python-tabulate
===============

Pretty-print tabular data in Python, a library and a command-line
utility.

The main use cases of the library are:

-   printing small tables without hassle: just one function call,
    formatting is guided by the data itself
-   authoring tabular data for lightweight plain-text markup: multiple
    output formats suitable for further editing or transformation
-   readable presentation of mixed textual and numeric data: smart
    column alignment, configurable number formatting, alignment by a
    decimal point

Installation
------------

To install the Python library and the command line utility, run:

    pip install tabulate

The command line utility will be installed as `tabulate` to `bin` on
Linux (e.g. `/usr/bin`); or as `tabulate.exe` to `Scripts` in your
Python installation on Windows (e.g.
`C:\Python27\Scripts\tabulate.exe`).

You may consider installing the library only for the current user:

    pip install tabulate --user

In this case the command line utility will be installed to
`~/.local/bin/tabulate` on Linux and to
`%APPDATA%\Python\Scripts\tabulate.exe` on Windows.

To install just the library on Unix-like operating systems:

    TABULATE_INSTALL=lib-only pip install tabulate

On Windows:

    set TABULATE_INSTALL=lib-only
    pip install tabulate

Build status
------------

[![Build status](https://circleci.com/gh/astanin/python-tabulate.svg?style=svg)](https://circleci.com/gh/astanin/python-tabulate/tree/master) [![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/8745yksvvol7h3d7/branch/master?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/astanin/python-tabulate/branch/master)

Library usage
-------------

The module provides just one function, `tabulate`, which takes a list of
lists or another tabular data type as the first argument, and outputs a
nicely formatted plain-text table:

    >>> from tabulate import tabulate

    >>> table = [["Sun",696000,1989100000],["Earth",6371,5973.6],
    ...          ["Moon",1737,73.5],["Mars",3390,641.85]]
    >>> print(tabulate(table))
    -----  ------  -------------
    Sun    696000     1.9891e+09
    Earth    6371  5973.6
    Moon     1737    73.5
    Mars     3390   641.85
    -----  ------  -------------

The following tabular data types are supported:

-   list of lists or another iterable of iterables
-   list or another iterable of dicts (keys as columns)
-   dict of iterables (keys as columns)
-   two-dimensional NumPy array
-   NumPy record arrays (names as columns)
-   pandas.DataFrame

Examples in this file use Python2. Tabulate supports Python3 too.

### Headers

The second optional argument named `headers` defines a list of column
headers to be used:

    >>> print(tabulate(table, headers=["Planet","R (km)", "mass (x 10^29 kg)"]))
    Planet      R (km)    mass (x 10^29 kg)
    --------  --------  -------------------
    Sun         696000           1.9891e+09
    Earth         6371        5973.6
    Moon          1737          73.5
    Mars          3390         641.85

If `headers="firstrow"`, then the first row of data is used:

    >>> print(tabulate([["Name","Age"],["Alice",24],["Bob",19]],
    ...                headers="firstrow"))
    Name      Age
    ------  -----
    Alice      24
    Bob        19

If `headers="keys"`, then the keys of a dictionary/dataframe, or column
indices are used. It also works for NumPy record arrays and lists of
dictionaries or named tuples:

    >>> print(tabulate({"Name": ["Alice", "Bob"],
    ...                 "Age": [24, 19]}, headers="keys"))
      Age  Name
    -----  ------
       24  Alice
       19  Bob

### Row Indices

By default, only pandas.DataFrame tables have an additional column
called row index. To add a similar column to any other type of table,
pass `showindex="always"` or `showindex=True` argument to `tabulate()`.
To suppress row indices for all types of data, pass `showindex="never"`
or `showindex=False`. To add a custom row index column, pass
`showindex=rowIDs`, where `rowIDs` is some iterable:

    >>> print(tabulate([["F",24],["M",19]], showindex="always"))
    -  -  --
    0  F  24
    1  M  19
    -  -  --

### Table format

There is more than one way to format a table in plain text. The third
optional argument named `tablefmt` defines how the table is formatted.

Supported table formats are:

-   "plain"
-   "simple"
-   "github"
-   "grid"
-   "fancy\_grid"
-   "pipe"
-   "orgtbl"
-   "jira"
-   "presto"
-   "pretty"
-   "psql"
-   "rst"
-   "mediawiki"
-   "moinmoin"
-   "youtrack"
-   "html"
-   "unsafehtml"
-   "latex"
-   "latex\_raw"
-   "latex\_booktabs"
-   "latex\_longtable"
-   "textile"
-   "tsv"

`plain` tables do not use any pseudo-graphics to draw lines:

    >>> table = [["spam",42],["eggs",451],["bacon",0]]
    >>> headers = ["item", "qty"]
    >>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="plain"))
    item      qty
    spam       42
    eggs      451
    bacon       0

`simple` is the default format (the default may change in future
versions). It corresponds to `simple_tables` in [Pandoc Markdown
extensions](http://johnmacfarlane.net/pandoc/README.html#tables):

    >>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="simple"))
    item      qty
    ------  -----
    spam       42
    eggs      451
    bacon       0

`github` follows the conventions of GitHub flavored Markdown. It
corresponds to the `pipe` format without alignment colons:

    >>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="github"))
    | item   | qty   |
    |--------|-------|
    | spam   | 42    |
    | eggs   | 451   |
    | bacon  | 0     |

`grid` is like tables formatted by Emacs'
[table.el](http://table.sourceforge.net/) package. It corresponds to
`grid_tables` in Pandoc Markdown extensions:

    >>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="grid"))
    +--------+-------+
    | item   |   qty |
    +========+=======+
    | spam   |    42 |
    +--------+-------+
    | eggs   |   451 |
    +--------+-------+
    | bacon  |     0 |
    +--------+-------+

`fancy_grid` draws a grid using box-drawing characters:

    >>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="fancy_grid"))
    ╒════════╤═══════╕
    │ item   │   qty │
    ╞════════╪═══════╡
    │ spam   │    42 │
    ├────────┼───────┤
    │ eggs   │   451 │
    ├────────┼───────┤
    │ bacon  │     0 │
    ╘════════╧═══════╛

`presto` is like tables formatted by Presto cli:

    >>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="presto"))
     item   |   qty
    --------+-------
     spam   |    42
     eggs   |   451
     bacon  |     0

`pretty` attempts to be close to the format emitted by the PrettyTables
library:

    >>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="pretty"))
    +-------+-----+
    | item  | qty |
    +-------+-----+
    | spam  | 42  |
    | eggs  | 451 |
    | bacon |  0  |
    +-------+-----+

`psql` is like tables formatted by Postgres' psql cli:

    >>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="psql"))
    +--------+-------+
    | item   |   qty |
    |--------+-------|
    | spam   |    42 |
    | eggs   |   451 |
    | bacon  |     0 |
    +--------+-------+

`pipe` follows the conventions of [PHP Markdown
Extra](http://michelf.ca/projects/php-markdown/extra/#table) extension.
It corresponds to `pipe_tables` in Pandoc. This format uses colons to
indicate column alignment:

    >>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="pipe"))
    | item   |   qty |
    |:-------|------:|
    | spam   |    42 |
    | eggs   |   451 |
    | bacon  |     0 |

`orgtbl` follows the conventions of Emacs
[org-mode](http://orgmode.org/manual/Tables.html), and is editable also
in the minor orgtbl-mode. Hence its name:

    >>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="orgtbl"))
    | item   |   qty |
    |--------+-------|
    | spam   |    42 |
    | eggs   |   451 |
    | bacon  |     0 |

`jira` follows the conventions of Atlassian Jira markup language:

    >>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="jira"))
    || item   ||   qty ||
    | spam   |    42 |
    | eggs   |   451 |
    | bacon  |     0 |

`rst` formats data like a simple table of the
[reStructuredText](http://docutils.sourceforge.net/docs/user/rst/quickref.html#tables)
format:

    >>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="rst"))
    ======  =====
    item      qty
    ======  =====
    spam       42
    eggs      451
    bacon       0
    ======  =====

`mediawiki` format produces a table markup used in
[Wikipedia](http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Tables) and on other
MediaWiki-based sites:

    >>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="mediawiki"))
    {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
    |+ <!-- caption -->
    |-
    ! item   !! align="right"|   qty
    |-
    | spam   || align="right"|    42
    |-
    | eggs   || align="right"|   451
    |-
    | bacon  || align="right"|     0
    |}

`moinmoin` format produces a table markup used in
[MoinMoin](https://moinmo.in/) wikis:

    >>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="moinmoin"))
    || ''' item   ''' || ''' quantity   ''' ||
    ||  spam    ||  41.999      ||
    ||  eggs    ||  451         ||
    ||  bacon   ||              ||

`youtrack` format produces a table markup used in Youtrack tickets:

    >>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="youtrack"))
    ||  item    ||  quantity   ||
    |   spam    |  41.999      |
    |   eggs    |  451         |
    |   bacon   |              |

`textile` format produces a table markup used in
[Textile](http://redcloth.org/hobix.com/textile/) format:

    >>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="textile"))
    |_.  item   |_.   qty |
    |<. spam    |>.    42 |
    |<. eggs    |>.   451 |
    |<. bacon   |>.     0 |

`html` produces standard HTML markup as an html.escape'd str
with a ._repr_html_ method so that Jupyter Lab and Notebook display the HTML
and a .str property so that the raw HTML remains accessible.
`unsafehtml` table format can be used if an unescaped HTML is required:

    >>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="html"))
    <table>
    <tbody>
    <tr><th>item  </th><th style="text-align: right;">  qty</th></tr>
    <tr><td>spam  </td><td style="text-align: right;">   42</td></tr>
    <tr><td>eggs  </td><td style="text-align: right;">  451</td></tr>
    <tr><td>bacon </td><td style="text-align: right;">    0</td></tr>
    </tbody>
    </table>

`latex` format creates a `tabular` environment for LaTeX markup,
replacing special characters like `_` or `\` to their LaTeX
correspondents:

    >>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="latex"))
    \begin{tabular}{lr}
    \hline
     item   &   qty \\
    \hline
     spam   &    42 \\
     eggs   &   451 \\
     bacon  &     0 \\
    \hline
    \end{tabular}

`latex_raw` behaves like `latex` but does not escape LaTeX commands and
special characters.

`latex_booktabs` creates a `tabular` environment for LaTeX markup using
spacing and style from the `booktabs` package.

`latex_longtable` creates a table that can stretch along multiple pages,
using the `longtable` package.

### Column alignment

`tabulate` is smart about column alignment. It detects columns which
contain only numbers, and aligns them by a decimal point (or flushes
them to the right if they appear to be integers). Text columns are
flushed to the left.

You can override the default alignment with `numalign` and `stralign`
named arguments. Possible column alignments are: `right`, `center`,
`left`, `decimal` (only for numbers), and `None` (to disable alignment).

Aligning by a decimal point works best when you need to compare numbers
at a glance:

    >>> print(tabulate([[1.2345],[123.45],[12.345],[12345],[1234.5]]))
    ----------
        1.2345
      123.45
       12.345
    12345
     1234.5
    ----------

Compare this with a more common right alignment:

    >>> print(tabulate([[1.2345],[123.45],[12.345],[12345],[1234.5]], numalign="right"))
    ------
    1.2345
    123.45
    12.345
     12345
    1234.5
    ------

For `tabulate`, anything which can be parsed as a number is a number.
Even numbers represented as strings are aligned properly. This feature
comes in handy when reading a mixed table of text and numbers from a
file:

    >>> import csv ; from StringIO import StringIO
    >>> table = list(csv.reader(StringIO("spam, 42\neggs, 451\n")))
    >>> table
    [['spam', ' 42'], ['eggs', ' 451']]
    >>> print(tabulate(table))
    ----  ----
    spam    42
    eggs   451
    ----  ----


To disable this feature use `disable_numparse=True`.

    >>> print(tabulate.tabulate([["Ver1", "18.0"], ["Ver2","19.2"]], tablefmt="simple", disable_numparse=True))
    ----  ----
    Ver1  18.0
    Ver2  19.2
    ----  ----


### Custom column alignment

`tabulate` allows a custom column alignment to override the above. The
`colalign` argument can be a list or a tuple of `stralign` named
arguments. Possible column alignments are: `right`, `center`, `left`,
`decimal` (only for numbers), and `None` (to disable alignment).
Omitting an alignment uses the default. For example:

    >>> print(tabulate([["one", "two"], ["three", "four"]], colalign=("right",))
    -----  ----
      one  two
    three  four
    -----  ----

### Number formatting

`tabulate` allows to define custom number formatting applied to all
columns of decimal numbers. Use `floatfmt` named argument:

    >>> print(tabulate([["pi",3.141593],["e",2.718282]], floatfmt=".4f"))
    --  ------
    pi  3.1416
    e   2.7183
    --  ------

`floatfmt` argument can be a list or a tuple of format strings, one per
column, in which case every column may have different number formatting:

    >>> print(tabulate([[0.12345, 0.12345, 0.12345]], floatfmt=(".1f", ".3f")))
    ---  -----  -------
    0.1  0.123  0.12345
    ---  -----  -------

### Text formatting

By default, `tabulate` removes leading and trailing whitespace from text
columns. To disable whitespace removal, set the global module-level flag
`PRESERVE_WHITESPACE`:

    import tabulate
    tabulate.PRESERVE_WHITESPACE = True

### Wide (fullwidth CJK) symbols

To properly align tables which contain wide characters (typically
fullwidth glyphs from Chinese, Japanese or Korean languages), the user
should install `wcwidth` library. To install it together with
`tabulate`:

    pip install tabulate[widechars]

Wide character support is enabled automatically if `wcwidth` library is
already installed. To disable wide characters support without
uninstalling `wcwidth`, set the global module-level flag
`WIDE_CHARS_MODE`:

    import tabulate
    tabulate.WIDE_CHARS_MODE = False

### Multiline cells

Most table formats support multiline cell text (text containing newline
characters). The newline characters are honored as line break
characters.

Multiline cells are supported for data rows and for header rows.

Further automatic line breaks are not inserted. Of course, some output
formats such as latex or html handle automatic formatting of the cell
content on their own, but for those that don't, the newline characters
in the input cell text are the only means to break a line in cell text.

Note that some output formats (e.g. simple, or plain) do not represent
row delimiters, so that the representation of multiline cells in such
formats may be ambiguous to the reader.

The following examples of formatted output use the following table with
a multiline cell, and headers with a multiline cell:

    >>> table = [["eggs",451],["more\nspam",42]]
    >>> headers = ["item\nname", "qty"]

`plain` tables:

    >>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="plain"))
    item      qty
    name
    eggs      451
    more       42
    spam

`simple` tables:

    >>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="simple"))
    item      qty
    name
    ------  -----
    eggs      451
    more       42
    spam

`grid` tables:

    >>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="grid"))
    +--------+-------+
    | item   |   qty |
    | name   |       |
    +========+=======+
    | eggs   |   451 |
    +--------+-------+
    | more   |    42 |
    | spam   |       |
    +--------+-------+

`fancy_grid` tables:

    >>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="fancy_grid"))
    ╒════════╤═══════╕
    │ item   │   qty │
    │ name   │       │
    ╞════════╪═══════╡
    │ eggs   │   451 │
    ├────────┼───────┤
    │ more   │    42 │
    │ spam   │       │
    ╘════════╧═══════╛

`pipe` tables:

    >>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="pipe"))
    | item   |   qty |
    | name   |       |
    |:-------|------:|
    | eggs   |   451 |
    | more   |    42 |
    | spam   |       |

`orgtbl` tables:

    >>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="orgtbl"))
    | item   |   qty |
    | name   |       |
    |--------+-------|
    | eggs   |   451 |
    | more   |    42 |
    | spam   |       |

`jira` tables:

    >>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="jira"))
    | item   |   qty |
    | name   |       |
    |:-------|------:|
    | eggs   |   451 |
    | more   |    42 |
    | spam   |       |

`presto` tables:

    >>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="presto"))
     item   |   qty
     name   |
    --------+-------
     eggs   |   451
     more   |    42
     spam   |

`pretty` tables:

    >>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="pretty"))
    +------+-----+
    | item | qty |
    | name |     |
    +------+-----+
    | eggs | 451 |
    | more | 42  |
    | spam |     |
    +------+-----+

`psql` tables:

    >>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="psql"))
    +--------+-------+
    | item   |   qty |
    | name   |       |
    |--------+-------|
    | eggs   |   451 |
    | more   |    42 |
    | spam   |       |
    +--------+-------+

`rst` tables:

    >>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="rst"))
    ======  =====
    item      qty
    name
    ======  =====
    eggs      451
    more       42
    spam
    ======  =====

Multiline cells are not well supported for the other table formats.

Usage of the command line utility
---------------------------------

    Usage: tabulate [options] [FILE ...]

    FILE                      a filename of the file with tabular data;
                              if "-" or missing, read data from stdin.

    Options:

    -h, --help                show this message
    -1, --header              use the first row of data as a table header
    -o FILE, --output FILE    print table to FILE (default: stdout)
    -s REGEXP, --sep REGEXP   use a custom column separator (default: whitespace)
    -F FPFMT, --float FPFMT   floating point number format (default: g)
    -f FMT, --format FMT      set output table format; supported formats:
                              plain, simple, github, grid, fancy_grid, pipe,
                              orgtbl, rst, mediawiki, html, latex, latex_raw,
                              latex_booktabs, latex_longtable, tsv
                              (default: simple)

Performance considerations
--------------------------

Such features as decimal point alignment and trying to parse everything
as a number imply that `tabulate`:

-   has to "guess" how to print a particular tabular data type
-   needs to keep the entire table in-memory
-   has to "transpose" the table twice
-   does much more work than it may appear

It may not be suitable for serializing really big tables (but who's
going to do that, anyway?) or printing tables in performance sensitive
applications. `tabulate` is about two orders of magnitude slower than
simply joining lists of values with a tab, comma, or other separator.

At the same time, `tabulate` is comparable to other table
pretty-printers. Given a 10x10 table (a list of lists) of mixed text and
numeric data, `tabulate` appears to be slower than `asciitable`, and
faster than `PrettyTable` and `texttable` The following mini-benchmark
was run in Python 3.8.3 in Windows 10 x64:

    =================================  ==========  ===========
    Table formatter                      time, μs    rel. time
    =================================  ==========  ===========
    csv to StringIO                          12.5          1.0
    join with tabs and newlines              15.6          1.3
    asciitable (0.8.0)                      191.4         15.4
    tabulate (0.8.9)                        472.8         38.0
    tabulate (0.8.9, WIDE_CHARS_MODE)       789.6         63.4
    PrettyTable (0.7.2)                     879.1         70.6
    texttable (1.6.2)                      1352.2        108.6
    =================================  ==========  ===========


Version history
---------------

The full version history can be found at the [changelog](https://github.com/astanin/python-tabulate/blob/master/CHANGELOG).

How to contribute
-----------------

Contributions should include tests and an explanation for the changes
they propose. Documentation (examples, docstrings, README.md) should be
updated accordingly.

This project uses [pytest](https://docs.pytest.org/) testing
framework and [tox](https://tox.readthedocs.io/) to automate testing in
different environments. Add tests to one of the files in the `test/`
folder.

To run tests on all supported Python versions, make sure all Python
interpreters, `pytest` and `tox` are installed, then run `tox` in the root
of the project source tree.

On Linux `tox` expects to find executables like `python2.6`,
`python2.7`, `python3.4` etc. On Windows it looks for
`C:\Python26\python.exe`, `C:\Python27\python.exe` and
`C:\Python34\python.exe` respectively.

To test only some Python environments, use `-e` option. For example, to
test only against Python 2.7 and Python 3.8, run:

    tox -e py27,py38

in the root of the project source tree.

To enable NumPy and Pandas tests, run:

    tox -e py27-extra,py38-extra

(this may take a long time the first time, because NumPy and Pandas will
have to be installed in the new virtual environments)

To fix code formatting:

    tox -e lint

See `tox.ini` file to learn how to use to test
individual Python versions.

Contributors
------------

Sergey Astanin, Pau Tallada Crespí, Erwin Marsi, Mik Kocikowski, Bill
Ryder, Zach Dwiel, Frederik Rietdijk, Philipp Bogensberger, Greg
(anonymous), Stefan Tatschner, Emiel van Miltenburg, Brandon Bennett,
Amjith Ramanujam, Jan Schulz, Simon Percivall, Javier Santacruz
López-Cepero, Sam Denton, Alexey Ziyangirov, acaird, Cesar Sanchez,
naught101, John Vandenberg, Zack Dever, Christian Clauss, Benjamin
Maier, Andy MacKinlay, Thomas Roten, Jue Wang, Joe King, Samuel Phan,
Nick Satterly, Daniel Robbins, Dmitry B, Lars Butler, Andreas Maier,
Dick Marinus, Sébastien Celles, Yago González, Andrew Gaul, Wim Glenn,
Jean Michel Rouly, Tim Gates, John Vandenberg, Sorin Sbarnea,
Wes Turner, Andrew Tija, Marco Gorelli, Sean McGinnis, danja100,
endolith, Dominic Davis-Foster, pavlocat, Daniel Aslau, paulc,
Felix Yan, Shane Loretz, Frank Busse, Harsh Singh, Derek Weitzel,
Vladimir Vrzić, 서승우 (chrd5273), Georgy Frolov, Christian Cwienk,
Bart Broere, Vilhelm Prytz.
