# &app; User's Manual

## Introduction

&app; is a graphical tool for merging and comparing text files. &app; is able to compare an arbitrary number of files side-by-side and gives users the ability to manually adjust line matching and directly edit files. &app; can also retrieve revisions of files from Bazaar, CVS, Darcs, Git, Mercurial, Monotone, RCS, Subversion, and SVK repositories for comparison and merging.

### About

&app; was written by Derrick Moser derrick_moser@yahoo.com.

© &app-year; Derrick Moser. All Rights Reserved.

### Licence

&app; is free software; you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the licence, or (at your option) any later version.

&app; is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with &app;. You may also obtain a copy of the GNU General Public License from the Free Software Foundation by visiting their web site or by writing to

              Free Software Foundation, Inc.
              51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor,
              Boston, MA 02110-1301
              USA

### Command Line Usage

`diffuse [ -h | -? | --help | -v | --version ]`

- Display information about &app;.

`diffuse [ [ `option` ]... [ `file` ]... ]...`

- Compare and merge files.

#### Help Options

If a help option is specified, it must be the only argument specified on the command line. &app; will immediately quit after displaying the help information.

`-h`, `-?`, `--help`

- Display usage information.

`-v`, `--version`

- Display version number and copyright information.

#### Configuration Options

If a configuration option is specified, it must be the first argument specified on the command line.

`--no-rcfile`

- Do not read any initialisation files.

`--rcfile `file``

- Only read initialisation commands from file `file`.

#### General Options

`-c`, `--commit` `rev`

- Open separate file comparison tabs for all files affected by commit `rev` from the remaining paths specified in the command line arguments.

`-D`, `--close-if-same`

- Close all tabs with no differences.

`-e`, `--encoding` `codec`

- Use `codec` to read and write files.

`-L`, `--label` `label`

- Display `label` instead of the file name.

`-m`, `--modified`

- Open separate file comparison tabs for all modified files from the remaining paths specified in the command line arguments.

`-r`, `--revision` `rev`

- Include revision `rev` of the next file named in the command line arguments in a file comparison tab.

`-s`, `--separate`

- Open all remaining files specified in the command line arguments in separate file comparison tabs.

`-t`, `--tab`

- Start a new tab for any remaining files named in the command line arguments.

`-V`, `--vcs` `vcs-list`

- Search for version control systems in the ordering: `vcs-list`.

`--line `line``

- Start with line `line` selected.

`--null-file`

- Create a blank file comparison pane.

#### Display Options

Display options specified in the command line arguments will override saved preference values.

`-b`, `--ignore-space-change`

- Ignore changes to the amount of white space.

`-B`, `--ignore-blank-lines`

- Ignore changes whose lines are all blank.

`-E`, `--ignore-end-of-line`

- Ignore end of line differences.

`-i`, `--ignore-case`

- Ignore case differences in file contents.

`-w`, `--ignore-all-space`

- Ignore all white space.

## File Comparison

Use the File New 2-Way File Merge, File New 3-Way File Merge, and File New N-Way File Merge menu items to create additional tabs for comparing text files. File names and revisions can be specified either in the command line arguments used to invoke &app; or in fields on the Open File dialogue.

&app; displays files side-by-side inserting gaps to align similar lines of text. Differences are highlighted with a different background colour.

### Comparison Summary

A summary of the compared files is located in the far right margin. The summary illustrates where gaps have been inserted to align matching lines of text and highlights differences using colour. Manual edits are also highlighted in green. A blue cursor identifies the region currently being viewed. The viewed region can be changed by clicking anywhere on the summary.

### Selecting

Lines of text can be selected using the mouse pointer or keyboard. Select lines of text with the mouse pointer by clicking on a line. Click and drag to select multiple lines. Holding down the shift key when clicking will extend the current selection. Select lines using the keyboard by pressing the page up/down or arrow keys. Extend the current selection by holding down the shift key and pressing the page up/down or arrow keys. Move the selection to an adjacent file using the left and right arrow keys.

### Matching Lines

The mouse pointer or keyboard can be used to manually align lines of text with adjacent files. To aligning lines of text using the mouse pointer, select a line of text with the left mouse button, right click on a line of text from an adjacent file, and choose Align with Selection. To align lines of text using the keyboard, move the selection with the cursor keys, press the space bar to pick the current line of text, move the selection with the cursor keys to a line of text in an adjacent file, and press the space bar to pick the target line of text. Pressing the Escape key will cancel the operation.

Use the Isolate menu item to prevent the selected lines from being matched with any lines from the adjacent files.

### Editing

Press the Enter key or double-click on a text area to enter text editing mode. The cursor will change to indicate text editing mode and the status bar at the bottom of the window will display the cursor's column position.

In text editing mode, text can be selected with the mouse pointer by click and dragging. The current selection can be extended by holding down the shift key and moving the cursor by clicking with the mouse pointer or pressing any of the arrow, home, end or page up/down keys. Individual words can be selected by double-clicking on them with the mouse pointer. Whole lines can be selected by triple-clicking on them with the mouse pointer.

Modify text by typing on the keyword. Modified lines will be highlighted in green. Use the Undo and Redo menu items to undo and redo the previously preformed operations.

Press the Escape key or click on another file's text area using the left mouse button to leave editing mode.

### Merging

Use the difference buttons or menu items to navigate between blocks of differences within a file. When navigating, &app; will move the selection to the next continuous set of lines with differences or edits.

Use the merge buttons or menu items to copy blocks of text into the selected range of lines. The Undo and Redo menu items can be used to undo and redo the previously preformed operations. All changes to a set of lines can be reverted using the Clear Edits menu item regardless of the order the edits were performed.

## Version Control

&app; can retrieve file revisions from several version control systems via their command line interface. The Microsoft Windows build of &app; is able to use both the Cygwin and native versions of the supported version control systems. When using &app; with Cygwin, ensure &app;'s Cygwin preferences correctly describe your system. If the Update paths for Cygwin preference exists for a version control system, it must be enabled to use the Cygwin version.

Version control systems are sensitive to the system path and other environment variable settings. The Launch from a Bash login shell preference may be used to easily set the environment for Cygwin version control systems.

### Viewing Uncommitted Modifications

The `-m` option will cause &app; to open comparison tabs for each file the version control system indicates has uncommitted modifications. This is convenient for reviewing all changes before committing or resolving a merge conflict. If no paths are specified the current working directory will be used. For example, view all of your uncommitted modifications with this command line:

    $ diffuse -m

The default revision of a file will be used for comparison if only one file is specified. For example, this will display a 2-way merge between the default revision of `foo.C` and the local `foo.C` file:

    $ diffuse foo.C

### Specifying Revisions

The `-r` option may also be used to explicitly specify a particular file revision. Any revision specifier understood by the version control system may be used. The local file will be used for comparison if only one file revision is specified. For example, this will display a 2-way merge between revision 123 of `foo.C` and the local `foo.C` file:

    $ diffuse -r 123 foo.C

Multiple file revisions can be compared by specifying multiple `-r` options. For example, this will display a 2-way merge between revision 123 of `foo.C` and revision 321 of `foo.C`:

    $ diffuse -r 123 -r 321 foo.C

Local files can be mixed with files from the version control system. For example, this will display a 3-way merge between revision MERGE_HEAD of `foo.C`, the local `foo.C` file, and revision HEAD of `foo.C`:

    $ diffuse -r MERGE_HEAD foo.C foo.C -r HEAD foo.C

For the `-c` option may be used to easily specify a pair of sequential revisions. For example, this will display a 2-way merge between revision 1.2.2 of `foo.C` and revision 1.2.3 of `foo.C`:

    $ diffuse -c 1.2.3 foo.C

&app; does not limit the number of panes that can be used for comparing files. The inputs to a Git octopus merge could be viewed with a command line like this:

    $ diffuse -r HEAD^1 -r HEAD^2 -r HEAD^3 -r HEAD^4 -r HEAD^5 foo.C

## Resources

Resources can be used to customise several aspects of &app;'s appearance and behaviour such as changing the colours used in the user interface, customising the keyboard shortcuts, adding or replacing syntax highlighting rules, or changing the mapping from file extensions to syntax highlighting rules.

When &app; is started, it will read commands from the system wide initialisation file `/etc/diffuserc` (`%INSTALL_DIR%\diffuserc` on Microsoft Windows) and then the personal initialisation file `~/.config/diffuse/diffuserc` (`%HOME%\.config\diffuse\diffuserc` on Microsoft Windows). This behaviour can be changed with the `--no-rcfile` and `--rcfile` configuration options. A Bourne shell-like lexical analyser is used to parse initialisation commands. Comments and special characters can be embedded using the same style of escaping used in Bourne shell scripts.

### General

`import `file``

- Processes initialisation commands from `file`. Initialisation files will only be processed once.

### Key Bindings

`keybinding `context` `action` `key_combination``

- Binds a key combination to `action` when used in `context`. Specify Shift and Control modifiers by prepending `Shift+` and `Ctrl+` to `key_combination` respectively. Keys normally modified by the Shift key should be specified using their modified value if `key_combination` involves the Shift key. For example, `Ctrl+g` and `Shift+Ctrl+G`. Remove bindings for `key_combination` by specifying `None` for the `action`.

#### Menu Item Key Bindings

Use `menu` for the `context` to define key bindings for menu items. The following values are valid for `action`:

`open_file`

- File Open File... menu item

  Default: `Ctrl+o`

`open_file_in_new_tab`

- File Open File In New Tab... menu item

  Default: `Ctrl+t`

`open_modified_files`

- File Open Modified Files... menu item

  Default: `Shift+Ctrl+O`

`open_commit`

- File Open Commit... menu item

  Default: `Shift+Ctrl+T`

`reload_file`

- File Reload File menu item

  Default: `Shift+Ctrl+R`

`save_file`

- File Save File menu item

  Default: `Ctrl+s`

`save_file_as`

- File Save File As... menu item

  Default: `Shift+Ctrl+A`

`save_all`

- File Save All menu item

  Default: `Shift+Ctrl+S`

`new_2_way_file_merge`

- File New 2-Way File Merge menu item

  Default: `Ctrl+2`

`new_3_way_file_merge`

- File New 3-Way File Merge menu item

  Default: `Ctrl+3`

`new_n_way_file_merge`

- File New N-Way File Merge menu item

  Default: `Ctrl+4`

`close_tab`

- File Close Tab menu item

  Default: `Ctrl+w`

`undo_close_tab`

- File Undo Close Tab menu item

  Default: `Shift+Ctrl+w`

`quit`

- File Quit menu item

  Default: `Ctrl+q`

`undo`

- Edit Undo menu item

  Default: `Ctrl+z`

`redo`

- Edit Redo menu item

  Default: `Shift+Ctrl+Z`

`cut`

- Edit Cut menu item

  Default: `Ctrl+x`

`copy`

- Edit Copy menu item

  Default: `Ctrl+c`

`paste`

- Edit Paste menu item

  Default: `Ctrl+v`

`select_all`

- Edit Select All menu item

  Default: `Ctrl+a`

`clear_edits`

- Edit Clear Edits menu item

  Default: `Ctrl+r`

`dismiss_all_edits`

- Edit Dismiss All Edits menu item

  Default: `Ctrl+d`

`find`

- Edit Find... menu item

  Default: `Ctrl+f`

`find_next`

- Edit Find Next menu item

  Default: `Ctrl+g`

`find_previous`

- Edit Find Previous menu item

  Default: `Shift+Ctrl+G`

`go_to_line`

- Edit Go To Line... menu item

  Default: `Shift+Ctrl+L`

`preferences`

- Edit Preferences menu item

  Default: None

`no_syntax_highlighting`

- View Syntax Highlighting None menu item

  Default: None

`syntax_highlighting_`syntax``

- View Syntax Highlighting `syntax` menu item

  Default: None

`realign_all`

- View Realign All menu item

  Default: `Ctrl+l`

`isolate`

- View Isolate menu item

  Default: `Ctrl+i`

`first_difference`

- View First Difference menu item

  Default: `Shift+Ctrl+Up`

`previous_difference`

- View Previous Difference menu item

  Default: `Ctrl+Up`

`next_difference`

- View Next Difference menu item

  Default: `Ctrl+Down`

`last_difference`

- View Last Difference menu item

  Default: `Shift+Ctrl+Down`

`first_tab`

- View First Tab menu item

  Default: `Shift+Ctrl+Page_Up`

`previous_tab`

- View Previous Tab menu item

  Default: `Ctrl+Page_Up`

`next_tab`

- View Next Tab menu item

  Default: `Ctrl+Page_Down`

`last_tab`

- View Last Tab menu item

  Default: `Shift+Ctrl+Page_Down`

`shift_pane_right`

- View Shift Pane Right menu item

  Default: `Shift+Ctrl+parenleft`

`shift_pane_left`

- View Shift Pane Left menu item

  Default: `Shift+Ctrl+parenright`

`convert_to_upper_case`

- Format Convert To Upper Case menu item

  Default: `Ctrl+u`

`convert_to_lower_case`

- Format Convert To Lower Case menu item

  Default: `Shift+Ctrl+U`

`sort_lines_in_ascending_order`

- Format Sort Lines In Ascending Order menu item

  Default: `Ctrl+y`

`sort_lines_in_descending_order`

- Format Sort Lines In Descending Order menu item

  Default: `Shift+Ctrl+Y`

`remove_trailing_white_space`

- Format Remove Trailing White Space menu item

  Default: `Ctrl+k`

`convert_tabs_to_spaces`

- Format Convert Tabs To Spaces menu item

  Default: `Ctrl+b`

`convert_leading_spaces_to_tabs`

- Format Convert Leading Spaces To Tabs menu item

  Default: `Shift+Ctrl+B`

`increase_indenting`

- Format Increase Indenting menu item

  Default: `Shift+Ctrl+greater`

`decrease_indenting`

- Format Decrease Indenting menu item

  Default: `Shift+Ctrl+less`

`convert_to_dos`

- Format Convert To DOS Format menu item

  Default: `Shift+Ctrl+E`

`convert_to_mac`

- Format Convert To Mac Format menu item

  Default: `Shift+Ctrl+C`

`convert_to_unix`

- Format Convert To Unix Format menu item

  Default: `Ctrl+e`

`copy_selection_right`

- Merge Copy Selection Right menu item

  Default: `Shift+Ctrl+Right`

`copy_selection_left`

- Merge Copy Selection Left menu item

  Default: `Shift+Ctrl+Left`

`copy_left_into_selection`

- Merge Copy Left Into Selection menu item

  Default: `Ctrl+Right`

`copy_right_into_selection`

- Merge Copy Right Into Selection menu item

  Default: `Ctrl+Left`

`merge_from_left_then_right`

- Merge Merge From Left Then Right menu item

  Default: `Ctrl+m`

`merge_from_right_then_left`

- Merge Merge From Right Then Left menu item

  Default: `Shift+Ctrl+M`

`help_contents`

- Help Help Contents menu item

  Default: `F1`

`about`

- Help About menu item

  Default: None

#### Line Editing Mode Key Bindings

Use `line_mode` for the `context` to define key bindings for line editing mode. The following values are valid for `action`:

`enter_align_mode`

- enter alignment editing mode

  Default: `space`

`enter_character_mode`

- enter character editing mode

  Defaults: `Return`, `KP_Enter`

`first_line`

- move cursor to the first line

  Defaults: `Home`, `g`

`extend_first_line`

- move cursor to the first line, extending the selection

  Default: `Shift+Home`

`last_line`

- move cursor to the last line

  Defaults: `End`, `Shift+G`

`extend_last_line`

- move cursor to the last line, extending the selection

  Default: `Shift+End`

`up`

- move cursor up one line

  Defaults: `Up`, `k`

`extend_up`

- move cursor up one line, extending the selection

  Defaults: `Shift+Up`, `Shift+K`

`down`

- move cursor down one line

  Defaults: `Down`, `j`

`extend_down`

- move cursor down one line, extending the selection

  Defaults: `Shift+Down`, `Shift+J`

`left`

- move cursor left one file

  Defaults: `Left`, `h`

`extend_left`

- move cursor left one file, extending the selection

  Default: `Shift+Left`

`right`

- move cursor right one file

  Defaults: `Right`, `l`

`extend_right`

- move cursor right one file, extending the selection

  Default: `Shift+Right`

`page_up`

- move cursor up one page

  Defaults: `Page_Up`, `Ctrl+u`

`extend_page_up`

- move cursor up one page, extending the selection

  Defaults: `Shift+Page_Up`, `Shift+Ctrl+u`

`page_down`

- move cursor down one page

  Defaults: `Page_Down`, `Ctrl+d`

`extend_page_down`

- move cursor down one page, extending the selection

  Defaults: `Shift+Page_Down`, `Shift+Ctrl+d`

`delete_text`

- delete the selected text

  Defaults: `BackSpace`, `Delete`, `x`

`first_difference`

- select the first difference

  Defaults: `Ctrl+Home`, `Shift+P`

`previous_difference`

- select the previous difference

  Default: `p`

`next_difference`

- select the next difference

  Default: `n`

`last_difference`

- select the last difference

  Defaults: `Ctrl+End`, `Shift+N`

`clear_edits`

- clear all edits from the selected lines

  Default: `r`

`copy_selection_left`

- copy lines from the selection into the file on the left

  Default: None

`copy_selection_right`

- copy lines from the selection into the file on the right

  Default: None

`copy_left_into_selection`

- copy lines from the file on the left into the selection

  Default: `Shift+L`

`copy_right_into_selection`

- copy lines from the file on the right into the selection

  Default: `Shift+H`

`merge_from_left_then_right`

- merge lines from file on the left then file on the right

  Default: `m`

`merge_from_right_then_left`

- merge lines from file on the right then file on the left

  Default: `Shift+M`

`isolate`

- isolate the selected lines

  Default: `i`

#### Alignment Editing Mode Key Bindings

Use `align_mode` for the `context` to define key bindings for alignment editing mode. The following values are valid for `action`:

`enter_line_mode`

- enter line editing mode

  Default: `Escape`

`enter_character_mode`

- enter character editing mode

  Defaults: `Return`, `KP_Enter`

`first_line`

- move cursor to the first line

  Default: `g`

`last_line`

- move cursor to the last line

  Default: `Shift+G`

`up`

- move cursor up one line

  Defaults: `Up`, `k`

`down`

- move cursor down one line

  Defaults: `Down`, `j`

`left`

- move cursor left one file

  Defaults: `Left`, `h`

`right`

- move cursor right one file

  Defaults: `Right`, `l`

`page_up`

- move cursor up one page

  Defaults: `Page_Up`, `Ctrl+u`

`page_down`

- move cursor down one page

  Defaults: `Page_Down`, `Ctrl+d`

`align`

- align the selected line to the cursor position

  Default: `space`

#### Character Editing Mode Key Bindings

Use `character_mode` for the `context` to define key bindings for character editing mode. The following values are valid for `action`:

`enter_line_mode`

- enter line editing mode

  Default: `Escape`

### Strings

`string `name` `value``

- Declares a string resource called `name` with value `value`.

#### Used String Resources

The following string resources are used by &app;:

`difference_colours`

- a list of colour resources used to indicate differences

  Default: `difference_1 difference_2 difference_3`

### Colours

`[ colour | color ] `name` `red` `green` `blue``

- Declares a colour resource called `name`. Individual colour components should be expressed as a value between 0 and 1.

#### Used Colour Resources

The following colour resources are used by &app;:

`alignment`

- colour used to indicate a line picked for manual alignment

  Default: `1 1 0`

`character_selection`

- colour used to indicate selected characters

  Default: `0.7 0.7 1`

`cursor`

- colour used for the cursor

  Default: `0 0 0`

`difference_1`

- colour used to identify differences between the first pair of files

  Default: `1 0.625 0.625`

`difference_2`

- colour used to identify differences between the second pair of files

  Default: `0.85 0.625 0.775`

`difference_3`

- colour used to identify differences between the third pair of files

  Default: `0.85 0.775 0.625`

`edited`

- colour used to indicate edited lines

  Default: `0.5 1 0.5`

`hatch`

- colour used for indicating alignment gaps

  Default: `0.8 0.8 0.8`

`line_number`

- colour used for line numbers

  Default: `0 0 0`

`line_number_background`

- background colour for the line number area

  Default: `0.75 0.75 0.75`

`line_selection`

- colour used to indicate selected lines

  Default: `0.7 0.7 1`

`map_background`

- background colour for the map area

  Default: `0.6 0.6 0.6`

`margin`

- colour used to indicate the right margin

  Default: `0.8 0.8 0.8`

`preedit`

- pre-edit text colour

  Default: `0 0 0`

`text`

- regular text colour

  Default: `0 0 0`

`text_background`

- background colour for the text area

  Default: `1 1 1`

### Floating Point Values

`float `name` `value``

- Declares a floating point resource called `name` with value `value`.

#### Used Floating Point Resources

The following floating point resources are used by &app;:

`alignment_opacity`

- opacity used when compositing the manual alignment colour

  Defaults: `1`

`character_difference_opacity`

- opacity used when compositing character difference colours

  Defaults: `0.4`

`character_selection_opacity`

- opacity used when compositing the character selection colour

  Defaults: `0.4`

`edited_opacity`

- opacity used when compositing the edited line colour

  Defaults: `0.4`

`line_difference_opacity`

- opacity used when compositing line difference colours

  Defaults: `0.3`

`line_selection_opacity`

- opacity used when compositing the line selection colour

  Defaults: `0.4`

### Syntax Highlighting

`syntax `name` `initial_state` `default_tag``

- Declares a new syntax style called `name`. Syntax highlighting uses a simple state machine that transitions between states when certain patterns are matched. The initial state for the state machine will be `initial_state`. All characters not matched by a pattern will be tagged as `default_tag` for highlighting. The syntax style called `name` can be removed by omitting `initial_state` and `default_tag`.

`syntax_files `name` `pattern``

- Specifies that files with a name matching `pattern` should be highlighted using the syntax style called `name`. Patterns used to match files for use with the syntax style called `name` can be removed by omitting `pattern`.

`syntax_magic `name` `pattern` ignorecase`

- Specifies that files with a first line matching `pattern` should be highlighted using the syntax style called `name`. Patterns used to match files for use with the syntax style called `name` can be removed by omitting `pattern`.

`syntax_pattern `name` `initial_state` `final_state` `tag` `pattern` ignorecase`

- Adds a pattern to the previously declared syntax style. Patterns are tried one at a time in the order they were declared until the first match is found. A pattern will only be used to match characters if the state machine is in the state `initial_state`. The state machine will transition to `final_state` if the pattern defined by `pattern` is matched. Case insensitive pattern matching will be used if `ignorecase` is specified. All characters matched by the pattern will be tagged as `tag` for highlighting.

## Files

The following files are used by &app;:

`/etc/diffuserc`

- system wide initialisations (`%INSTALL_DIR%\diffuserc` on Microsoft Windows)

`/usr/share/diffuse/syntax/*.syntax`

- syntax files for various languages (`%INSTALL_DIR%\syntax\*.syntax` on Microsoft Windows)

`~/.config/diffuse/diffuserc`

- your initialisations (`%HOME%\.config\diffuse\diffuserc` on Microsoft Windows)

`~/.config/diffuse/prefs`

- your saved preferences (`%HOME%\.config\diffuse\prefs` on Microsoft Windows)

`~/.local/share/diffuse/state`

- data persistent across sessions (`%HOME%\.local\share\diffuse\state` on Microsoft Windows)