# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# Copyright 2019 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

import json
import logging
import random
import time

import attr

from twisted.internet import defer
from twisted.web.client import RedirectAgent, readBody
from twisted.web.http import stringToDatetime
from twisted.web.http_headers import Headers

from synapse.logging.context import make_deferred_yieldable
from synapse.util import Clock
from synapse.util.caches.ttlcache import TTLCache
from synapse.util.metrics import Measure

# period to cache .well-known results for by default
WELL_KNOWN_DEFAULT_CACHE_PERIOD = 24 * 3600

# jitter factor to add to the .well-known default cache ttls
WELL_KNOWN_DEFAULT_CACHE_PERIOD_JITTER = 0.1

# period to cache failure to fetch .well-known for
WELL_KNOWN_INVALID_CACHE_PERIOD = 1 * 3600

# period to cache failure to fetch .well-known if there has recently been a
# valid well-known for that domain.
WELL_KNOWN_DOWN_CACHE_PERIOD = 2 * 60

# period to remember there was a valid well-known after valid record expires
WELL_KNOWN_REMEMBER_DOMAIN_HAD_VALID = 2 * 3600

# cap for .well-known cache period
WELL_KNOWN_MAX_CACHE_PERIOD = 48 * 3600

# lower bound for .well-known cache period
WELL_KNOWN_MIN_CACHE_PERIOD = 5 * 60

# Attempt to refetch a cached well-known N% of the TTL before it expires.
# e.g. if set to 0.2 and we have a cached entry with a TTL of 5mins, then
# we'll start trying to refetch 1 minute before it expires.
WELL_KNOWN_GRACE_PERIOD_FACTOR = 0.2

# Number of times we retry fetching a well-known for a domain we know recently
# had a valid entry.
WELL_KNOWN_RETRY_ATTEMPTS = 3


logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)


_well_known_cache = TTLCache("well-known")
_had_valid_well_known_cache = TTLCache("had-valid-well-known")


@attr.s(slots=True, frozen=True)
class WellKnownLookupResult(object):
    delegated_server = attr.ib()


class WellKnownResolver(object):
    """Handles well-known lookups for matrix servers.
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        reactor,
        agent,
        user_agent,
        well_known_cache=None,
        had_well_known_cache=None,
    ):
        self._reactor = reactor
        self._clock = Clock(reactor)

        if well_known_cache is None:
            well_known_cache = _well_known_cache

        if had_well_known_cache is None:
            had_well_known_cache = _had_valid_well_known_cache

        self._well_known_cache = well_known_cache
        self._had_valid_well_known_cache = had_well_known_cache
        self._well_known_agent = RedirectAgent(agent)
        self.user_agent = user_agent

    @defer.inlineCallbacks
    def get_well_known(self, server_name):
        """Attempt to fetch and parse a .well-known file for the given server

        Args:
            server_name (bytes): name of the server, from the requested url

        Returns:
            Deferred[WellKnownLookupResult]: The result of the lookup
        """
        try:
            prev_result, expiry, ttl = self._well_known_cache.get_with_expiry(
                server_name
            )

            now = self._clock.time()
            if now < expiry - WELL_KNOWN_GRACE_PERIOD_FACTOR * ttl:
                return WellKnownLookupResult(delegated_server=prev_result)
        except KeyError:
            prev_result = None

        # TODO: should we linearise so that we don't end up doing two .well-known
        # requests for the same server in parallel?
        try:
            with Measure(self._clock, "get_well_known"):
                result, cache_period = yield self._fetch_well_known(server_name)

        except _FetchWellKnownFailure as e:
            if prev_result and e.temporary:
                # This is a temporary failure and we have a still valid cached
                # result, so lets return that. Hopefully the next time we ask
                # the remote will be back up again.
                return WellKnownLookupResult(delegated_server=prev_result)

            result = None

            if self._had_valid_well_known_cache.get(server_name, False):
                # We have recently seen a valid well-known record for this
                # server, so we cache the lack of well-known for a shorter time.
                cache_period = WELL_KNOWN_DOWN_CACHE_PERIOD
            else:
                cache_period = WELL_KNOWN_INVALID_CACHE_PERIOD

            # add some randomness to the TTL to avoid a stampeding herd
            cache_period *= random.uniform(
                1 - WELL_KNOWN_DEFAULT_CACHE_PERIOD_JITTER,
                1 + WELL_KNOWN_DEFAULT_CACHE_PERIOD_JITTER,
            )

        if cache_period > 0:
            self._well_known_cache.set(server_name, result, cache_period)

        return WellKnownLookupResult(delegated_server=result)

    @defer.inlineCallbacks
    def _fetch_well_known(self, server_name):
        """Actually fetch and parse a .well-known, without checking the cache

        Args:
            server_name (bytes): name of the server, from the requested url

        Raises:
            _FetchWellKnownFailure if we fail to lookup a result

        Returns:
            Deferred[Tuple[bytes,int]]: The lookup result and cache period.
        """

        had_valid_well_known = self._had_valid_well_known_cache.get(server_name, False)

        # We do this in two steps to differentiate between possibly transient
        # errors (e.g. can't connect to host, 503 response) and more permenant
        # errors (such as getting a 404 response).
        response, body = yield self._make_well_known_request(
            server_name, retry=had_valid_well_known
        )

        try:
            if response.code != 200:
                raise Exception("Non-200 response %s" % (response.code,))

            parsed_body = json.loads(body.decode("utf-8"))
            logger.info("Response from .well-known: %s", parsed_body)

            result = parsed_body["m.server"].encode("ascii")
        except defer.CancelledError:
            # Bail if we've been cancelled
            raise
        except Exception as e:
            logger.info("Error parsing well-known for %s: %s", server_name, e)
            raise _FetchWellKnownFailure(temporary=False)

        cache_period = _cache_period_from_headers(
            response.headers, time_now=self._reactor.seconds
        )
        if cache_period is None:
            cache_period = WELL_KNOWN_DEFAULT_CACHE_PERIOD
            # add some randomness to the TTL to avoid a stampeding herd every 24 hours
            # after startup
            cache_period *= random.uniform(
                1 - WELL_KNOWN_DEFAULT_CACHE_PERIOD_JITTER,
                1 + WELL_KNOWN_DEFAULT_CACHE_PERIOD_JITTER,
            )
        else:
            cache_period = min(cache_period, WELL_KNOWN_MAX_CACHE_PERIOD)
            cache_period = max(cache_period, WELL_KNOWN_MIN_CACHE_PERIOD)

        # We got a success, mark as such in the cache
        self._had_valid_well_known_cache.set(
            server_name,
            bool(result),
            cache_period + WELL_KNOWN_REMEMBER_DOMAIN_HAD_VALID,
        )

        return result, cache_period

    @defer.inlineCallbacks
    def _make_well_known_request(self, server_name, retry):
        """Make the well known request.

        This will retry the request if requested and it fails (with unable
        to connect or receives a 5xx error).

        Args:
            server_name (bytes)
            retry (bool): Whether to retry the request if it fails.

        Returns:
            Deferred[tuple[IResponse, bytes]] Returns the response object and
            body. Response may be a non-200 response.
        """
        uri = b"https://%s/.well-known/matrix/server" % (server_name,)
        uri_str = uri.decode("ascii")

        headers = {
            b"User-Agent": [self.user_agent],
        }

        i = 0
        while True:
            i += 1

            logger.info("Fetching %s", uri_str)
            try:
                response = yield make_deferred_yieldable(
                    self._well_known_agent.request(
                        b"GET", uri, headers=Headers(headers)
                    )
                )
                body = yield make_deferred_yieldable(readBody(response))

                if 500 <= response.code < 600:
                    raise Exception("Non-200 response %s" % (response.code,))

                return response, body
            except defer.CancelledError:
                # Bail if we've been cancelled
                raise
            except Exception as e:
                if not retry or i >= WELL_KNOWN_RETRY_ATTEMPTS:
                    logger.info("Error fetching %s: %s", uri_str, e)
                    raise _FetchWellKnownFailure(temporary=True)

                logger.info("Error fetching %s: %s. Retrying", uri_str, e)

            # Sleep briefly in the hopes that they come back up
            yield self._clock.sleep(0.5)


def _cache_period_from_headers(headers, time_now=time.time):
    cache_controls = _parse_cache_control(headers)

    if b"no-store" in cache_controls:
        return 0

    if b"max-age" in cache_controls:
        try:
            max_age = int(cache_controls[b"max-age"])
            return max_age
        except ValueError:
            pass

    expires = headers.getRawHeaders(b"expires")
    if expires is not None:
        try:
            expires_date = stringToDatetime(expires[-1])
            return expires_date - time_now()
        except ValueError:
            # RFC7234 says 'A cache recipient MUST interpret invalid date formats,
            # especially the value "0", as representing a time in the past (i.e.,
            # "already expired").
            return 0

    return None


def _parse_cache_control(headers):
    cache_controls = {}
    for hdr in headers.getRawHeaders(b"cache-control", []):
        for directive in hdr.split(b","):
            splits = [x.strip() for x in directive.split(b"=", 1)]
            k = splits[0].lower()
            v = splits[1] if len(splits) > 1 else None
            cache_controls[k] = v
    return cache_controls


@attr.s()
class _FetchWellKnownFailure(Exception):
    # True if we didn't get a non-5xx HTTP response, i.e. this may or may not be
    # a temporary failure.
    temporary = attr.ib()
