QEMU (简体中文) - ArchWiki

# QEMU (简体中文)

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- Category:Hypervisors (简体中文)
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翻译状态： 本文是 QEMU 的本地化版本。上次翻译日期：2016-08-25。如果英文版本有所更改 ，则您可以帮助同步翻译。

本页面需要更新翻译。要贡献翻译，请访问简体中文翻译团队。

附注：请完成更新后的翻译。

来自 QEMU 关于页面：“Qemu”是一个广泛使用的开源计算机模拟器和虚拟机。"

当作为模拟器时，可以在一种架构（如x86 PC）下运行另一种架构（如ARM）下的操作系统和程序。通过使用动态转换，它可以获得非常好的性能。

作为虚拟机时，QEMU可以使用其他虚拟机管理程序（如 Xen 或 KVM）来使用CPU扩展（HVM）进行虚拟化，通过在主机CPU上直接执行客户机代码来获得接近于宿主机的性能。

## 安装

安装 qemu，(或 qemu-headless，一个没有GUI的版本）并根据需要安装下面的可选软件包：

- qemu-arch-extra - 额外架构支持
- qemu-block-gluster - Glusterfs block 支持
- qemu-block-iscsi - iSCSI block 支持
- qemu-block-rbd - RBD block 支持
- samba - SMB/CIFS 服务器支持

## QEMU 的图形前端

与其他的虚拟化程序如 VirtualBox 和 VMware 不同, QEMU不提供管理虚拟机的GUI（运行虚拟机时出现的窗口除外），也不提供创建具有已保存设置的持久虚拟机的方法。除非您已创建自定义脚本以启动虚拟机，否则必须在每次启动时在命令行上指定运行虚拟机的所有参数。

Libvirt提供了一种管理 QEMU 虚拟机的便捷方式。有关可用的前端，请参阅 libvirt 客户端列表。

其他图形前端：

- virt-manager
- gnome-boxes
- qemu-launcherAUR
- qtemuAUR
- aqemuAUR

## 创建新虚拟系统

### 创建硬盘镜像

提示： 有关QEMU图像的更多信息，请参阅 QEMU Wikibook。

除非直接从 CD-ROM 或网络引导（并且不安装系统到本地），运行 QEMU 时都需要硬盘镜像。硬盘镜像是一个文件，存储虚拟机硬盘上的内容。

一个硬盘镜像可能是 raw镜像, 和客户机器上看到的内容一模一样，并且将始终使用主机上的来宾硬盘驱动器的全部容量。此方法提供的I / O开销最小，但可能会浪费大量空间，因为guest虚拟机上未使用的空间无法在主机上使用。

另外一种方式是qcow2 格式，仅当客户系统实际写入内容的时候，才会分配镜像空间。对客户机器来说，硬盘大小表现为完整大小，即使它可能仅占用主机系统上的非常小的空间。此映像格式还支持QEMU快照功能（有关详细信息，请参阅 #Creating and managing snapshots via the monitor console[broken link: invalid section]）。但是，使用此格式而不是 raw 可能会影响性能。

QEMU 提供 `qemu-img`命令创建硬盘镜像.例如创建一个 4 GB raw 格式的镜像:

    $ qemu-img create -f raw image_file 4G

您也可以用 `-f qcow2` 创建一个 qcow2 镜像。

用 `dd` 或 `fallocate` 也可以创建一个 raw 镜像。

Note: 您也可以通过 `dd` 或 `fallocate` 创建一个所需大小的 raw 镜像。
Warning: 如果硬盘镜像存储在 Btrfs 系统上，则应在创建任何映像之前考虑禁用该目录的 写时复制。

#### 上层存储镜像

可以创建一个基础镜像，and have QEMU keep mutations to this image in an overlay image. This allows you to revert to a previous state of this storage image. You could revert by creating a new overlay image at the time you wish to revert, based on the original backing image.

To create an overlay image, issue a command like:

    $ qemu-img create -o backing_file=img1.raw,backing_fmt=raw -f qcow2 img1.cow

After that you can run your QEMU VM as usual (see #Running virtualized system[broken link: invalid section]):

    $ qemu-system-i386 img1.cow

The backing image will then be left intact and mutations to this storage will be recorded in the overlay image file.

When the path to the backing image changes, repair is required.

Warning: The backing image's absolute filesystem path is stored in the (binary) overlay image file. Changing the backing image's path requires some effort.

Make sure that the original backing image's path still leads to this image. If necessary, make a symbolic link at the original path to the new path. Then issue a command like:

    $ qemu-img rebase -b /new/img1.raw /new/img1.cow

At your discretion, you may alternatively perform an 'unsafe' rebase where the old path to the backing image is not checked:

    $ qemu-img rebase -u -b /new/img1.raw /new/img1.cow

#### 调整镜像大小

警告: 调整包含NTFS引导文件系统的镜像将无法启动已安装的操作系统. 完整的解释和解决办法参见 [1].

执行 `qemu-img` 带 `resize` 选项调整硬盘驱动镜像的大小.它适用于 raw 和 qcow2. 例如, 增加镜像 10 GB 大小, 运行:

    $ qemu-img resize disk_image +10G

在磁盘映像扩容后，必须使用虚拟机内部系统的分区工具对该镜像进行分区并格式化后才能真正开始使用新空间。 在收缩磁盘映像时，必须首先使用虚拟机内部系统的分区工具减少分该分区的大小，然后相应地收缩磁盘映像，否则收缩磁盘映像将导致数据丢失！

### 准备安装介质

要将操作系统安装到您的磁盘镜像, 你需要操作系统的安装介质 (例如 光盘, USB设备, 或 ISO 镜像). 不要挂载安装介质，因为 QEMU 要直接访问媒体。

提示： 如果使用光盘，最好先将媒体转储到文件中，因为这既可以提高性能，又不需要您直接访问设备（也就是说，您可以将QEMU作为普通用户，而无需更改对媒体设备文件的访问权限）。例如，如果CD-ROM设备节点名为`/dev/cdrom`，则可以使用以下命令将其转储到文件中：

    $ dd if=/dev/cdrom of=cd_image.iso

## 运行虚拟化的系统

`qemu-system-*` 程序 (例如 `qemu-system-i386` 或 `qemu-system-x86_64`, 取决于客户机架构)用来运行虚拟化的客户机. 用法是:

    $ qemu-system-i386 options disk_image

所有 `qemu-system-*`的选项是相同的,参见 `qemu(1)` 查看文档和所有选项

默认 QEMU会在窗口中显示虚拟机的视频输出.有一点要记住:当您单击QEMU窗口,鼠标指针被捕获。要放开，按 `Ctrl+Alt`.

警告: QEMU 不应以 root 身份运行. If you must launch it in a script as root, you should use the `-runas` option to make QEMU drop root privileges.

### 启用 KVM

KVM 必须要您处理器和内核支持, 和必要的 kernel modules加载. 更多信息参见 KVM.

要在KVM模式中启动QEMU, 追加 `-enable-kvm`到启动选项. To check if KVM is enabled for a running VM, enter the QEMU Monitor using `Ctrl+Alt+Shift+2`, and type `info kvm`.

Note:

- If you start your VM with a GUI tool and experience very bad performance, you should check for proper KVM support, as QEMU may be falling back to software emulation.
- KVM needs to be enabled in order to start Windows 7 and Windows 8 properly without a blue screen.

### 启用 IOMMU (Intel VT-d/AMD-Vi) 的支持

使用IOMMU可以打开一些功能，比如PCI透传功能和保护内存免受故障或恶意设备的侵害。

参考：

- wikipedia:Input-output memory management unit#Advantages
- Memory Management (computer programming).

使能IOMMU步骤:

1. 确保CPU支持AMD-Vi/Intel VT-d，并且在BIOS设置其为启用。
2. 如果您使用的是Intel CPU，那么将`intel_iommu=on`添加到kernel parameters中;如果您使用的是AMD CPU，那么将`amd_iommu=on`添加到kernel parameters中。
3. 重新启动并确保IOMMU已启用，通过检查`dmesg`中的`DMAR`：`[0.000000] DMAR: IOMMU enabled`确认。
4. 根据`-machine`，添加`iommu=on`或`q35,iommu=on`。

## 宿主机和虚拟机数据交互

### Network

Data can be shared between the host and guest OS using any network protocol that can transfer files, such as NFS, SMB, NBD, HTTP, FTP, or SSH, provided that you have set up the network appropriately and enabled the appropriate services.

The default user-mode networking allows the guest to access the host OS at the IP address 10.0.2.2. Any servers that you are running on your host OS, such as a SSH server or SMB server, will be accessible at this IP address. So on the guests, you can mount directories exported on the host via SMB or NFS, or you can access the host's HTTP server, etc. It will not be possible for the host OS to access servers running on the guest OS, but this can be done with other network configurations (see #Tap networking with QEMU[broken link: invalid section]).

### QEMU's built-in SMB server

QEMU's documentation says it has a "built-in" SMB server, but actually it just starts up Samba with an automatically generated `smb.conf` file located at `/tmp/qemu-smb.pid-0/smb.conf` and makes it accessible to the guest at a different IP address (10.0.2.4 by default). This only works for user networking, and this is not necessarily very useful since the guest can also access the normal Samba service on the host if you have set up shares on it.

To enable this feature, start QEMU with a command like:

    $ qemu-system-i386 disk_image -net nic -net user,smb=shared_dir_path

where `shared_dir_path` is a directory that you want to share between the guest and host.

Then, in the guest, you will be able to access the shared directory on the host 10.0.2.4 with the share name "qemu". For example, in Windows Explorer you would go to `\\10.0.2.4\qemu`.

Note:

- If you are using sharing options multiple times like `-net user,smb=shared_dir_path1 -net user,smb=shared_dir_path2` or `-net user,smb=shared_dir_path1,smb=shared_dir_path2` then it will share only the last defined one.
- If you cannot access the shared folder and the guest system is Windows, check that the NetBIOS protocol is enabled and that a firewall does not block ports used by the NetBIOS protocol.

### 挂载虚拟硬盘镜像

When the virtual machine is not running, it is possible to mount partitions that are inside a raw disk image file by setting them up as loopback devices. This does not work with disk images in special formats, such as qcow2, although those can be mounted using `qemu-nbd`.

Warning: You must make sure to unmount the partitions before running the virtual machine again. Otherwise, data corruption is very likely to occur.

#### With manually specifying byte offset

One way to mount a disk image partition is to mount the disk image at a certain offset using a command like the following:

    # mount -o loop,offset=32256 disk_image mountpoint

The `offset=32256` option is actually passed to the `losetup` program to set up a loopback device that starts at byte offset 32256 of the file and continues to the end. This loopback device is then mounted. You may also use the `sizelimit` option to specify the exact size of the partition, but this is usually unnecessary.

Depending on your disk image, the needed partition may not start at offset 32256. Run `fdisk -l disk_image` to see the partitions in the image. fdisk gives the start and end offsets in 512-byte sectors, so multiply by 512 to get the correct offset to pass to `mount`.

#### With loop module autodetecting partitions

The Linux loop driver actually supports partitions in loopback devices, but it is disabled by default. To enable it, do the following:

- Get rid of all your loopback devices (unmount all mounted images, etc.).
- Unload the `loop` kernel module, and load it with the `max_part=15` parameter set. Additionally, the maximum number of loop devices can be controlled with the `max_loop` parameter.

Tip: You can put an entry in `/etc/modprobe.d` to load the loop module with `max_part=15` every time, or you can put `loop.max_part=15` on the kernel command-line, depending on whether you have the `loop.ko` module built into your kernel or not.

Set up your image as a loopback device:

    # losetup -f -P disk_image

Then, if the device created was `/dev/loop0`, additional devices `/dev/loop0pX` will have been automatically created, where X is the number of the partition. These partition loopback devices can be mounted directly. For example:

    # mount /dev/loop0p1 mountpoint

To mount the disk image with udisksctl, see Udisks#Mount loop devices.

#### With kpartx

kpartx from the multipath-tools package can read a partition table on a device and create a new device for each partition. For example:

    # kpartx -a disk_image

This will setup the loopback device and create the necessary partition(s) device(s) in `/dev/mapper/`.

### 挂载 qcow2 镜像

你可以使用 `qemu-nbd` 挂载 qcow2 镜像. 参见 Wikipedia:Qcow#Mounting_qcow2_images.

### 使用物理分区作为硬盘镜像中的唯一主分区

Sometimes, you may wish to use one of your system partitions from within QEMU. Using a raw partition for a virtual machine will improve performance, as the read and write operations do not go through the file system layer on the physical host. Such a partition also provides a way to share data between the host and guest.

In Arch Linux, device files for raw partitions are, by default, owned by root and the disk group. If you would like to have a non-root user be able to read and write to a raw partition, you need to change the owner of the partition's device file to that user.

Warning:

- Although it is possible, it is not recommended to allow virtual machines to alter critical data on the host system, such as the root partition.
- You must not mount a file system on a partition read-write on both the host and the guest at the same time. Otherwise, data corruption will result.

After doing so, you can attach the partition to a QEMU virtual machine as a virtual disk.

However, things are a little more complicated if you want to have the entire virtual machine contained in a partition. In that case, there would be no disk image file to actually boot the virtual machine since you cannot install a bootloader to a partition that is itself formatted as a file system and not as a partitioned device with a MBR. Such a virtual machine can be booted either by specifying the kernel and initrd manually, or by simulating a disk with a MBR by using linear RAID.

#### By specifying kernel and initrd manually

QEMU supports loading Linux kernels and init ramdisks directly, thereby circumventing bootloaders such as GRUB. It then can be launched with the physical partition containing the root file system as the virtual disk, which will not appear to be partitioned. This is done by issuing a command similar to the following:

Note: In this example, it is the host's images that are being used, not the guest's. If you wish to use the guest's images, either mount `/dev/sda3` read-only (to protect the file system from the host) and specify the `/full/path/to/images` or use some kexec hackery in the guest to reload the guest's kernel (extends boot time).

    $ qemu-system-i386 -kernel /boot/vmlinuz-linux -initrd /boot/initramfs-linux.img -append root=/dev/sda /dev/sda3

In the above example, the physical partition being used for the guest's root file system is `/dev/sda3` on the host, but it shows up as `/dev/sda` on the guest.

You may, of course, specify any kernel and initrd that you want, and not just the ones that come with Arch Linux.

When there are multiple kernel parameters to be passed to the `-append` option, they need to be quoted using single or double quotes. For example:

    ... -append 'root=/dev/sda1 console=ttyS0'

#### Simulate virtual disk with MBR using linear RAID

A more complicated way to have a virtual machine use a physical partition, while keeping that partition formatted as a file system and not just having the guest partition the partition as if it were a disk, is to simulate a MBR for it so that it can boot using a bootloader such as GRUB.

You can do this using software RAID in linear mode (you need the `linear.ko` kernel driver) and a loopback device: the trick is to dynamically prepend a master boot record (MBR) to the real partition you wish to embed in a QEMU raw disk image.

Suppose you have a plain, unmounted `/dev/hdaN` partition with some file system on it you wish to make part of a QEMU disk image. First, you create some small file to hold the MBR:

    $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/path/to/mbr count=32

Here, a 16 KB (32 * 512 bytes) file is created. It is important not to make it too small (even if the MBR only needs a single 512 bytes block), since the smaller it will be, the smaller the chunk size of the software RAID device will have to be, which could have an impact on performance. Then, you setup a loopback device to the MBR file:

    # losetup -f /path/to/mbr

Let us assume the resulting device is `/dev/loop0`, because we would not already have been using other loopbacks. Next step is to create the "merged" MBR + `/dev/hdaN` disk image using software RAID:

    # modprobe linear
    # mdadm --build --verbose /dev/md0 --chunk=16 --level=linear --raid-devices=2 /dev/loop0 /dev/hdaN

The resulting `/dev/md0` is what you will use as a QEMU raw disk image (do not forget to set the permissions so that the emulator can access it). The last (and somewhat tricky) step is to set the disk configuration (disk geometry and partitions table) so that the primary partition start point in the MBR matches the one of `/dev/hdaN` inside `/dev/md0` (an offset of exactly 16 * 512 = 16384 bytes in this example). Do this using `fdisk` on the host machine, not in the emulator: the default raw disc detection routine from QEMU often results in non-kilobyte-roundable offsets (such as 31.5 KB, as in the previous section) that cannot be managed by the software RAID code. Hence, from the the host:

    # fdisk /dev/md0

Press `X` to enter the expert menu. Set number of 's'ectors per track so that the size of one cylinder matches the size of your MBR file. For two heads and a sector size of 512, the number of sectors per track should be 16, so we get cylinders of size 2x16x512=16k.

Now, press `R` to return to the main menu.

Press `P` and check that the cylinder size is now 16k.

Now, create a single primary partition corresponding to `/dev/hdaN`. It should start at cylinder 2 and end at the end of the disk (note that the number of cylinders now differs from what it was when you entered fdisk.

Finally, 'w'rite the result to the file: you are done. You now have a partition you can mount directly from your host, as well as part of a QEMU disk image:

    $ qemu-system-i386 -hdc /dev/md0 [...]

You can, of course, safely set any bootloader on this disk image using QEMU, provided the original `/dev/hdaN` partition contains the necessary tools.

## 网络

The performance of virtual networking should be better with tap devices and bridges than with user-mode networking or vde because tap devices and bridges are implemented in-kernel.

In addition, networking performance can be improved by assigning virtual machines a virtio network device rather than the default emulation of an e1000 NIC. See #Installing virtio drivers for more information.

### Link-level address caveat

By giving the `-net nic` argument to QEMU, it will, by default, assign a virtual machine a network interface with the link-level address `52:54:00:12:34:56`. However, when using bridged networking with multiple virtual machines, it is essential that each virtual machine has a unique link-level (MAC) address on the virtual machine side of the tap device. Otherwise, the bridge will not work correctly, because it will receive packets from multiple sources that have the same link-level address. This problem occurs even if the tap devices themselves have unique link-level addresses because the source link-level address is not rewritten as packets pass through the tap device.

Make sure that each virtual machine has a unique link-level address, but it should always start with `52:54:`. Use the following option, replace X with arbitrary hexadecimal digit:

    $ qemu-system-i386 -net nic,macaddr=52:54:XX:XX:XX:XX -net vde disk_image

Generating unique link-level addresses can be done in several ways:

1. Manually specify unique link-level address for each NIC. The benefit is that the DHCP server will assign the same IP address each time the virtual machine is run, but it is unusable for large number of virtual machines.
2. Generate random link-level address each time the virtual machine is run. Practically zero probability of collisions, but the downside is that the DHCP server will assign a different IP address each time. You can use the following command in a script to generate random link-level address in a `macaddr` variable:

       printf -v macaddr "52:54:%02x:%02x:%02x:%02x" $(( $RANDOM & 0xff)) $(( $RANDOM & 0xff )) $(( $RANDOM & 0xff)) $(( $RANDOM & 0xff ))
       qemu-system-i386 -net nic,macaddr="$macaddr" -net vde disk_image

3. Use the following script `qemu-mac-hasher.py` to generate the link-level address from the virtual machine name using a hashing function. Given that the names of virtual machines are unique, this method combines the benefits of the aforementioned methods: it generates the same link-level address each time the script is run, yet it preserves the practically zero probability of collisions.

       qemu-mac-hasher.py

       #!/usr/bin/env python

       import sys
       import zlib

       if len(sys.argv) != 2:
           print("usage: %s <VM Name>" % sys.argv[0])
           sys.exit(1)

       crc = zlib.crc32(sys.argv[1].encode("utf-8")) & 0xffffffff
       crc = str(hex(crc))[2:]
       print("52:54:%s%s:%s%s:%s%s:%s%s" % tuple(crc))

   In a script, you can use for example:

       vm_name="VM Name"
       qemu-system-i386 -name "$vm_name" -net nic,macaddr=$(qemu-mac-hasher.py "$vm_name") -net vde disk_image

### 用户模式

默认情况下，没有任何`-netdev`参数，QEMU将使用带有内置DHCP服务器的用户模式网络。当您的虚拟机运行其DHCP客户端时，将为其分配IP地址，它们将能够通过QEMU伪装的IP来访问物理主机的网络。

警告: 仅适用于TCP和UDP协议，因此ICMP协议（包括`ping`）将不起作用。 请勿使用`ping`测试网络连接。 要在来宾中执行ping操作，请参阅Sysctl#Allow unprivileged users to create IPPROTO_ICMP sockets。

如果主机已连接Internet，则此默认配置可以使您的虚拟机轻松访问Internet。但是如果您同时启动多个虚拟机，则虚拟机将无法在外部网络上直接看到，虚拟机也将无法相互通信。

QEMU的用户模式网络可以提供更多功能，例如内置TFTP或SMB服务器，将主机端口重定向到虚拟机（例如，允许SSH连接到虚拟机）或将虚拟机连接到VLAN，以便它们可以彼此通信。 有关更多详细信息，请参见`-net user`标志上的QEMU文档。

但是，用户模式网络在效用和性能上都有局限性。更高级的网络配置需要使用TAP设备或其他方法。

注意: 如果主机系统使用systemd-networkd，请确保按照systemd-networkd#Required services and setup中的描述对`/etc/resolv.conf`文件进行符号链接，否则虚拟机系统中的DNS查找将无法进行。

### Tap 网络

Tap devices是一个Linux内核特性，允许您创建作为真实网络接口的虚拟网络接口。发送到tap接口的包将被传递到一个用户空间程序(如QEMU)，该程序将自己绑定到该接口。

QEMU可以为虚拟机使用tap网络，因此发送到tap接口的包将被发送到虚拟机，并显示为来自虚拟机中的网络接口(通常是以太网接口)。相反，虚拟机通过其网络接口发送的所有内容都将出现在tap接口上。

Linux桥接驱动程序支持Tap设备，因此可以将Tap设备彼此桥接在一起，也可以连接其他主机接口，如`eth0`。如果您希望您的虚拟机能够相互通信，或者希望LAN上的其他机器能够与虚拟机通信，那么这是非常理想的方案。

警告: 如果您将tap设备和一些主机接口桥接在一起，例如`eth0`，您的虚拟机将直接出现在外部网络上，这将使它们遭受攻击的可能。根据您的虚拟机可以访问的资源，您可能需要采取所有precautions来保护您的虚拟机。如果风险太大,虚拟机没有资源或您设置多个虚拟机,一个更好的解决方案可能是使用host-only networking[broken link: invalid section]建立NAT。在这种情况下，您只需要在主机上安装一个防火墙，而不是为每个虚拟机安装多个防火墙。

正如在用户模式网络部分中指出的，tap设备提供比用户模式具有更高的网络性能。如果虚拟机中的操作系统支持virtio网络驱动程序，那么网络性能也会显著提高。假设使用tap0设备，virtio驱动程序在客户端上使用，并且没有使用脚本来帮助启动/停止网络，使用下面的qemu命令：

    -net nic,model=virtio -net tap,ifname=tap0,script=no,downscript=no

但是，如果已经使用带有virtio网络驱动程序的Tap设备，则甚至可以通过启用vhost来提高网络性能，例如：

    -net nic,model=virtio -net tap,ifname=tap0,script=no,downscript=no,vhost=on

详情请参考：http://www.linux-kvm.com/content/how-maximize-virtio-net-performance-vhost-net

#### 仅主机 网络

如果为网桥提供了IP地址，并且使能发往该网桥的流量允许，但没有实际接口（例如`eth0`）连接到网桥，则虚拟机与虚拟机间，虚拟机与主机间能够相互通信。但是，如果您没有在物理主机上设置IP掩蔽，则他们将无法与外部网络进行通信。 此配置被其他虚拟化软件（例如VirtualBox）称为“仅主机网络模式”。

Tip:

- 如果你想设置IP掩蔽，例如虚拟机的NAT，请查看Internet sharing#Enable NAT页面。
- 您也许想在网桥接口上运行一个DHCP服务器来服务虚拟网络。例如，使用`172.20.0.1/16`子网，dnsmasq作为DHCP服务器:

    # ip addr add 172.20.0.1/16 dev br0
    # ip link set br0 up
    # dnsmasq --interface=br0 --bind-interfaces --dhcp-range=172.20.0.2,172.20.255.254

#### 内部网络

如果您不为网桥提供IP地址并在iptables添加INPUT规则链，将所有流向网桥中的数据丢弃，则虚拟机将能够彼此通信，但无法与物理主机或外部网络通信。此配置被其他虚拟化软件（例如VirtualBox）称为“内部网络”。您将需要为虚拟机分配静态IP地址，或在其中一个虚拟机上运行DHCP服务器。

在默认情况下，iptables将丢弃桥接网络中的数据包。您可能需要使用这样的iptables规则来允许桥接网络中的数据包:

    # iptables -I FORWARD -m physdev --physdev-is-bridged -j ACCEPT

#### 使用 qemu-bridge-helper 桥接网络

注意: 这个方法从QEMU 1.1开始就可用了，参见http://wiki.qemu.org/Features/HelperNetworking。

这种方法不需要启动脚本，并且很容易适应多个tap和多个桥。它使用`/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper`，允许在现有桥上创建tap设备。

Tip: 参见 Network bridge 获取创建网桥的信息.

首先，创建一个配置文件，包含QEMU使用的所有网桥的名称:

    /etc/qemu/bridge.conf

    allow bridge0
    allow bridge1
    ...

现在启动虚拟机：

    $ qemu-system-i386 -net nic -net bridge,br=bridge0 [...]

在多个TAP设备的情况下，最基本的用法是要为所有NIC指定VLAN：

    $ qemu-system-i386 -net nic -net bridge,br=bridge0 -net nic,vlan=1 -net bridge,vlan=1,br=bridge1 [...]

#### 手工创建网桥

提示： 自QEMU 1.1起，network bridge helper可以为您设置tun/tap，而无需其他脚本。 请参阅#Bridged networking using qemu-bridge-helper[broken link: invalid section]。

下面介绍如何将虚拟机连接到主机接口，如`eth0`，这可能是最常见的配置。这种配置使虚拟机看起来直接位于外部网络，与物理主机位于同一以太网段。

我们将用桥适配器替换普通的以太网适配器，然后将普通的以太网适配器绑定到它。

- 安装bridge-utils，它提供`brctl`来操作网桥。

- 启用IPv4转发:

    # sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forward=1

要使更改永久生效，请将`/etc/sysctl.d/99-sysctl.conf`中的`net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0`更改为`net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1`。

- 加载`tun`模块，并将其配置为在引导时加载。详见Kernel modules。

- 现在创建桥。有关详细信息，请参见Bridge with netctl。请记住网桥的命名，如`br0`，或将以下脚本更改为网桥的名称。
- 创建QEMU用于打开tap适配器的脚本，该脚本具有`root:kvm` 750权限:

    /etc/qemu-ifup

    #!/bin/sh

    echo "Executing /etc/qemu-ifup"
    echo "Bringing up $1 for bridged mode..."
    sudo /usr/bin/ip link set $1 up promisc on
    echo "Adding $1 to br0..."
    sudo /usr/bin/brctl addif br0 $1
    sleep 2

- 创建QEMU用于在`/etc/qemu-ifdown`中关闭tap适配器的脚本，该脚本具有`root:kvm` 750权限:

    /etc/qemu-ifdown

    #!/bin/sh

    echo "Executing /etc/qemu-ifdown"
    sudo /usr/bin/ip link set $1 down
    sudo /usr/bin/brctl delif br0 $1
    sudo /usr/bin/ip link delete dev $1

- 使用`visudo`将以下内容添加到`sudoers`文件中:

    Cmnd_Alias      QEMU=/usr/bin/ip,/usr/bin/modprobe,/usr/bin/brctl
    %kvm     ALL=NOPASSWD: QEMU

- 您可以使用以下`run-qemu`脚本启动QEMU:

    run-qemu

    #!/bin/bash
    USERID=$(whoami)

    # Get name of newly created TAP device; see https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?pid=1285079#p1285079
    precreationg=$(/usr/bin/ip tuntap list | /usr/bin/cut -d: -f1 | /usr/bin/sort)
    sudo /usr/bin/ip tuntap add user $USERID mode tap
    postcreation=$(/usr/bin/ip tuntap list | /usr/bin/cut -d: -f1 | /usr/bin/sort)
    IFACE=$(comm -13 <(echo "$precreationg") <(echo "$postcreation"))

    # This line creates a random MAC address. The downside is the DHCP server will assign a different IP address each time
    printf -v macaddr "52:54:%02x:%02x:%02x:%02x" $(( $RANDOM & 0xff)) $(( $RANDOM & 0xff )) $(( $RANDOM & 0xff)) $(( $RANDOM & 0xff ))
    # Instead, uncomment and edit this line to set a static MAC address. The benefit is that the DHCP server will assign the same IP address.
    # macaddr='52:54:be:36:42:a9'

    qemu-system-i386 -net nic,macaddr=$macaddr -net tap,ifname="$IFACE" $*

    sudo ip link set dev $IFACE down &> /dev/null
    sudo ip tuntap del $IFACE mode tap &> /dev/null

然后，要启动VM，可以这样做：

    $ run-qemu -hda myvm.img -m 512 -vga std

- 出于性能和安全原因，建议禁用网桥上的防火墙[2]：

    /etc/sysctl.d/10-disable-firewall-on-bridge.conf

    net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 0
    net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 0
    net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-arptables = 0

运行`sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.d/10-disable-firewall-on-bridge.conf`立即应用更改。

参见libvirt wiki和Fedora bug 512206。如果在引导过程中sysctl发现关于不存在文件的错误，请在引导时加载`bridge`模块。参见Kernel modules#Automatic module handling[broken link: invalid section]。

或者，您可以配置iptables，通过添加类似这样的规则，允许所有流量通过桥进行转发:

    -I FORWARD -m physdev --physdev-is-bridged -j ACCEPT

#### 物理设备和Tap设备之间通过iptables进行网络共享

This article or section is a candidate for merging with Internet_sharing.

Notes: Duplication, not specific to QEMU. (Discuss in Talk:QEMU (简体中文)#)

桥接网络能在有线接口(例如eth0)之间工作，并且很容易设置。但是，如果主机通过无线设备连接到网络，则无法进行桥接。

参见 Network bridge#Wireless interface on a bridge.

One way to overcome that is to setup a tap device with a static IP, making linux automatically handle the routing for it, and then forward traffic between the tap interface and the device connected to the network through iptables rules.

解决这个问题的一种方法是，给tap设备设置一个静态IP，使linux自动处理它的路由，然后通过iptables规则转发tap接口和连接到网络的设备之间的通信。

参见 Internet sharing.

在那里你可以找到在设备之间共享网络所需要的东西，包括tap和tun。下面将进一步介绍所需的一些主机配置。如上所述，需要为静态IP配置客户机，使用分配给tap接口的IP作为网关。需要注意的是，如果客户机上的DNS服务器在从一个连接到网络的主机设备切换到另一个时发生了更改，那么它们可能需要手动编辑。

要在每次启动时允许IP转发，需要在/etc/sysctl.d中，向sysctl配置文件添加以下信息:

    net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
    net.ipv6.conf.default.forwarding = 1
    net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding = 1

iptables规则如下：

    # Forwarding from/to outside
    iptables -A FORWARD -i ${INT} -o ${EXT_0} -j ACCEPT
    iptables -A FORWARD -i ${INT} -o ${EXT_1} -j ACCEPT
    iptables -A FORWARD -i ${INT} -o ${EXT_2} -j ACCEPT
    iptables -A FORWARD -i ${EXT_0} -o ${INT} -j ACCEPT
    iptables -A FORWARD -i ${EXT_1} -o ${INT} -j ACCEPT
    iptables -A FORWARD -i ${EXT_2} -o ${INT} -j ACCEPT
    # NAT/Masquerade (network address translation)
    iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o ${EXT_0} -j MASQUERADE
    iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o ${EXT_1} -j MASQUERADE
    iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o ${EXT_2} -j MASQUERADE

假设有3个设备连接到一个内部设备的网络共享流量，例如:

    INT=tap0
    EXT_0=eth0
    EXT_1=wlan0
    EXT_2=tun0

前面显示了一个转发，允许与tap设备共享有线和无线连接。

所示的转发规则是无状态的，用于纯转发。可以考虑限制特定的流量，设置防火墙来保护来宾和其他人。然而，这些会降低网络性能，而简单的网桥不包括这些。

好处:不管连接是有线还是无线，如果使用tun设备通过VPN连接到远程站点，假设为该连接打开的tun设备是tun0，并且应用了先前的iptables规则，那么远程连接也将与客户机共享。这避免了客户也需要打开VPN连接。同样，由于来宾网络需要是静态的，因此如果以这种方式远程连接主机，很可能需要编辑来宾网络上的DNS服务器。

### Networking with VDE2

#### What is VDE?

VDE stands for Virtual Distributed Ethernet. It started as an enhancement of uml_switch. It is a toolbox to manage virtual networks.

The idea is to create virtual switches, which are basically sockets, and to "plug" both physical and virtual machines in them. The configuration we show here is quite simple; However, VDE is much more powerful than this, it can plug virtual switches together, run them on different hosts and monitor the traffic in the switches. You are invited to read the documentation of the project.

The advantage of this method is you do not have to add sudo privileges to your users. Regular users should not be allowed to run modprobe.

#### Basics

VDE support can be installed via the vde2 package in the official repositories.

In our config, we use tun/tap to create a virtual interface on my host. Load the `tun` module (see Kernel modules for details):

    # modprobe tun

Now create the virtual switch:

    # vde_switch -tap tap0 -daemon -mod 660 -group users

This line creates the switch, creates `tap0`, "plugs" it, and allows the users of the group `users` to use it.

The interface is plugged in but not configured yet. To configure it, run this command:

    # ip addr add 192.168.100.254/24 dev tap0

Now, you just have to run KVM with these `-net` options as a normal user:

    $ qemu-system-i386 -net nic -net vde -hda [...]

Configure networking for your guest as you would do in a physical network.

Tip: You might want to set up NAT on tap device to access the internet from the virtual machine. See Internet sharing#Enable NAT for more information.

#### Startup scripts

Example of main script starting VDE:

    /etc/systemd/scripts/qemu-network-env

    #!/bin/sh
    # QEMU/VDE network environment preparation script

    # The IP configuration for the tap device that will be used for
    # the virtual machine network:

    TAP_DEV=tap0
    TAP_IP=192.168.100.254
    TAP_MASK=24
    TAP_NETWORK=192.168.100.0

    # Host interface
    NIC=eth0

    case "$1" in
      start)
            echo -n "Starting VDE network for QEMU: "

            # If you want tun kernel module to be loaded by script uncomment here
    	#modprobe tun 2>/dev/null
    	## Wait for the module to be loaded
     	#while ! lsmod | grep -q "^tun"; do echo "Waiting for tun device"; sleep 1; done

            # Start tap switch
            vde_switch -tap "$TAP_DEV" -daemon -mod 660 -group users

            # Bring tap interface up
            ip address add "$TAP_IP"/"$TAP_MASK" dev "$TAP_DEV"
            ip link set "$TAP_DEV" up

            # Start IP Forwarding
            echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
            iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s "$TAP_NETWORK"/"$TAP_MASK" -o "$NIC" -j MASQUERADE
            ;;
      stop)
            echo -n "Stopping VDE network for QEMU: "
            # Delete the NAT rules
            iptables -t nat -D POSTROUTING "$TAP_NETWORK"/"$TAP_MASK" -o "$NIC" -j MASQUERADE

            # Bring tap interface down
            ip link set "$TAP_DEV" down

            # Kill VDE switch
            pgrep -f vde_switch | xargs kill -TERM
            ;;
      restart|reload)
            $0 stop
            sleep 1
            $0 start
            ;;
      *)
            echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop|restart|reload}"
            exit 1
    esac
    exit 0

Example of systemd service using the above script:

    /etc/systemd/system/qemu-network-env.service

    [Unit]
    Description=Manage VDE Switch

    [Service]
    Type=oneshot
    ExecStart=/etc/systemd/scripts/qemu-network-env start
    ExecStop=/etc/systemd/scripts/qemu-network-env stop
    RemainAfterExit=yes

    [Install]
    WantedBy=multi-user.target

Change permissions for `qemu-network-env` to be executable

    # chmod u+x /etc/systemd/scripts/qemu-network-env

You can start `qemu-network-env.service` as usual.

#### Alternative method

If the above method does not work or you do not want to mess with kernel configs, TUN, dnsmasq, and iptables you can do the following for the same result.

    # vde_switch -daemon -mod 660 -group users
    # slirpvde --dhcp --daemon

Then, to start the VM with a connection to the network of the host:

    $ qemu-system-i386 -net nic,macaddr=52:54:00:00:EE:03 -net vde disk_image

### VDE2 Bridge

Based on quickhowto: qemu networking using vde, tun/tap, and bridge graphic. Any virtual machine connected to vde is externally exposed. For example, each virtual machine can receive DHCP configuration directly from your ADSL router.

#### Basics

Remember that you need `tun` module and bridge-utils package.

Create the vde2/tap device:

    # vde_switch -tap tap0 -daemon -mod 660 -group users
    # ip link set tap0 up

Create bridge:

    # brctl addbr br0

Add devices:

    # brctl addif br0 eth0
    # brctl addif br0 tap0

And configure bridge interface:

    # dhcpcd br0

#### Startup scripts

All devices must be set up. And only the bridge needs an IP address. For physical devices on the bridge (e.g. `eth0`), this can be done with netctl using a custom Ethernet profile with:

    /etc/netctl/ethernet-noip

    Description='A more versatile static Ethernet connection'
    Interface=eth0
    Connection=ethernet
    IP=no

The following custom systemd service can be used to create and activate a VDE2 tap interface for use in the `users` user group.

    /etc/systemd/system/vde2@.service

    [Unit]
    Description=Network Connectivity for %i
    Wants=network.target
    Before=network.target

    [Service]
    Type=oneshot
    RemainAfterExit=yes
    ExecStart=/usr/bin/vde_switch -tap %i -daemon -mod 660 -group users
    ExecStart=/usr/bin/ip link set dev %i up
    ExecStop=/usr/bin/ip addr flush dev %i
    ExecStop=/usr/bin/ip link set dev %i down

    [Install]
    WantedBy=multi-user.target

And finally, you can create the bridge interface with netctl.

## 图形

QEMU 可以使用一下几个图形输出：std, cirrus, vmware, qxl, xenfs 和 vnc。

使用 `vnc` 选项，你可以单独运行客户机，并且通过 VNC 连接。其他选项是使用`std`, `vmware`, `cirrus`:

### std

使用 `-vga std` 你可以得到最高 2560 x 1600 像素的分辨率。从 QEMU 2.2 开始是默认选项。

### qxl

QXL is a paravirtual graphics driver with 2D support. To use it, pass the `-vga qxl` option and install drivers in the guest. You may want to use SPICE for improved graphical performance when using QXL.

On Linux guests, the `qxl` and `bochs_drm` kernel modules must be loaded in order to gain a decent performance.

#### SPICE

The SPICE project aims to provide a complete open source solution for remote access to virtual machines in a seamless way.

SPICE can only be used when using QXL as the graphical output.

The following is example of booting with SPICE as the remote desktop protocol:

    $ qemu-system-i386 -vga qxl -spice port=5930,disable-ticketing -chardev spicevm

Connect to the guest by using a SPICE client. At the moment spice-gtk3[断开的链接：replaced by spice-gtk] is recommended, however other clients, including other platforms, are available:

    $ spicy -h 127.0.0.1 -p 5930

Using Unix sockets instead of TCP ports does not involve using network stack on the host system, so it is reportedly better for performance. Example:

    $ qemu-system-x86_64 -vga qxl -device virtio-serial-pci -device virtserialport,chardev=spicechannel0,name=com.redhat.spice.0 -chardev spicevmc,id=spicechannel0,name=vdagent -spice unix,addr=/tmp/vm_spice.socket,disable-ticketing,playback-compression=off
    $ spicy --uri="spice+unix:///tmp/vm_spice.socket"

For improved support for multiple monitors, clipboard sharing, etc. the following packages should be installed on the guest:

- spice-vdagent: Spice agent xorg client that enables copy and paste between client and X-session and more
- xf86-video-qxl xf86-video-qxl-gitAUR: Xorg X11 qxl video driver
- For other operating systems, see the Guest section on SPICE-Space download page.

### vmware

尽管有一点怪怪的，但是这种方法确实比 std 和 cirrus 效果好。在客户机中，安装 软件包 xf86-video-vmware 和 xf86-input-vmmouse。

### virtio

`virtio-vga` / `virtio-gpu` is a paravirtual 3D graphics driver based on virgl. Currently a work in progress, supporting only very recent (>= 4.4) Linux guests.

### cirrus

The cirrus graphical adapter was the default before 2.2. It should not be used on modern systems.

### none

This is like a PC that has no VGA card at all. You would not even be able to access it with the `-vnc` option. Also, this is different from the `-nographic` option which lets QEMU emulate a VGA card, but disables the SDL display.

### vnc

Given that you used the `-nographic` option, you can add the `-vnc display` option to have QEMU listen on `display` and redirect the VGA display to the VNC session. There is an example of this in the #Starting QEMU virtual machines on boot section's example configs.

    $ qemu-system-i386 -vga std -nographic -vnc :0
    $ gvncviewer :0

When using VNC, you might experience keyboard problems described (in gory details) here. The solution is not to use the `-k` option on QEMU, and to use `gvncviewer` from gtk-vnc. See also this message posted on libvirt's mailing list.

## Installing virtio drivers

QEMU offers guests the ability to use paravirtualized block and network devices using the virtio drivers, which provide better performance and lower overhead.

- A virtio block device requires the option `-drive` instead of the simple `-hd*` plus `if=virtio`:

    $ qemu-system-i386 -boot order=c -drive file=disk_image,if=virtio

Note: `-boot order=c` is absolutely necessary when you want to boot from it. There is no auto-detection as with `-hd*`.

- Almost the same goes for the network:

    $ qemu-system-i386 -net nic,model=virtio

Note: This will only work if the guest machine has drivers for virtio devices. Linux does, and the required drivers are included in Arch Linux, but there is no guarantee that virtio devices will work with other operating systems.

### 准备 (Arch) Linux 客户端

要在Arch Linux客户端中使用virtio设备，必须在客户端加载以下模块:`virtio_pci`、`virtio_pci`、`virtio_blk`、`virtio_net`、`virtio_ring`。对于32位客户端，不需要特定的“virtio”模块。

如果希望从virtio磁盘引导，ramdisk必须包含必要的模块。默认情况下，这是由mkinitcpio的`autodetect`钩子处理的。否则要在`/etc/mkinitcpio.conf`中使用`MODULES`数组包含必要的模块并重新构建ramdisk。

    /etc/mkinitcpio.conf

    MODULES="virtio virtio_blk virtio_pci virtio_net"

Virtio磁盘公认的前缀为`“v”`(例如:`“v”da`, `“v”db`,等等)。因此，当从virtio磁盘启动时，需要在`/etc/fstab`和`/boot/grub/grub.cfg`中进行更改。。

Tip: 当在`/etc/fstab`和bootloader中通过UUID引用磁盘时，不需要执行任何操作。

关于使用KVM进行半虚拟化的更多信息，可以参考Boot_from_virtio_block_device。

您可以安装qemu-guest-agent来实现对QMP命令的支持，从而增强管理程序的管理能力。安装完成后，您需要使能和启动`qemu-ga.service`。

### Preparing a Windows guest

Note: The only (reliable) way to upgrade a Windows 8.1 guest to Windows 10 seems to be to temporarily choose cpu core2duo,nx for the install [3]. After the install, you may revert to other cpu settings (8/8/2015).

#### Block device drivers

##### New Install of Windows

Windows does not come with the virtio drivers. Therefore, you will need to load them during installation. There are basically two ways to do this: via Floppy Disk or via ISO files. Both images can be downloaded from the Fedora repository.

The floppy disk option is difficult because you will need to press F6 (Shift-F6 on newer Windows) at the very beginning of powering on the QEMU. This is difficult since you need time to connect your VNC console window. You can attempt to add a delay to the boot sequence. See qemu(1) for more details about applying a delay at boot.

The ISO option to load drivers is the preferred way, but it is available only on Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 and later. The procedure is to load the image with virtio drivers in an additional cdrom device along with the primary disk device and Windows installer:

    $ qemu-system-i386 ... \
    -drive file=/path/to/primary/disk.img,index=0,media=disk,if=virtio \
    -drive file=/path/to/installer.iso,index=2,media=cdrom \
    -drive file=/path/to/virtio.iso,index=3,media=cdrom \
    ...

During the installation, the Windows installer will ask you for your Product key and perform some additional checks. When it gets to the "Where do you want to install Windows?" screen, it will give a warning that no disks are found. Follow the example instructions below (based on Windows Server 2012 R2 with Update).

- Select the option `Load Drivers`.
- Uncheck the box for "Hide drivers that aren't compatible with this computer's hardware".
- Click the Browse button and open the CDROM for the virtio iso, usually named "virtio-win-XX".
- Now browse to `E:\viostor\[your-os]\amd64`, select it, and press OK.
- Click Next

You should now see your virtio disk(s) listed here, ready to be selected, formatted and installed to.

##### Change Existing Windows VM to use virtio

Modifying an existing Windows guest for booting from virtio disk is a bit tricky.

You can download the virtio disk driver from the Fedora repository.

Now you need to create a new disk image, which fill force Windows to search for the driver. For example:

    $ qemu-img create -f qcow2 fake.qcow2 1G

Run the original Windows guest (with the boot disk still in IDE mode) with the fake disk (in virtio mode) and a CD-ROM with the driver.

    $ qemu-system-i386 -m 512 -vga std -drive file=windows_disk_image,if=ide -drive file=fake.qcow2,if=virtio -cdrom virtio-win-0.1-81.iso

Windows will detect the fake disk and try to find a driver for it. If it fails, go to the Device Manager, locate the SCSI drive with an exclamation mark icon (should be open), click Update driver and select the virtual CD-ROM. Do not forget to select the checkbox which says to search for directories recursively.

When the installation is successful, you can turn off the virtual machine and launch it again, now with the boot disk attached in virtio mode:

    $ qemu-system-i386 -m 512 -vga std -drive file=windows_disk_image,if=virtio

Note: If you encounter the Blue Screen of Death, make sure you did not forget the `-m` parameter, and that you do not boot with virtio instead of ide for the system drive before drivers are installed.

#### 网络驱动

安装virtio网络驱动程序要容易一些，只需如上所述添加`-net`参数即可。

    $ qemu-system-i386 -m 512 -vga std -drive file=windows_disk_image,if=virtio -net nic,model=virtio -cdrom virtio-win-0.1-74.iso

Windows将检测网络适配器并尝试为其找到驱动程序。如果失败，请转到“设备管理器”，找到带有感叹号图标的网络适配器（双击打开），切换到驱动程序并单击“更新驱动程序”，然后选择虚拟CD-ROM。别忘了选中显示要递归搜索目录的复选框。

### Preparing a FreeBSD guest

Install the `emulators/virtio-kmod` port if you are using FreeBSD 8.3 or later up until 10.0-CURRENT where they are included into the kernel. After installation, add the following to your `/boot/loader.conf` file:

    virtio_loader="YES"
    virtio_pci_load="YES"
    virtio_blk_load="YES"
    if_vtnet_load="YES"
    virtio_balloon_load="YES"

Then modify your `/etc/fstab` by doing the following:

    sed -i bak "s/ada/vtbd/g" /etc/fstab

And verify that `/etc/fstab` is consistent. If anything goes wrong, just boot into a rescue CD and copy `/etc/fstab.bak` back to `/etc/fstab`.

## Tips and tricks

### Starting QEMU virtual machines on boot

#### With libvirt

If a virtual machine is set up with libvirt, it can be configured through the virt-manager GUI to start at host boot by going to the Boot Options for the virtual machine and selecting "Start virtual machine on host boot up".

#### Custom script

To run QEMU VMs on boot, you can use following systemd unit and config.

    /etc/systemd/system/qemu@.service

    [Unit]
    Description=QEMU virtual machine

    [Service]
    Environment="type=system-x86_64" "haltcmd=kill -INT $MAINPID"
    EnvironmentFile=/etc/conf.d/qemu.d/%i
    ExecStart=/usr/bin/env qemu-${type} -name %i -nographic $args
    ExecStop=/bin/sh -c ${haltcmd}
    TimeoutStopSec=30
    KillMode=none

    [Install]
    WantedBy=multi-user.target

Note: According to `systemd.service(5)` and `systemd.kill(5)` man pages it is necessary to use the `KillMode=none` option. Otherwise the main qemu process will be killed immediately after the `ExecStop` command quits (it simply echoes one string) and your quest system will not be able to shutdown correctly.

Then create per-VM configuration files, named `/etc/conf.d/qemu.d/vm_name`, with the following variables set:

type
  QEMU binary to call. If specified, will be prepended with `/usr/bin/qemu-` and that binary will be used to start the VM. I.e. you can boot e.g. `qemu-system-arm` images with `type="system-arm"`.
args
  QEMU command line to start with. Will always be prepended with `-name ${vm} -nographic`.
haltcmd
  Command to shut down a VM safely. I am using `-monitor telnet:..` and power off my VMs via ACPI by sending `system_powerdown` to monitor. You can use SSH or some other ways.

Example configs:

    /etc/conf.d/qemu.d/one

    type="system-x86_64"

    args="-enable-kvm -m 512 -hda /dev/mapper/vg0-vm1 -net nic,macaddr=DE:AD:BE:EF:E0:00 \
     -net tap,ifname=tap0 -serial telnet:localhost:7000,server,nowait,nodelay \
     -monitor telnet:localhost:7100,server,nowait,nodelay -vnc :0"

    haltcmd="echo 'system_powerdown' | nc localhost 7100" # or netcat/ncat

    # You can use other ways to shut down your VM correctly
    #haltcmd="ssh powermanager@vm1 sudo poweroff"

    /etc/conf.d/qemu.d/two

    args="-enable-kvm -m 512 -hda /srv/kvm/vm2.img -net nic,macaddr=DE:AD:BE:EF:E0:01 \
     -net tap,ifname=tap1 -serial telnet:localhost:7001,server,nowait,nodelay \
     -monitor telnet:localhost:7101,server,nowait,nodelay -vnc :1"

    haltcmd="echo 'system_powerdown' | nc localhost 7101"

To set which virtual machines will start on boot-up, enable the `qemu@vm_name.service` systemd unit.

### Mouse integration

To prevent the mouse from being grabbed when clicking on the guest operating system's window, add the option `-usbdevice tablet`. This means QEMU is able to report the mouse position without having to grab the mouse. This also overrides PS/2 mouse emulation when activated. For example:

    $ qemu-system-i386 -hda disk_image -m 512 -vga std -usbdevice tablet

If that does not work, try the tip at #Mouse cursor is jittery or erratic.

### Pass-through host USB device

To access physical USB device connected to host from VM, you can start QEMU with following option:

    $ qemu-system-i386 -usbdevice host:vendor_id:product_id disk_image

You can find `vendor_id` and `product_id` of your device with `lsusb` command.

Note: If you encounter permission errors when running QEMU, see Udev#Writing udev rules[broken link: invalid section] for information on how to set permissions of the device.

### Enabling KSM

Kernel Samepage Merging (KSM) is a feature of the Linux kernel that allows for an application to register with the kernel to have its pages merged with other processes that also register to have their pages merged. The KSM mechanism allows for guest virtual machines to share pages with each other. In an environment where many of the guest operating systems are similar, this can result in significant memory savings.

To enable KSM, simply run

    # echo 1 > /sys/kernel/mm/ksm/run

To make it permanent, you can use systemd's temporary files:

    /etc/tmpfiles.d/ksm.conf

    w /sys/kernel/mm/ksm/run - - - - 1

If KSM is running, and there are pages to be merged (i.e. at least two similar VMs are running), then `/sys/kernel/mm/ksm/pages_shared` should be non-zero. See https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/vm/ksm.txt for more information.

Tip: An easy way to see how well KSM is performing is to simply print the contents of all the files in that directory:

    $ grep . /sys/kernel/mm/ksm/*

### Multi-monitor support

The Linux QXL driver supports four heads (virtual screens) by default. This can be changed via the `qxl.heads=N` kernel parameter.

The default VGA memory size for QXL devices is 16M (VRAM size is 64M). This is not sufficient if you would like to enable two 1920x1200 monitors since that requires 2 × 1920 × 4 (color depth) × 1200 = 17.6 MiB VGA memory. This can be changed by replacing `-vga qxl` by `-vga none -device qxl-vga,vgamem_mb=32`. If you ever increase vgamem_mb beyond 64M, then you also have to increase the `vram_size_mb` option.

### Copy and paste

To have copy and paste between the host and the guest you need to enable the spice agent communication channel. It requires to add a virtio-serial device to the guest, and open a port for the spice vdagent. It is also required to install the spice vdagent in guest (spice-vdagent for Arch guests, Windows guest tools for Windows guests). Make sure the agent is running (and for future, started automatically).

Start QEMU with the following options:

    $ qemu-system-i386 -vga qxl -spice port=5930,disable-ticketing -device virtio-serial-pci -device virtserialport,chardev=spicechannel0,name=com.redhat.spice.0 -chardev spicevmc,id=spicechannel0,name=vdagent

The `-device virtio-serial-pci` option adds the virtio-serial device, `-device virtserialport,chardev=spicechannel0,name=com.redhat.spice.0` opens a port for spice vdagent in that device and `-chardev spicevmc,id=spicechannel0,name=vdagent` adds a spicevmc chardev for that port.

It is important that the `chardev=` option of the `virtserialport` device matches the `id=` option given to the `chardev` option (`spicechannel0` in this example). It is also important that the port name is `com.redhat.spice.0`, because that is the namespace where vdagent is looking for in the guest. And finally, specify `name=vdagent` so that spice knows what this channel is for.

### Windows-specific notes

QEMU can run any version of Windows from Windows 95 through Windows 10.

It is possible to run Windows PE in QEMU.

#### Fast startup

For Windows 8 (or later) guests it is better to disable "Fast Startup" from the Power Options of the Control Panel, as it causes the guest to hang during every other boot.

Fast Startup may also need to be disabled for changes to the `-smp` option to be properly applied.

#### Remote Desktop Protocol

If you use a MS Windows guest, you might want to use RDP to connect to your guest VM. If you are using a VLAN or are not in the same network as the guest, use:

    $ qemu-system-i386 -nographic -net user,hostfwd=tcp::5555-:3389

Then connect with either rdesktop or freerdp to the guest. For example:

    $ xfreerdp -g 2048x1152 localhost:5555 -z -x lan

## Troubleshooting

### Mouse cursor is jittery or erratic

If the cursor jumps around the screen uncontrollably, entering this on the terminal before starting QEMU might help:

    $ export SDL_VIDEO_X11_DGAMOUSE=0

If this helps, you can add this to your `~/.bashrc` file.

### No visible Cursor

Add `-show-cursor` to QEMU's options to see a mouse cursor.

### Keyboard seems broken or the arrow keys do not work

Should you find that some of your keys do not work or "press" the wrong key (in particular, the arrow keys), you likely need to specify your keyboard layout as an option. The keyboard layouts can be found in `/usr/share/qemu/keymaps`.

    $ qemu-system-i386 -k keymap disk_image

### Virtual machine runs too slowly

There are a number of techniques that you can use to improve the performance if your virtual machine. For example:

- Use the `-cpu host` option to make QEMU emulate the host's exact CPU. If you do not do this, it may be trying to emulate a more generic CPU.
- If the host machine has multiple CPUs, assign the guest more CPUs using the `-smp` option.
- Make sure you have assigned the virtual machine enough memory. By default, QEMU only assigns 128 MiB of memory to each virtual machine. Use the `-m` option to assign more memory. For example, `-m 1024` runs a virtual machine with 1024 MiB of memory.
- Use KVM if possible: add `-machine type=pc,accel=kvm` to the QEMU start command you use.
- If supported by drivers in the guest operating system, use virtio for network and/or block devices. For example:

    $ qemu-system-i386 -net nic,model=virtio -net tap,if=tap0,script=no -drive file=disk_image,media=disk,if=virtio

- Use TAP devices instead of user-mode networking. See #Tap networking with QEMU[broken link: invalid section].
- If the guest OS is doing heavy writing to its disk, you may benefit from certain mount options on the host's file system. For example, you can mount an ext4 file system with the option `barrier=0`. You should read the documentation for any options that you change because sometimes performance-enhancing options for file systems come at the cost of data integrity.
- If you have a raw disk image, you may want to disable the cache:

    $ qemu-system-i386 -drive file=disk_image,if=virtio,cache=none

- Use the native Linux AIO:

    $ qemu-system-i386 -drive file=disk_image,if=virtio,aio=native

- If you are running multiple virtual machines concurrently that all have the same operating system installed, you can save memory by enabling kernel same-page merging:

    # echo 1 > /sys/kernel/mm/ksm/run

- In some cases, memory can be reclaimed from running virtual machines by running a memory ballooning driver in the guest operating system and launching QEMU with the `-balloon virtio` option.

See http://www.linux-kvm.org/page/Tuning_KVM for more information.

### Guest display stretches on window resize

To restore default window size, press `Ctrl+Alt+u`.

### ioctl(KVM_CREATE_VM) failed: 16 Device or resource busy

If an error message like this is printed when starting QEMU with `-enable-kvm` option:

    ioctl(KVM_CREATE_VM) failed: 16 Device or resource busy
    failed to initialize KVM: Device or resource busy

that means another hypervisor is currently running. It is not recommended or possible to run several hypervisors in parallel.

### libgfapi error message

The error message displayed at startup:

    Failed to open module: libgfapi.so.0: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory

is not a problem, it just means that you are lacking the optional GlusterFS dependency.

### Kernel panic on LIVE-environments

If you start a live-environment (or better: booting a system) you may encounter this:

    [ end Kernel panic - not syncing: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on unknown block(0,0)

or some other boot hindering process (e.g. cannot unpack initramfs, cant start service foo). Try starting the VM with the `-m VALUE` switch and an appropriate amount of RAM, if the ram is to low you will probably encounter similar issues as above/without the memory-switch.

## 参阅

- Official QEMU website
- Official KVM website
- QEMU Emulator User Documentation
- QEMU Wikibook
- Hardware virtualization with QEMU by AlienBOB (last updated in 2008)
- Building a Virtual Army by Falconindy
- Lastest docs
- QEMU on Windows
- Wikipedia
- QEMU - Debian Wiki
- QEMU Networking on gnome.org
- Networking QEMU Virtual BSD Systems
- QEMU on gnu.org
- QEMU on FreeBSD as host

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- Emulation (简体中文)
- Hypervisors (简体中文)

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