SWI-Prolog 8.2.1 Reference Manual: Section A.47

## A.47 library(ugraphs): Unweighted Graphs

Authors: Richard O'Keefe & Vitor Santos Costa

> Implementation and documentation are copied from YAP 5.0.1. The `library(ugraph)` library is based on code originally written by Richard O'Keefe. The code was then extended to be compatible with the SICStus Prolog ugraphs library. Code and documentation have been cleaned and style has been changed to be more in line with the rest of SWI-Prolog.

> The ugraphs library was originally released in the public domain. The YAP version is covered by the Perl Artistic license, version 2.0. This code is dual-licensed under the modified GPL as used for all SWI-Prolog libraries or the Perl Artistic license, version 2.0.

The routines assume directed graphs; undirected graphs may be implemented by using two edges.

Originally graphs were represented in two formats. The SICStus library and this version of `library(ugraphs.pl)` only use the S-representation. The S-representation of a graph is a list of (vertex-neighbors) pairs, where the pairs are in standard order (as produced by keysort) and the neighbors of each vertex are also in standard order (as produced by sort). This form is convenient for many calculations. Each vertex appears in the S-representation, even if it has no neighbors.

vertices_edges_to_ugraph(+Vertices, +Edges, -Graph)
  Given a graph with a set of Vertices and a set of Edges, Graph must unify with the corresponding S-representation. Note that vertices without edges will appear in Vertices but not in Edges. Moreover, it is sufficient for a vertex to appear in Edges.

      ?- vertices_edges_to_ugraph([],[1-3,2-4,4-5,1-5], L).
      L = [1-[3,5], 2-[4], 3-[], 4-[5], 5-[]]

  In this case all vertices are defined implicitly. The next example shows three unconnected vertices:

      ?- vertices_edges_to_ugraph([6,7,8],[1-3,2-4,4-5,1-5], L).
      L = [1-[3,5], 2-[4], 3-[], 4-[5], 5-[], 6-[], 7-[], 8-[]] ?

vertices(+Graph, -Vertices)
  Unify Vertices with all vertices appearing in Graph. Example:

      ?- vertices([1-[3,5],2-[4],3-[],4-[5],5-[]], L).
      L = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

edges(+Graph, -Edges)
  Unify Edges with all edges appearing in Graph. Example:

      ?- edges([1-[3,5],2-[4],3-[],4-[5],5-[]], L).
      L = [1-3, 1-5, 2-4, 4-5]

add_vertices(+Graph, +Vertices, -NewGraph)
  Unify NewGraph with a new graph obtained by adding the list of Vertices to Graph. Example:

      ?- add_vertices([1-[3,5],2-[]], [0,1,2,9], NG).
      NG = [0-[], 1-[3,5], 2-[], 9-[]]

del_vertices(+Graph, +Vertices, -NewGraph)
  Unify NewGraph with a new graph obtained by deleting the list of Vertices and all edges that start from or go to a vertex in Vertices from Graph. Example:

      ?- del_vertices([2,1],
                      [1-[3,5],2-[4],3-[],4-[5],
                       5-[],6-[],7-[2,6],8-[]],
                      NL).
      NL = [3-[],4-[5],5-[],6-[],7-[6],8-[]]

add_edges(+Graph, +Edges, -NewGraph)
  Unify NewGraph with a new graph obtained by adding the list of Edges to Graph. Example:

      ?- add_edges([1-[3,5],2-[4],3-[],4-[5],
                    5-[],6-[],7-[],8-[]],
                   [1-6,2-3,3-2,5-7,3-2,4-5],
                   NL).
      NL = [1-[3,5,6], 2-[3,4], 3-[2], 4-[5],
            5-[7], 6-[], 7-[], 8-[]]

del_edges(+Graph, +Edges, -NewGraph)
  Unify NewGraph with a new graph obtained by removing the list of Edges from Graph. Notice that no vertices are deleted. Example:

      ?- del_edges([1-[3,5],2-[4],3-[],4-[5],5-[],6-[],7-[],8-[]],
                   [1-6,2-3,3-2,5-7,3-2,4-5,1-3],
                   NL).
      NL = [1-[5],2-[4],3-[],4-[],5-[],6-[],7-[],8-[]]

transpose_ugraph(+Graph, -NewGraph)
  Unify NewGraph with a new graph obtained from Graph by replacing all edges of the form V1-V2 by edges of the form V2-V1. The cost is O(|V|^2). Notice that an undirected graph is its own transpose. Example:

      ?- transpose_ugraph([1-[3,5],2-[4],3-[],4-[5],
                    5-[],6-[],7-[],8-[]], NL).
      NL = [1-[],2-[],3-[1],4-[2],5-[1,4],6-[],7-[],8-[]]

neighbours(+Vertex, +Graph, -Vertices)
  Unify Vertices with the list of neighbours of vertex Vertex in Graph. Example:

      ?- neighbours(4,[1-[3,5],2-[4],3-[],
                       4-[1,2,7,5],5-[],6-[],7-[],8-[]], NL).
      NL = [1,2,7,5]

neighbors(+Vertex, +Graph, -Vertices)
  American version of neighbours/3.
complement(+Graph, -NewGraph)
  Unify NewGraph with the graph complementary to Graph. Example:

      ?- complement([1-[3,5],2-[4],3-[],
                     4-[1,2,7,5],5-[],6-[],7-[],8-[]], NL).
      NL = [1-[2,4,6,7,8],2-[1,3,5,6,7,8],3-[1,2,4,5,6,7,8],
            4-[3,5,6,8],5-[1,2,3,4,6,7,8],6-[1,2,3,4,5,7,8],
            7-[1,2,3,4,5,6,8],8-[1,2,3,4,5,6,7]]

compose(+LeftGraph, +RightGraph, -NewGraph)
  Compose NewGraph by connecting the drains of LeftGraph to the sources of RightGraph. Example:

      ?- compose([1-[2],2-[3]],[2-[4],3-[1,2,4]],L).
      L = [1-[4], 2-[1,2,4], 3-[]]

ugraph_union(+Graph1, +Graph2, -NewGraph)
  NewGraph is the union of Graph1 and Graph2. Example:

      ?- ugraph_union([1-[2],2-[3]],[2-[4],3-[1,2,4]],L).
      L = [1-[2], 2-[3,4], 3-[1,2,4]]

top_sort(+Graph, -Sort)
  Generate the set of nodes Sort as a topological sorting of Graph, if one is possible. A toplogical sort is possible if the graph is connected and acyclic. In the example we show how topological sorting works for a linear graph:

      ?- top_sort([1-[2], 2-[3], 3-[]], L).
      L = [1, 2, 3]

top_sort(+Graph, -Sort0, -Sort)
  Generate the difference list Sort-Sort0 as a topological sorting of Graph, if one is possible.
transitive_closure(+Graph, -Closure)
  Generate the graph Closure as the transitive closure of Graph. Example:

       ?- transitive_closure([1-[2,3],2-[4,5],4-[6]],L).
      L = [1-[2,3,4,5,6], 2-[4,5,6], 4-[6]]

reachable(+Vertex, +Graph, -Vertices)
  Unify Vertices with the set of all vertices in Graph that are reachable from Vertex. Example:

      ?- reachable(1,[1-[3,5],2-[4],3-[],4-[5],5-[]],V).
      V = [1, 3, 5]