libvirt: Connection authentication
Description: libvirt, virtualization, virtualization API

# Connection authentication

When connecting to libvirt, some connections may require client authentication before allowing use of the APIs. The set of possible authentication mechanisms is administrator controlled, independent of applications using libvirt. Once authenticated, libvirt can apply fine grained access control to the operations performed by a client.

- Client configuration
- Server configuration
- UNIX socket permissions/group
- UNIX socket PolicyKit auth
- SASL pluggable authentication
  - Username/password auth
  - GSSAPI/Kerberos auth

## Client configuration

When connecting to a remote hypervisor which requires authentication, most libvirt applications will prompt the user for the credentials. It is also possible to provide a client configuration file containing all the authentication credentials, avoiding any interaction. Libvirt will look for the authentication file using the following sequence:

1. The file path specified by the $LIBVIRT_AUTH_FILE environment variable.
2. The file path specified by the "authfile=/some/file" URI query parameter
3. The file $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/libvirt/auth.conf
4. The file /etc/libvirt/auth.conf

The auth configuration file uses the traditional `".ini"` style syntax. There are two types of groups that can be present in the config. First there are one or more credential sets, which provide the actual authentication credentials. The keys within the group may be:

- `username`: the user login name to act as. This is relevant for ESX, Xen, HyperV and SSH, but probably not the one you want to libvirtd with SASL.
- `authname`: the name to authorize as. This is what is commonly required for libvirtd with SASL.
- `password`: the secret password
- `realm`: the domain realm for SASL, mostly unused

Each set of credentials has a name, which is part of the group entry name. Overall the syntax is

    [credentials-$NAME]
    credname1=value1
    credname2=value2

For example, to define two sets of credentials used for production and test machines, using libvirtd, and a further ESX server for dev:

    [credentials-test]
    authname=fred
    password=123456

    [credentials-prod]
    authname=bar
    password=letmein

    [credentials-dev]
    username=joe
    password=hello

    [credentials-defgrp]
    username=defuser
    password=defpw

The second set of groups provide mappings of credentials to specific machine services. The config file group names compromise the service type and host:

    [auth-$SERVICE-$HOSTNAME]
    credentials=$CREDENTIALS

For example, following the previous example, here is how to map some machines. For convenience libvirt supports a default mapping of credentials to machines:

    [auth-libvirt-test1.example.com]
    credentials=test

    [auth-libvirt-test2.example.com]
    credentials=test

    [auth-libvirt-demo3.example.com]
    credentials=test

    [auth-libvirt-prod1.example.com]
    credentials=prod

    [auth-libvirt-default]
    credentials=defgrp

    [auth-esx-dev1.example.com]
    credentials=dev

    [auth-esx-default]
    credentials=defgrp

The following service types are known to libvirt

1. `libvirt` - used for connections to a libvirtd server, which is configured with SASL auth
2. `ssh` - used for connections to a Phyp server over SSH
3. `esx` - used for connections to an ESX or VirtualCenter server

Applications using libvirt are free to use this same configuration file for storing other credentials. For example, it can be used to storage VNC or SPICE login credentials

## Server configuration

The libvirt daemon allows the administrator to choose the authentication mechanisms used for client connections on each network socket independently. This is primarily controlled via the libvirt daemon master config file in `/etc/libvirt/libvirtd.conf`. Each of the libvirt sockets can have its authentication mechanism configured independently. There is currently a choice of `none`, `polkit`, and `sasl`. The SASL scheme can be further configured to choose between a large number of different mechanisms.

## UNIX socket permissions/group

If libvirt does not contain support for PolicyKit, then access control for the UNIX domain socket is done using traditional file user/group ownership and permissions. There are 2 sockets, one for full read-write access, the other for read-only access. The RW socket will be restricted (mode 0700) to only allow the `root` user to connect. The read-only socket will be open access (mode 0777) to allow any user to connect.

To allow non-root users greater access, the `libvirtd.conf` file can be edited to change the permissions via the `unix_sock_rw_perms`, config parameter and to set a user group via the `unix_sock_group` parameter. For example, setting the former to mode `0770` and the latter `wheel` would let any user in the wheel group connect to the libvirt daemon.

## UNIX socket PolicyKit auth

If libvirt contains support for PolicyKit, then access control options are more advanced. The `auth_unix_rw` parameter will default to `polkit`, and the file permissions will default to `0777` even on the RW socket. Upon connecting to the socket, the client application will be required to identify itself with PolicyKit. The default policy for the RW daemon socket will require any application running in the current desktop session to authenticate using the user's password. This is akin to `sudo` auth, but does not require that the client application ultimately run as root. Default policy will still allow any application to connect to the RO socket.

The default policy can be overridden by creating a new policy file in the `/etc/polkit-1/rules.d` directory. Information on the options available can be found by reading the `polkit(8)` man page. The two libvirt actions are named `org.libvirt.unix.manage` for full management access, and `org.libvirt.unix.monitor` for read-only access.

As an example, creating `/etc/polkit-1/rules.d/80-libvirt-manage.rules` with the following gives the user `fred` full management access when accessing from an active local session:

    polkit.addRule(function(action, subject) {
      if (action.id == "org.libvirt.unix.manage" &&
          subject.local && subject.active && subject.user == "fred") {
          return polkit.Result.YES;
      }
    });

Older versions of PolicyKit used policy files ending with .pkla in the local override directory `/etc/polkit-1/localauthority/50-local.d/`. Compatibility with this older format is provided by polkit-pkla-compat. As an example, this gives the user `fred` full management access:

    [Allow fred libvirt management permissions]
    Identity=unix-user:fred
    Action=org.libvirt.unix.manage
    ResultAny=yes
    ResultInactive=yes
    ResultActive=yes

## SASL pluggable authentication

Libvirt integrates with the cyrus-sasl library to provide a pluggable authentication system using the SASL protocol. SASL can be used in combination with libvirtd's TLS or TCP socket listeners. When used with the TCP listener, the SASL mechanism is rqeuired to provide session encryption in addition to authentication. Only a very few SASL mechanisms are able to do this, and of those that can do it, only the GSSAPI plugin is considered acceptably secure by modern standards:

GSSAPI
  This is the current default mechanism to use with libvirtd. It uses the Kerberos v5 authentication protocol underneath, and assuming the Kerberos client/server are configured with modern ciphers (AES), it provides strong session encryption capabilities.
DIGEST-MD5
  This was previously set as the default mechanism to use with libvirtd. It provides a simple username/password based authentication mechanism that includes session encryption. RFC 6331, however, documents a number of serious security flaws with DIGEST-MD5 and as a result marks it as `OBSOLETE`. Specific concerns are that it is vulnerable to MITM attacks and the MD5 hash can be brute-forced to reveal the password. A replacement is provided via the SCRAM mechanism, however, note that this does not provide encryption, so the SCRAM mechanism can only be used on the libvirtd TLS listener.
PASSDSS-3DES-1
  This provides a simple username/password based authentication mechanism that includes session encryption. The current cyrus-sasl implementation does not provide a way to validate the server's public key identity, thus it is susceptible to a MITM attacker impersonating the server. It is also not enabled in many OS distros when building SASL libraries.
KERBEROS_V4
  This uses the obsolete Kerberos v4 protocol to provide both authentication and session encryption. Kerberos v4 protocol has been obsolete since the early 1990's and has known security vulnerabilities so this will never be used in practice.

Other SASL mechanisms, not listed above, can only be used when the libvirtd TLS or UNIX socket listeners.

### Username/password auth

As noted above, the DIGEST-MD5 mechanism is considered obsolete and should not be used anymore. To provide a simple username/password auth scheme on the libvirt UNIX socket or TLS listeners, however, it is possible to use the SCRAM mechanism. The `auth_unix_ro`, `auth_unix_rw`, `auth_tls` config params in `libvirt.conf` can be used to turn on SASL auth in these listeners.

Since the libvirt SASL config file defaults to using GSSAPI (Kerberos), a config change is rquired to enable plain password auth. This is done by editting `/etc/sasl2/libvirt.conf` to set the `mech_list` parameter to `scram-sha-1`.

Out of the box, no user accounts are defined, so no clients will be able to authenticate on the TCP socket. Adding users and setting their passwords is done with the `saslpasswd2` command. When running this command it is important to tell it that the appname is `libvirt`. As an example, to add a user `fred`, run

    # saslpasswd2 -a libvirt fred
    Password: xxxxxx
    Again (for verification): xxxxxx

To see a list of all accounts the `sasldblistusers2` command can be used. This command expects to be given the path to the libvirt user database, which is kept in `/etc/libvirt/passwd.db`

    # sasldblistusers2 -f /etc/libvirt/passwd.db
    fred@t60wlan.home.berrange.com: userPassword

Finally, to disable a user's access, the `saslpasswd2` command can be used again:

    # saslpasswd2 -a libvirt -d fred

### GSSAPI/Kerberos auth

The plain TCP listener of the libvirt daemon defaults to using SASL for authentication. The libvirt SASL config also defaults to GSSAPI, so there is no need to edit the SASL config when using GSSAPI. If the libvirtd TLS or UNIX listeners are used, then the Kerberos session encryption will be disabled since it is not required in these scenarios - only the plain TCP listener needs encryption

Some operating systems do not install the SASL kerberos plugin by default. It may be necessary to install a sub-package such as `cyrus-sasl-gssapi`. To check whether the Kerberos plugin is installed run the `pluginviewer` program and verify that `gssapi` is listed,eg:

    # pluginviewer
    ...snip...
    Plugin "gssapiv2" [loaded],     API version: 4
            SASL mechanism: GSSAPI, best SSF: 56
            security flags: NO_ANONYMOUS|NO_PLAINTEXT|NO_ACTIVE|PASS_CREDENTIALS|MUTUAL_AUTH
            features: WANT_CLIENT_FIRST|PROXY_AUTHENTICATION|NEED_SERVER_FQDN

Next it is necessary for the administrator of the Kerberos realm to issue a principal for the libvirt server. There needs to be one principal per host running the libvirt daemon. The principal should be named `libvirt/full.hostname@KERBEROS.REALM`. This is typically done by running the `kadmin.local` command on the Kerberos server, though some Kerberos servers have alternate ways of setting up service principals. Once created, the principal should be exported to a keytab, copied to the host running the libvirt daemon and placed in `/etc/libvirt/krb5.tab`

    # kadmin.local
    kadmin.local: add_principal libvirt/foo.example.com
    Enter password for principal "libvirt/foo.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM":
    Re-enter password for principal "libvirt/foo.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM":
    Principal "libvirt/foo.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM" created.

    kadmin.local:  ktadd -k /root/libvirt-foo-example.tab libvirt/foo.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM
    Entry for principal libvirt/foo.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM with kvno 4, encryption type Triple DES cbc mode with HMAC/sha1 added to keytab WRFILE:/root/libvirt-foo-example.tab.
    Entry for principal libvirt/foo.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM with kvno 4, encryption type ArcFour with HMAC/md5 added to keytab WRFILE:/root/libvirt-foo-example.tab.
    Entry for principal libvirt/foo.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM with kvno 4, encryption type DES with HMAC/sha1 added to keytab WRFILE:/root/libvirt-foo-example.tab.
    Entry for principal libvirt/foo.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM with kvno 4, encryption type DES cbc mode with RSA-MD5 added to keytab WRFILE:/root/libvirt-foo-example.tab.

    kadmin.local: quit

    # scp /root/libvirt-foo-example.tab root@foo.example.com:/etc/libvirt/krb5.tab
    # rm /root/libvirt-foo-example.tab

Any client application wishing to connect to a Kerberos enabled libvirt server merely needs to run `kinit` to gain a user principal. This may well be done automatically when a user logs into a desktop session, if PAM is setup to authenticate against Kerberos.