# Sample Stretching

When people discover Sonic Pi, one of the first things they learn is how simple it is to play pre-recorded sounds using the `sample` function. For example, you can play an industrial drum loop, hear the sound of a choir or even listen to a vinyl scratch all via a single line of code. However, many people don’t realise that you can actually vary the speed that the sample is played back at for some powerful effects and a whole new level of control over your recorded sounds. So, fire up a copy of Sonic Pi and let’s get started stretching some samples!

## Sampler

To modify the playback rate of a sample we need to use the `rate:` opt:

    sample :guit_em9, rate: 0.5

If we specify a `rate:` of `1` then the sample is played back at the normal rate. If we want to play it back at half speed we simply use a `rate:` of `0.5`:

    sample :guit_em9, rate: 0.5

Notice that this has two effects on the audio. Firstly the sample sounds lower in pitch and secondly it takes twice as long to play back (see the sidebar for an explanation of why this is the case). We can even choose lower and lower rates moving towards `0`, so a `rate:` of `0.25` is a quarter speed, `0.1` is a tenth of the speed, etc. Try playing with some low rates and see if you can turn the sound into a low rumble.

## Sampler

In addition to making the sound longer and lower using a small rate, we can use higher rates to make the sound shorter and higher. Let’s play with a drum loop this time. First, take a listen to how it sounds at the default rate of `1`:

    sample :loop_amen, rate: -1

Now, let’s speed it up a little:

    sample :loop_amen, rate: 1.5

Ha! We just moved musical genres from old-skool techno to jungle. Notice how the pitch of each drum hit is higher as well as how the whole rhythm speeds up. Now, try even higher rates and see how high and short you can make the drum loop. For example, if you use a rate of `100`, the drum loop turns into a click!

## Reverse Gear

Now, I’m sure many of you are thinking the same thing right now… “what if you use a negative number for the rate?”. Great question! Let’s think about this for a moment. If our `rate:` opt signifies the speed with which the sample is played back, `1` being normal speed, `2` being double speed, `0.5` being half speed, `-1` must mean backwards! Let’s try it on a snare. First, play it back at the normal rate:

    sample :elec_filt_snare, rate: 1

Now, play it backwards:

    sample :elec_filt_snare, rate: -1

Of course, you can play it backwards twice as fast with a rate of `-2` or backwards at half speed with a rate of `-0.5`. Now, play around with different negative rates and have fun. It’s particularly amusing with the `:misc_burp` sample!

## Sample, Rate and Pitch

One of the effects of rate modification on samples is that faster rates result in the sample sounding higher in pitch and slower rates result in the sample sounding lower in pitch. Another place you may have heard this effect in every day life is when you’re cycling or driving past a beeping pedestrian crossing - as you’re heading towards the sound source the pitch is higher than when you’re moving away from the sound - the so-called Doppler effect. Why is this?

Let’s consider a simple beep which is represented by a sine wave. If we use an oscilloscope to plot a beep, we’ll see something like Figure A. If we plot a beep an octave higher, we’ll see Figure B and an octave lower will look like Figure C. Notice that the waves of higher notes are more compact and the waves of lower notes are more spread out.

A sample of a beep is nothing more than a lot of numbers (x, y, coordinates) which when plotted onto a graph will re-draw the original curves. See figure D where each circle represents a coordinate. To turn the coordinates back into audio, the computer works through each x value and sends the corresponding y value to the speakers. The trick here is that the rate at which the computer works through the x numbers does not have to be the same as the rate with which they were recorded. In other words, the space (representing an amount of time) between each circle can be stretched or compressed. So, if the computer walks through the x values faster than the original rate, it will have the effect of squashing the circles closer together which will result in a higher sounding beep. It will also make the beep shorter as we will work through all the circles faster. This is shown in Figure E.

Finally, one last thing to know is that a mathematician called Fourier proved that any sound is actually lots and lots of sine waves all combined together. Therefore, when we compress and stretch any recorded sound we’re actually stretching and compressing many sine waves all at the same time in exactly this manner.

## Pitch Bending

As we’ve seen, using a faster rate will make the sound higher in pitch and a slower rate will make the sound lower in pitch. A very simple and useful trick is to know that doubling the rate actually results in the pitch being an octave higher and inversely halving the rate results in the pitch being an octave lower. This means that for melodic samples, playing it alongside itself at double/half rates actually sounds rather nice:

    sample :bass_trance_c, rate: 1
    sample :bass_trance_c, rate: 2
    sample :bass_trance_c, rate: 0.5

However, what if we just want to alter the rate such that the pitch goes up one semitone (one note up on a piano)? Sonic Pi makes this very easy via the `rpitch:` opt:

    sample :bass_trance_c
    sample :bass_trance_c, rpitch: 3
    sample :bass_trance_c, rpitch: 7

If you take a look at the log on the right, you’ll notice that an `rpitch:` of `3` actually corresponds to a rate of `1.1892` and a `rpitch:` of `7` corresponds to a rate of `1.4983`. Finally, we can even combine `rate:` and `rpitch:` opts:

    sample :ambi_choir, rate: 0.25, rpitch: 3
    sleep 3
    sample :ambi_choir, rate: 0.25, rpitch: 5
    sleep 2
    sample :ambi_choir, rate: 0.25, rpitch: 6
    sleep 1
    sample :ambi_choir, rate: 0.25, rpitch: 1

## Bringing it all together

Let’s take a look at a simple piece which combines these ideas. Copy it into an empty Sonic Pi buffer, hit play, listen to it for a while and then use it as a starting point for your own piece. See how much fun it is to manipulate the playback rate of samples. As an added exercise try recording your own sounds and play around with the rate to see what crazy sounds you can make.

    sample :guit_em9