External Tools - The Cargo Book

## External tools

One of the goals of Cargo is simple integration with third-party tools, like IDEs and other build systems. To make integration easier, Cargo has several facilities:

- a `cargo metadata` command, which outputs package structure and dependencies information in JSON,

- a `--message-format` flag, which outputs information about a particular build, and

- support for custom subcommands.

### Information about package structure

You can use `cargo metadata` command to get information about package structure and dependencies. The output of the command looks like this:

    {
      // Integer version number of the format.
      "version": integer,

      // List of packages for this workspace, including dependencies.
      "packages": [
        {
          // Opaque package identifier.
          "id": PackageId,

          "name": string,

          "version": string,

          "source": SourceId,

          // A list of declared dependencies, see `resolve` field for actual dependencies.
          "dependencies": [ Dependency ],

          "targets: [ Target ],

          // Path to Cargo.toml
          "manifest_path": string,
        }
      ],

      "workspace_members": [ PackageId ],

      // Dependencies graph.
      "resolve": {
         "nodes": [
           {
             "id": PackageId,
             "dependencies": [ PackageId ]
           }
         ]
      }
    }

The format is stable and versioned. When calling `cargo metadata`, you should pass `--format-version` flag explicitly to avoid forward incompatibility hazard.

If you are using Rust, there is cargo_metadata crate.

### Information about build

When passing `--message-format=json`, Cargo will output the following information during the build:

- compiler errors and warnings,

- produced artifacts,

- results of the build scripts (for example, native dependencies).

The output goes to stdout in the JSON object per line format. The `reason` field distinguishes different kinds of messages.

Information about dependencies in the Makefile-compatible format is stored in the `.d` files alongside the artifacts.

### Custom subcommands

Cargo is designed to be extensible with new subcommands without having to modify Cargo itself. This is achieved by translating a cargo invocation of the form cargo `(?<command>[^ ]+)` into an invocation of an external tool `cargo-${command}`. The external tool must be present in one of the user's `$PATH` directories.

When Cargo invokes a custom subcommand, the first argument to the subcommand will be the filename of the custom subcommand, as usual. The second argument will be the subcommand name itself. For example, the second argument would be `${command}` when invoking `cargo-${command}`. Any additional arguments on the command line will be forwarded unchanged.

Cargo can also display the help output of a custom subcommand with `cargo help ${command}`. Cargo assumes that the subcommand will print a help message if its third argument is `--help`. So, `cargo help ${command}` would invoke `cargo-${command} ${command} --help`.

Custom subcommands may use the `CARGO` environment variable to call back to Cargo. Alternatively, it can link to `cargo` crate as a library, but this approach has drawbacks:

- Cargo as a library is unstable: the API may change without deprecation

- versions of the linked Cargo library may be different from the Cargo binary