Omitted Topics
- Sequential Programming
  - Top of chapter
  - The Erlang Shell
  - Modules and Functions
  - Atoms
  - Tuples
  - Lists
  - Maps
  - Standard Modules and Manual Pages
  - Writing Output to a Terminal
  - A Larger Example
  - Matching, Guards, and Scope of Variables
  - More About Lists
  - If and Case
  - Built-In Functions (BIFs)
  - Higher-Order Functions (Funs)
- Concurrent Programming
  - Top of chapter
  - Processes
  - Message Passing
  - Registered Process Names
  - Distributed Programming
  - A Larger Example
- Robustness
  - Top of chapter
  - Time-outs
  - Error Handling
  - The Larger Example with Robustness Added
- Records and Macros
  - Top of chapter
  - The Larger Example Divided into Several Files
  - Header Files
  - Records
  - Macros

# 4 Robustness

Several things are wrong with the messenger example in A Larger Example. For example, if a node where a user is logged on goes down without doing a logoff, the user remains in the server's User_List, but the client disappears. This makes it impossible for the user to log on again as the server thinks the user already is logged on.

Or what happens if the server goes down in the middle of sending a message, leaving the sending client hanging forever in the await_result function?

### 4.1 Time-outs

Before improving the messenger program, let us look at some general principles, using the ping pong program as an example. Recall that when "ping" finishes, it tells "pong" that it has done so by sending the atom finished as a message to "pong" so that "pong" can also finish. Another way to let "pong" finish is to make "pong" exit if it does not receive a message from ping within a certain time. This can be done by adding a time-out to pong as shown in the following example:

    -module(tut19).

    -export([start_ping/1, start_pong/0,  ping/2, pong/0]).

    ping(0, Pong_Node) ->
        io:format("ping finished~n", []);

    ping(N, Pong_Node) ->
        {pong, Pong_Node} ! {ping, self()},
        receive
            pong ->
                io:format("Ping received pong~n", [])
        end,
        ping(N - 1, Pong_Node).

    pong() ->
        receive
            {ping, Ping_PID} ->
                io:format("Pong received ping~n", []),
                Ping_PID ! pong,
                pong()
        after 5000 ->
                io:format("Pong timed out~n", [])
        end.

    start_pong() ->
        register(pong, spawn(tut19, pong, [])).

    start_ping(Pong_Node) ->
        spawn(tut19, ping, [3, Pong_Node]).

After this is compiled and the file tut19.beam is copied to the necessary directories, the following is seen on (pong@kosken):

    (pong@kosken)1> tut19:start_pong().
    true
    Pong received ping
    Pong received ping
    Pong received ping
    Pong timed out

And the following is seen on (ping@gollum):

    (ping@gollum)1> tut19:start_ping(pong@kosken).
    <0.36.0>
    Ping received pong
    Ping received pong
    Ping received pong
    ping finished

The time-out is set in:

    pong() ->
        receive
            {ping, Ping_PID} ->
                io:format("Pong received ping~n", []),
                Ping_PID ! pong,
                pong()
        after 5000 ->
                io:format("Pong timed out~n", [])
        end.

The time-out (after 5000) is started when receive is entered. The time-out is canceled if {ping,Ping_PID} is received. If {ping,Ping_PID} is not received, the actions following the time-out are done after 5000 milliseconds. after must be last in the receive, that is, preceded by all other message reception specifications in the receive. It is also possible to call a function that returned an integer for the time-out:

    after pong_timeout() ->

In general, there are better ways than using time-outs to supervise parts of a distributed Erlang system. Time-outs are usually appropriate to supervise external events, for example, if you have expected a message from some external system within a specified time. For example, a time-out can be used to log a user out of the messenger system if they have not accessed it for, say, ten minutes.

### 4.2 Error Handling

Before going into details of the supervision and error handling in an Erlang system, let us see how Erlang processes terminate, or in Erlang terminology, exit.

A process which executes exit(normal) or simply runs out of things to do has a normal exit.

A process which encounters a runtime error (for example, divide by zero, bad match, trying to call a function that does not exist and so on) exits with an error, that is, has an abnormal exit. A process which executes exit(Reason) where Reason is any Erlang term except the atom normal, also has an abnormal exit.

An Erlang process can set up links to other Erlang processes. If a process calls link(Other_Pid) it sets up a bidirectional link between itself and the process called Other_Pid. When a process terminates, it sends something called a signal to all the processes it has links to.

The signal carries information about the pid it was sent from and the exit reason.

The default behaviour of a process that receives a normal exit is to ignore the signal.

The default behaviour in the two other cases (that is, abnormal exit) above is to:

- Bypass all messages to the receiving process.
- Kill the receiving process.
- Propagate the same error signal to the links of the killed process.

In this way you can connect all processes in a transaction together using links. If one of the processes exits abnormally, all the processes in the transaction are killed. As it is often wanted to create a process and link to it at the same time, there is a special BIF, spawn_link that does the same as spawn, but also creates a link to the spawned process.

Now an example of the ping pong example using links to terminate "pong":

    -module(tut20).

    -export([start/1,  ping/2, pong/0]).

    ping(N, Pong_Pid) ->
        link(Pong_Pid),
        ping1(N, Pong_Pid).

    ping1(0, _) ->
        exit(ping);

    ping1(N, Pong_Pid) ->
        Pong_Pid ! {ping, self()},
        receive
            pong ->
                io:format("Ping received pong~n", [])
        end,
        ping1(N - 1, Pong_Pid).

    pong() ->
        receive
            {ping, Ping_PID} ->
                io:format("Pong received ping~n", []),
                Ping_PID ! pong,
                pong()
        end.

    start(Ping_Node) ->
        PongPID = spawn(tut20, pong, []),
        spawn(Ping_Node, tut20, ping, [3, PongPID]).

    (s1@bill)3> tut20:start(s2@kosken).
    Pong received ping
    <3820.41.0>
    Ping received pong
    Pong received ping
    Ping received pong
    Pong received ping
    Ping received pong

This is a slight modification of the ping pong program where both processes are spawned from the same start/1 function, and the "ping" process can be spawned on a separate node. Notice the use of the link BIF. "Ping" calls exit(ping) when it finishes and this causes an exit signal to be sent to "pong", which also terminates.

It is possible to modify the default behaviour of a process so that it does not get killed when it receives abnormal exit signals. Instead, all signals are turned into normal messages on the format {'EXIT',FromPID,Reason} and added to the end of the receiving process' message queue. This behaviour is set by:

    process_flag(trap_exit, true)

There are several other process flags, see erlang(3). Changing the default behaviour of a process in this way is usually not done in standard user programs, but is left to the supervisory programs in OTP. However, the ping pong program is modified to illustrate exit trapping.

    -module(tut21).

    -export([start/1,  ping/2, pong/0]).

    ping(N, Pong_Pid) ->
        link(Pong_Pid),
        ping1(N, Pong_Pid).

    ping1(0, _) ->
        exit(ping);

    ping1(N, Pong_Pid) ->
        Pong_Pid ! {ping, self()},
        receive
            pong ->
                io:format("Ping received pong~n", [])
        end,
        ping1(N - 1, Pong_Pid).

    pong() ->
        process_flag(trap_exit, true),
        pong1().

    pong1() ->
        receive
            {ping, Ping_PID} ->
                io:format("Pong received ping~n", []),
                Ping_PID ! pong,
                pong1();
            {'EXIT', From, Reason} ->
                io:format("pong exiting, got ~p~n", [{'EXIT', From, Reason}])
        end.

    start(Ping_Node) ->
        PongPID = spawn(tut21, pong, []),
        spawn(Ping_Node, tut21, ping, [3, PongPID]).

    (s1@bill)1> tut21:start(s2@gollum).
    <3820.39.0>
    Pong received ping
    Ping received pong
    Pong received ping
    Ping received pong
    Pong received ping
    Ping received pong
    pong exiting, got {'EXIT',<3820.39.0>,ping}

### 4.3 The Larger Example with Robustness Added

Let us return to the messenger program and add changes to make it more robust:

    %%% Message passing utility.
    %%% User interface:
    %%% login(Name)
    %%%     One user at a time can log in from each Erlang node in the
    %%%     system messenger: and choose a suitable Name. If the Name
    %%%     is already logged in at another node or if someone else is
    %%%     already logged in at the same node, login will be rejected
    %%%     with a suitable error message.
    %%% logoff()
    %%%     Logs off anybody at that node
    %%% message(ToName, Message)
    %%%     sends Message to ToName. Error messages if the user of this
    %%%     function is not logged on or if ToName is not logged on at
    %%%     any node.
    %%%
    %%% One node in the network of Erlang nodes runs a server which maintains
    %%% data about the logged on users. The server is registered as "messenger"
    %%% Each node where there is a user logged on runs a client process registered
    %%% as "mess_client"
    %%%
    %%% Protocol between the client processes and the server
    %%% ----------------------------------------------------
    %%%
    %%% To server: {ClientPid, logon, UserName}
    %%% Reply {messenger, stop, user_exists_at_other_node} stops the client
    %%% Reply {messenger, logged_on} logon was successful
    %%%
    %%% When the client terminates for some reason
    %%% To server: {'EXIT', ClientPid, Reason}
    %%%
    %%% To server: {ClientPid, message_to, ToName, Message} send a message
    %%% Reply: {messenger, stop, you_are_not_logged_on} stops the client
    %%% Reply: {messenger, receiver_not_found} no user with this name logged on
    %%% Reply: {messenger, sent} Message has been sent (but no guarantee)
    %%%
    %%% To client: {message_from, Name, Message},
    %%%
    %%% Protocol between the "commands" and the client
    %%% ----------------------------------------------
    %%%
    %%% Started: messenger:client(Server_Node, Name)
    %%% To client: logoff
    %%% To client: {message_to, ToName, Message}
    %%%
    %%% Configuration: change the server_node() function to return the
    %%% name of the node where the messenger server runs

    -module(messenger).
    -export([start_server/0, server/0,
             logon/1, logoff/0, message/2, client/2]).

    %%% Change the function below to return the name of the node where the
    %%% messenger server runs
    server_node() ->
        messenger@super.

    %%% This is the server process for the "messenger"
    %%% the user list has the format [{ClientPid1, Name1},{ClientPid22, Name2},...]
    server() ->
        process_flag(trap_exit, true),
        server([]).

    server(User_List) ->
        receive
            {From, logon, Name} ->
                New_User_List = server_logon(From, Name, User_List),
                server(New_User_List);
            {'EXIT', From, _} ->
                New_User_List = server_logoff(From, User_List),
                server(New_User_List);
            {From, message_to, To, Message} ->
                server_transfer(From, To, Message, User_List),
                io:format("list is now: ~p~n", [User_List]),
                server(User_List)
        end.

    %%% Start the server
    start_server() ->
        register(messenger, spawn(messenger, server, [])).

    %%% Server adds a new user to the user list
    server_logon(From, Name, User_List) ->
        %% check if logged on anywhere else
        case lists:keymember(Name, 2, User_List) of
            true ->
                From ! {messenger, stop, user_exists_at_other_node},  %reject logon
                User_List;
            false ->
                From ! {messenger, logged_on},
                link(From),
                [{From, Name} | User_List]        %add user to the list
        end.

    %%% Server deletes a user from the user list
    server_logoff(From, User_List) ->
        lists:keydelete(From, 1, User_List).

    %%% Server transfers a message between user
    server_transfer(From, To, Message, User_List) ->
        %% check that the user is logged on and who he is
        case lists:keysearch(From, 1, User_List) of
            false ->
                From ! {messenger, stop, you_are_not_logged_on};
            {value, {_, Name}} ->
                server_transfer(From, Name, To, Message, User_List)
        end.

    %%% If the user exists, send the message
    server_transfer(From, Name, To, Message, User_List) ->
        %% Find the receiver and send the message
        case lists:keysearch(To, 2, User_List) of
            false ->
                From ! {messenger, receiver_not_found};
            {value, {ToPid, To}} ->
                ToPid ! {message_from, Name, Message},
                From ! {messenger, sent}
        end.

    %%% User Commands
    logon(Name) ->
        case whereis(mess_client) of
            undefined ->
                register(mess_client,
                         spawn(messenger, client, [server_node(), Name]));
            _ -> already_logged_on
        end.

    logoff() ->
        mess_client ! logoff.

    message(ToName, Message) ->
        case whereis(mess_client) of % Test if the client is running
            undefined ->
                not_logged_on;
            _ -> mess_client ! {message_to, ToName, Message},
                 ok
    end.

    %%% The client process which runs on each user node
    client(Server_Node, Name) ->
        {messenger, Server_Node} ! {self(), logon, Name},
        await_result(),
        client(Server_Node).

    client(Server_Node) ->
        receive
            logoff ->
                exit(normal);
            {message_to, ToName, Message} ->
                {messenger, Server_Node} ! {self(), message_to, ToName, Message},
                await_result();
            {message_from, FromName, Message} ->
                io:format("Message from ~p: ~p~n", [FromName, Message])
        end,
        client(Server_Node).

    %%% wait for a response from the server
    await_result() ->
        receive
            {messenger, stop, Why} -> % Stop the client
                io:format("~p~n", [Why]),
                exit(normal);
            {messenger, What} ->  % Normal response
                io:format("~p~n", [What])
        after 5000 ->
                io:format("No response from server~n", []),
                exit(timeout)
        end.

The following changes are added:

The messenger server traps exits. If it receives an exit signal, {'EXIT',From,Reason}, this means that a client process has terminated or is unreachable for one of the following reasons:

- The user has logged off (the "logoff" message is removed).
- The network connection to the client is broken.
- The node on which the client process resides has gone down.
- The client processes has done some illegal operation.

If an exit signal is received as above, the tuple {From,Name} is deleted from the servers User_List using the server_logoff function. If the node on which the server runs goes down, an exit signal (automatically generated by the system) is sent to all of the client processes: {'EXIT',MessengerPID,noconnection} causing all the client processes to terminate.

Also, a time-out of five seconds has been introduced in the await_result function. That is, if the server does not reply within five seconds (5000 ms), the client terminates. This is only needed in the logon sequence before the client and the server are linked.

An interesting case is if the client terminates before the server links to it. This is taken care of because linking to a non-existent process causes an exit signal, {'EXIT',From,noproc}, to be automatically generated. This is as if the process terminated immediately after the link operation.