ncurses(3X)

NAZWA
ncurses - pakiet obsługi CRT i jego optymalizacji

SKŁADNIA
#include <curses.h>

OPIS
The ncurses library routines give the user a terminal-independent method of updating character screens with reasonable optimization. This implementation is “new curses” (ncurses) and is the approved replacement for 4.4BSD classic curses, which has been discontinued. This describes ncurses version 6.3 (patch 20211021).

The ncurses library emulates the curses library of System V Release 4 UNIX, and XPG4 (X/Open Portability Guide) curses (also known as XSI curses). XSI stands for X/Open System Interfaces Extension. The ncurses library is freely redistributable in source form. Differences from the SVr4 curses are summarized under the EXTENSIONS and PORTABILITY sections below and described in detail in the respective EXTENSIONS, PORTABILITY and BUGS sections of individual man pages.

The ncurses library also provides many useful extensions, i.e., features which cannot be implemented by a simple add-on library but which require access to the internals of the library.

A program using these routines must be linked with the -lncurses option, or (if it has been generated) with the debugging library -lncurses_g. (Your system integrator may also have installed these libraries under the names -lcurses and -lcurses_g.) The ncurses_g library generates trace logs (in a file called “trace” in the current directory) that describe curses actions. See also the section on ALTERNATE CONFIGURATIONS.

Pakiet ncurses obsługuje: działanie na ekranie, oknach i padach; wyjście do okien i padów; odczytywanie wejścia z terminala; sterowanie terminalem oraz opcje wejścia/wyjścia curses; funkcje zapytań środowiskowych; działanie na kolorach; używanie klawiszy o miękkich etykietach; właściwości terminfo; i dostęp do niskopoziomowych funkcji obsługi terminala.

  Initialization

The library uses the locale which the calling program has initialized. That is normally done with setlocale: setlocale(LC_ALL, "");

If the locale is not initialized, the library assumes that characters are printable as in ISO-8859-1, to work with certain legacy programs. You should initialize the locale and not rely on specific details of the library when the locale has not been setup.

Aby zainicjalizować pakiet, należy na samym początku wywołać funkcję initscr, lub newterm. Przed wyjściem należy wywołać funkcję endwin(3X).

Aby uzyskać wejście znakowe znak-po-znaku bez echa (większość interaktywnie zorientowanych programów tego chce), powinno się użyć następującej sekwencji: initscr(); cbreak(); noecho();

Większość programów chętnie wykorzystuje też sekwencje: intrflush(stdscr, FALSE); keypad(stdscr, TRUE);

Przed uruchomieniem programu curses, należy ustawić <tab stops> (pozycje tabulacji) terminala, oraz wysłać doń łańcuchy inicjujące. Można tego dokonać, wywołując polecenie tput init po uprzednim wyeksportowaniu zmiennej środowiskowej TERM. Odpowiedzialny za to jest tset(1). [Szczegóły - zobacz terminfo(5).]

  Datatypes

Biblioteka ncurses zezwala na działanie na strukturach danych, nazywanych oknami, o których można myśleć jak o dwuwymiarowych tablicach znaków, reprezentujących część lub całość ekranu CRT. Dostarczane jest domyślne okno, o nazwie stdscr, którego wymiary odpowiadają ekranowi terminala. Inne okna można utworzyć przy użyciu funkcji newwin.

Zauważ, że curses nie obsługuje zachodzących okien - jest to robione przez bibliotekę panels(3x). Znaczy to, że możesz albo używać stdscr, albo podzielić ekran na okna i nie używać stdscr w ogóle. Łączenie tych dwóch spowoduje niepraktyczne i niepożądane efekty.

Do okien można odnosić się poprzez zmienne zadeklarowane jako WINDOW *. Działań na tych strukturach dokonuje się funkcjami opisanymi na tej stronie oraz w innych miejscach stron podręcznika ncurses. Najbardziej podstawowymi funkcjami są move i addch. Ogólniejsze wersje tych funkcji figurują pod nazwami zaczynającymi się od w i umożliwiają podanie okna. Funkcje nie zaczynające się od w działają na stdscr.

Po użyciu funkcji działania na oknie, wywoływany jest refresh, nakazujący curses, by ekran CRT zaczął wyglądać tak jak stdscr. Znaki okna są właściwie typu chtype (znak i dane atrybutu), więc dane o znaku można przechowywać w nim samym.

Można też operować szczególnymi oknami, padami. Okna te nie są ograniczone rozmiarami ekranu, a ich zawartość nie musi być w całości wyświetlana. Więcej szczegółów znajdziesz w curs_pad(3X).

Oprócz rysowania na ekranie znaków, mogą być obsługiwane atrybuty i kolory, a więc znaki mogą pokazywać się w trybach takich jak podkreślenie, inwersja, lub w kolorze, o ile terminal na to pozwala. Można wyświetlać znaki składające się na linie. Na wejściu, ncurses potrafi tłumaczyć klawisze strzałek i funkcyjne, które przekazują sekwencje eskejpowe, na zwykłe wartości. Atrybuty wideo, znaki rysowania linii i nazwy wartości wejściowych są zdefiniowane w <curses.h> i mają nazwy typu A_REVERSE, ACS_HLINE, czy KEY_LEFT.

  Environment variables

If the environment variables LINES and COLUMNS are set, or if the program is executing in a window environment, line and column information in the environment will override information read by terminfo. This would affect a program running in an AT&T 630 layer, for example, where the size of a screen is changeable (see ENVIRONMENT).

Jeśli zdefiniowana jest zmienna środowiskowa TERMINFO, to każdy program używający curses będzie szukał najpierw lokalnej definicji terminala, a dopiero potem zajrzy do standardowego miejsca. Np. Jeśli TERM jest ustawione na att4424, to wkompilowana definicja terminala jest znajdywana w /usr/share/terminfo/a/att4424.

(a jest kopiowane z pierwszej litery att4424, aby zapobiec tworzeniu wielkich katalogów.) Jednak jeśli ustawiono TERMINFO, np. na wartość $HOME/myterms, to curses zajrzy wpierw do $HOME/myterms/a/att4424,

a jeśli to zawiedzie, do /usr/share/terminfo/a/att4424.

Jest to przydatne dla rozwijania eksperymentalnych definicji, lub gdy nie ma praw zapisu do /usr/share/terminfo.

Zmienne całkowite LINES i COLS są zdefiniowane w <curses.h> i są wypełniane przez initscr wartościami, odpowiadającymi rozmiarowi ekranu. Stałe TRUE i FALSE mają odpowiednio wartości 1 i 0.

Zmienne curses definiują również zmienną WINDOW *curscr, która jest używana do pewnych niskopoziomowych operacji, jak np. oczyszczanie i odświeżanie ekranu, zawierającego śmieci. curscr może być użyte tylko w niektórych funkcjach.

  Nazwy funkcji i argumentów
Wiele funkcji curses ma dwie lub więcej wersji. Zmienne, poprzedzone w, wymagają argumentu okna. Zmienne poprzedzone p wymagają argumentu padu. Funkcje bez przedrostka odnoszą się w ogólności do stdscr.

Zmienne z przedrostkiem mv wymagają współrzędnych y i x, wskazujących miejsce ekranu, do którego należy się przenieść przed dokonaniem akcji. Funkcje te wymuszają wywołanie move przed wywołaniem innej funkcji. Współrzędna y zawsze odnosi się do wiersza (okna), a x do kolumny. Górny lewy narożnik ma współrzędne (0,0), nie (1,1).

The routines prefixed with mvw take both a window argument and x and y coordinates. The window argument is always specified before the coordinates.

W każdym wypadku, win jest oknem, a pad padem, na które wpływa funkcja. win i pad są zawsze wskaźnikami do typu WINDOW.

Funkcje ustawiające opcje wymagają flagi logicznej bf, której wartość wynosi albo TRUE, albo FALSE; bf jest zawsze typu bool. Zmienne ch i attrs niżej, są zawsze typu chtype. Typy WINDOW, SCREEN, bool, i chtype są zdefiniowane w <curses.h>. Typ TERMINAL jest zdefiniowany w <term.h>.

This manual page describes functions which may appear in any configuration of the library. There are two common configurations of the library:

    ncurses
        the “normal” library, which handles 8-bit characters. The normal (8-bit) library stores characters combined with attributes in chtype data.

        Attributes alone (no corresponding character) may be stored in chtype or the equivalent attr_t data. In either case, the data is stored in something like an integer.

        Each cell (row and column) in a WINDOW is stored as a chtype.

    ncursesw
        the so-called “wide” library, which handles multibyte characters (see the section on ALTERNATE CONFIGURATIONS). The “wide” library includes all of the calls from the “normal” library. It adds about one third more calls using data types which store multibyte characters:

        cchar_t
            corresponds to chtype. However it is a structure, because more data is stored than can fit into an integer. The characters are large enough to require a full integer value - and there may be more than one character per cell. The video attributes and color are stored in separate fields of the structure.

            Each cell (row and column) in a WINDOW is stored as a cchar_t.

            The setcchar(3X) and getcchar(3X) functions store and retrieve the data from a cchar_t structure.

        wchar_t
            stores a “wide” character. Like chtype, this may be an integer.

        wint_t
            stores a wchar_t or WEOF - not the same, though both may have the same size.

        The “wide” library provides new functions which are analogous to functions in the “normal” library. There is a naming convention which relates many of the normal/wide variants: a “_w” is inserted into the name. For example, waddch becomes wadd_wch.

  Indeks nazw funkcji
The following table lists the curses routines provided in the “normal” and “wide” libraries and the names of the manual pages on which they are described. Routines flagged with “*” are ncurses-specific, not described by XPG4 or present in SVr4.

curses Nazwa funkcji | Nazwa strony podręcznika
COLOR_PAIR | curs_color(3X)
PAIR_NUMBER | curs_attr(3X)
add_wch | curs_add_wch(3X)
add_wchnstr | curs_add_wchstr(3X)
add_wchstr | curs_add_wchstr(3X)
addch | curs_addch(3X)
addchnstr | curs_addchstr(3X)
addchstr | curs_addchstr(3X)
addnstr | curs_addstr(3X)
addnwstr | curs_addwstr(3X)
addstr | curs_addstr(3X)
addwstr | curs_addwstr(3X)
alloc_pair | new_pair(3X)*
assume_default_colors | default_colors(3X)*
attr_get | curs_attr(3X)
attr_off | curs_attr(3X)
attr_on | curs_attr(3X)
attr_set | curs_attr(3X)
attroff | curs_attr(3X)
attron | curs_attr(3X)
attrset | curs_attr(3X)
baudrate | curs_termattrs(3X)
beep | curs_beep(3X)
bkgd | curs_bkgd(3X)
bkgdset | curs_bkgd(3X)
bkgrnd | curs_bkgrnd(3X)
bkgrndset | curs_bkgrnd(3X)
border | curs_border(3X)
border_set | curs_border_set(3X)
box | curs_border(3X)
box_set | curs_border_set(3X)
can_change_color | curs_color(3X)
cbreak | curs_inopts(3X)
chgat | curs_attr(3X)
clear | curs_clear(3X)
clearok | curs_outopts(3X)
clrtobot | curs_clear(3X)
clrtoeol | curs_clear(3X)
color_content | curs_color(3X)
color_set | curs_attr(3X)
copywin | curs_overlay(3X)
curs_set | curs_kernel(3X)
curses_trace | curs_trace(3X)*
curses_version | curs_extend(3X)*
def_prog_mode | curs_kernel(3X)
def_shell_mode | curs_kernel(3X)
define_key | define_key(3X)*
del_curterm | curs_terminfo(3X)
delay_output | curs_util(3X)
delch | curs_delch(3X)
deleteln | curs_deleteln(3X)
delscreen | curs_initscr(3X)
delwin | curs_window(3X)
derwin | curs_window(3X)
doupdate | curs_refresh(3X)
dupwin | curs_window(3X)
echo | curs_inopts(3X)
echo_wchar | curs_add_wch(3X)
echochar | curs_addch(3X)
endwin | curs_initscr(3X)
erase | curs_clear(3X)
erasechar | curs_termattrs(3X)
erasewchar | curs_termattrs(3X)
exit_curses | curs_memleaks(3X)*
exit_terminfo | curs_memleaks(3X)*
extended_color_content | curs_color(3X)*
extended_pair_content | curs_color(3X)*
extended_slk_color | curs_slk(3X)*
filter | curs_util(3X)
find_pair | new_pair(3X)*
flash | curs_beep(3X)
flushinp | curs_util(3X)
free_pair | new_pair(3X)*
get_wch | curs_get_wch(3X)
get_wstr | curs_get_wstr(3X)
getattrs | curs_attr(3X)
getbegx | curs_legacy(3X)*
getbegy | curs_legacy(3X)*
getbegyx | curs_getyx(3X)
getbkgd | curs_bkgd(3X)
getbkgrnd | curs_bkgrnd(3X)
getcchar | curs_getcchar(3X)
getch | curs_getch(3X)
getcurx | curs_legacy(3X)*
getcury | curs_legacy(3X)*
getmaxx | curs_legacy(3X)*
getmaxy | curs_legacy(3X)*
getmaxyx | curs_getyx(3X)
getmouse | curs_mouse(3X)*
getn_wstr | curs_get_wstr(3X)
getnstr | curs_getstr(3X)
getparx | curs_legacy(3X)*
getpary | curs_legacy(3X)*
getparyx | curs_getyx(3X)
getstr | curs_getstr(3X)
getsyx | curs_kernel(3X)
getwin | curs_util(3X)
getyx | curs_getyx(3X)
halfdelay | curs_inopts(3X)
has_colors | curs_color(3X)
has_ic | curs_termattrs(3X)
has_il | curs_termattrs(3X)
has_key | curs_getch(3X)*
has_mouse | curs_mouse(3X)*
hline | curs_border(3X)
hline_set | curs_border_set(3X)
idcok | curs_outopts(3X)
idlok | curs_outopts(3X)
immedok | curs_outopts(3X)
in_wch | curs_in_wch(3X)
in_wchnstr | curs_in_wchstr(3X)
in_wchstr | curs_in_wchstr(3X)
inch | curs_inch(3X)
inchnstr | curs_inchstr(3X)
inchstr | curs_inchstr(3X)
init_color | curs_color(3X)
init_extended_color | curs_color(3X)*
init_extended_pair | curs_color(3X)*
init_pair | curs_color(3X)
initscr | curs_initscr(3X)
innstr | curs_instr(3X)
innwstr | curs_inwstr(3X)
ins_nwstr | curs_ins_wstr(3X)
ins_wch | curs_ins_wch(3X)
ins_wstr | curs_ins_wstr(3X)
insch | curs_insch(3X)
insdelln | curs_deleteln(3X)
insertln | curs_deleteln(3X)
insnstr | curs_insstr(3X)
insstr | curs_insstr(3X)
instr | curs_instr(3X)
intrflush | curs_inopts(3X)
inwstr | curs_inwstr(3X)
is_cleared | curs_opaque(3X)*
is_idcok | curs_opaque(3X)*
is_idlok | curs_opaque(3X)*
is_immedok | curs_opaque(3X)*
is_keypad | curs_opaque(3X)*
is_leaveok | curs_opaque(3X)*
is_linetouched | curs_touch(3X)
is_nodelay | curs_opaque(3X)*
is_notimeout | curs_opaque(3X)*
is_pad | curs_opaque(3X)*
is_scrollok | curs_opaque(3X)*
is_subwin | curs_opaque(3X)*
is_syncok | curs_opaque(3X)*
is_term_resized | resizeterm(3X)*
is_wintouched | curs_touch(3X)
isendwin | curs_initscr(3X)
key_defined | key_defined(3X)*
key_name | curs_util(3X)
keybound | keybound(3X)*
keyname | curs_util(3X)
keyok | keyok(3X)*
keypad | curs_inopts(3X)
killchar | curs_termattrs(3X)
killwchar | curs_termattrs(3X)
leaveok | curs_outopts(3X)
longname | curs_termattrs(3X)
mcprint | curs_print(3X)*
meta | curs_inopts(3X)
mouse_trafo | curs_mouse(3X)*
mouseinterval | curs_mouse(3X)*
mousemask | curs_mouse(3X)*
move | curs_move(3X)
mvadd_wch | curs_add_wch(3X)
mvadd_wchnstr | curs_add_wchstr(3X)
mvadd_wchstr | curs_add_wchstr(3X)
mvaddch | curs_addch(3X)
mvaddchnstr | curs_addchstr(3X)
mvaddchstr | curs_addchstr(3X)
mvaddnstr | curs_addstr(3X)
mvaddnwstr | curs_addwstr(3X)
mvaddstr | curs_addstr(3X)
mvaddwstr | curs_addwstr(3X)
mvchgat | curs_attr(3X)
mvcur | curs_terminfo(3X)
mvdelch | curs_delch(3X)
mvderwin | curs_window(3X)
mvget_wch | curs_get_wch(3X)
mvget_wstr | curs_get_wstr(3X)
mvgetch | curs_getch(3X)
mvgetn_wstr | curs_get_wstr(3X)
mvgetnstr | curs_getstr(3X)
mvgetstr | curs_getstr(3X)
mvhline | curs_border(3X)
mvhline_set | curs_border_set(3X)
mvin_wch | curs_in_wch(3X)
mvin_wchnstr | curs_in_wchstr(3X)
mvin_wchstr | curs_in_wchstr(3X)
mvinch | curs_inch(3X)
mvinchnstr | curs_inchstr(3X)
mvinchstr | curs_inchstr(3X)
mvinnstr | curs_instr(3X)
mvinnwstr | curs_inwstr(3X)
mvins_nwstr | curs_ins_wstr(3X)
mvins_wch | curs_ins_wch(3X)
mvins_wstr | curs_ins_wstr(3X)
mvinsch | curs_insch(3X)
mvinsnstr | curs_insstr(3X)
mvinsstr | curs_insstr(3X)
mvinstr | curs_instr(3X)
mvinwstr | curs_inwstr(3X)
mvprintw | curs_printw(3X)
mvscanw | curs_scanw(3X)
mvvline | curs_border(3X)
mvvline_set | curs_border_set(3X)
mvwadd_wch | curs_add_wch(3X)
mvwadd_wchnstr | curs_add_wchstr(3X)
mvwadd_wchstr | curs_add_wchstr(3X)
mvwaddch | curs_addch(3X)
mvwaddchnstr | curs_addchstr(3X)
mvwaddchstr | curs_addchstr(3X)
mvwaddnstr | curs_addstr(3X)
mvwaddnwstr | curs_addwstr(3X)
mvwaddstr | curs_addstr(3X)
mvwaddwstr | curs_addwstr(3X)
mvwchgat | curs_attr(3X)
mvwdelch | curs_delch(3X)
mvwget_wch | curs_get_wch(3X)
mvwget_wstr | curs_get_wstr(3X)
mvwgetch | curs_getch(3X)
mvwgetn_wstr | curs_get_wstr(3X)
mvwgetnstr | curs_getstr(3X)
mvwgetstr | curs_getstr(3X)
mvwhline | curs_border(3X)
mvwhline_set | curs_border_set(3X)
mvwin | curs_window(3X)
mvwin_wch | curs_in_wch(3X)
mvwin_wchnstr | curs_in_wchstr(3X)
mvwin_wchstr | curs_in_wchstr(3X)
mvwinch | curs_inch(3X)
mvwinchnstr | curs_inchstr(3X)
mvwinchstr | curs_inchstr(3X)
mvwinnstr | curs_instr(3X)
mvwinnwstr | curs_inwstr(3X)
mvwins_nwstr | curs_ins_wstr(3X)
mvwins_wch | curs_ins_wch(3X)
mvwins_wstr | curs_ins_wstr(3X)
mvwinsch | curs_insch(3X)
mvwinsnstr | curs_insstr(3X)
mvwinsstr | curs_insstr(3X)
mvwinstr | curs_instr(3X)
mvwinwstr | curs_inwstr(3X)
mvwprintw | curs_printw(3X)
mvwscanw | curs_scanw(3X)
mvwvline | curs_border(3X)
mvwvline_set | curs_border_set(3X)
napms | curs_kernel(3X)
newpad | curs_pad(3X)
newterm | curs_initscr(3X)
newwin | curs_window(3X)
nl | curs_inopts(3X)
nocbreak | curs_inopts(3X)
nodelay | curs_inopts(3X)
noecho | curs_inopts(3X)
nofilter | curs_util(3X)*
nonl | curs_inopts(3X)
noqiflush | curs_inopts(3X)
noraw | curs_inopts(3X)
notimeout | curs_inopts(3X)
overlay | curs_overlay(3X)
overwrite | curs_overlay(3X)
pair_content | curs_color(3X)
pecho_wchar | curs_pad(3X)*
pechochar | curs_pad(3X)
pnoutrefresh | curs_pad(3X)
prefresh | curs_pad(3X)
printw | curs_printw(3X)
putp | curs_terminfo(3X)
putwin | curs_util(3X)
qiflush | curs_inopts(3X)
raw | curs_inopts(3X)
redrawwin | curs_refresh(3X)
refresh | curs_refresh(3X)
reset_color_pairs | curs_color(3X)*
reset_prog_mode | curs_kernel(3X)
reset_shell_mode | curs_kernel(3X)
resetty | curs_kernel(3X)
resize_term | resizeterm(3X)*
resizeterm | resizeterm(3X)*
restartterm | curs_terminfo(3X)
ripoffline | curs_kernel(3X)
savetty | curs_kernel(3X)
scanw | curs_scanw(3X)
scr_dump | curs_scr_dump(3X)
scr_init | curs_scr_dump(3X)
scr_restore | curs_scr_dump(3X)
scr_set | curs_scr_dump(3X)
scrl | curs_scroll(3X)
scroll | curs_scroll(3X)
scrollok | curs_outopts(3X)
set_curterm | curs_terminfo(3X)
set_term | curs_initscr(3X)
setcchar | curs_getcchar(3X)
setscrreg | curs_outopts(3X)
setsyx | curs_kernel(3X)
setupterm | curs_terminfo(3X)
slk_attr | curs_slk(3X)*
slk_attr_off | curs_slk(3X)
slk_attr_on | curs_slk(3X)
slk_attr_set | curs_slk(3X)
slk_attroff | curs_slk(3X)
slk_attron | curs_slk(3X)
slk_attrset | curs_slk(3X)
slk_clear | curs_slk(3X)
slk_color | curs_slk(3X)
slk_init | curs_slk(3X)
slk_label | curs_slk(3X)
slk_noutrefresh | curs_slk(3X)
slk_refresh | curs_slk(3X)
slk_restore | curs_slk(3X)
slk_set | curs_slk(3X)
slk_touch | curs_slk(3X)
slk_wset | curs_slk(3X)*
standend | curs_attr(3X)
standout | curs_attr(3X)
start_color | curs_color(3X)
subpad | curs_pad(3X)
subwin | curs_window(3X)
syncok | curs_window(3X)
term_attrs | curs_termattrs(3X)
termattrs | curs_termattrs(3X)
termname | curs_termattrs(3X)
tgetent | curs_termcap(3X)
tgetflag | curs_termcap(3X)
tgetnum | curs_termcap(3X)
tgetstr | curs_termcap(3X)
tgoto | curs_termcap(3X)
tigetflag | curs_terminfo(3X)
tigetnum | curs_terminfo(3X)
tigetstr | curs_terminfo(3X)
timeout | curs_inopts(3X)
tiparm | curs_terminfo(3X)*
touchline | curs_touch(3X)
touchwin | curs_touch(3X)
tparm | curs_terminfo(3X)
tputs | curs_termcap(3X)
tputs | curs_terminfo(3X)
trace | curs_trace(3X)*
typeahead | curs_inopts(3X)
unctrl | curs_util(3X)
unget_wch | curs_get_wch(3X)
ungetch | curs_getch(3X)
ungetmouse | curs_mouse(3X)*
untouchwin | curs_touch(3X)
use_default_colors | default_colors(3X)*
use_env | curs_util(3X)
use_extended_names | curs_extend(3X)*
use_legacy_coding | legacy_coding(3X)*
use_tioctl | curs_util(3X)*
vid_attr | curs_terminfo(3X)
vid_puts | curs_terminfo(3X)
vidattr | curs_terminfo(3X)
vidputs | curs_terminfo(3X)
vline | curs_border(3X)
vline_set | curs_border_set(3X)
vw_printw | curs_printw(3X)
vw_scanw | curs_scanw(3X)
vwprintw | curs_printw(3X)
vwscanw | curs_scanw(3X)
wadd_wch | curs_add_wch(3X)
wadd_wchnstr | curs_add_wchstr(3X)
wadd_wchstr | curs_add_wchstr(3X)
waddch | curs_addch(3X)
waddchnstr | curs_addchstr(3X)
waddchstr | curs_addchstr(3X)
waddnstr | curs_addstr(3X)
waddnwstr | curs_addwstr(3X)
waddstr | curs_addstr(3X)
waddwstr | curs_addwstr(3X)
wattr_get | curs_attr(3X)
wattr_off | curs_attr(3X)
wattr_on | curs_attr(3X)
wattr_set | curs_attr(3X)
wattroff | curs_attr(3X)
wattron | curs_attr(3X)
wattrset | curs_attr(3X)
wbkgd | curs_bkgd(3X)
wbkgdset | curs_bkgd(3X)
wbkgrnd | curs_bkgrnd(3X)
wbkgrndset | curs_bkgrnd(3X)
wborder | curs_border(3X)
wborder_set | curs_border_set(3X)
wchgat | curs_attr(3X)
wclear | curs_clear(3X)
wclrtobot | curs_clear(3X)
wclrtoeol | curs_clear(3X)
wcolor_set | curs_attr(3X)
wcursyncup | curs_window(3X)
wdelch | curs_delch(3X)
wdeleteln | curs_deleteln(3X)
wecho_wchar | curs_add_wch(3X)
wechochar | curs_addch(3X)
wenclose | curs_mouse(3X)*
werase | curs_clear(3X)
wget_wch | curs_get_wch(3X)
wget_wstr | curs_get_wstr(3X)
wgetbkgrnd | curs_bkgrnd(3X)
wgetch | curs_getch(3X)
wgetdelay | curs_opaque(3X)*
wgetn_wstr | curs_get_wstr(3X)
wgetnstr | curs_getstr(3X)
wgetparent | curs_opaque(3X)*
wgetscrreg | curs_opaque(3X)*
wgetstr | curs_getstr(3X)
whline | curs_border(3X)
whline_set | curs_border_set(3X)
win_wch | curs_in_wch(3X)
win_wchnstr | curs_in_wchstr(3X)
win_wchstr | curs_in_wchstr(3X)
winch | curs_inch(3X)
winchnstr | curs_inchstr(3X)
winchstr | curs_inchstr(3X)
winnstr | curs_instr(3X)
winnwstr | curs_inwstr(3X)
wins_nwstr | curs_ins_wstr(3X)
wins_wch | curs_ins_wch(3X)
wins_wstr | curs_ins_wstr(3X)
winsch | curs_insch(3X)
winsdelln | curs_deleteln(3X)
winsertln | curs_deleteln(3X)
winsnstr | curs_insstr(3X)
winsstr | curs_insstr(3X)
winstr | curs_instr(3X)
winwstr | curs_inwstr(3X)
wmouse_trafo | curs_mouse(3X)*
wmove | curs_move(3X)
wnoutrefresh | curs_refresh(3X)
wprintw | curs_printw(3X)
wredrawln | curs_refresh(3X)
wrefresh | curs_refresh(3X)
wresize | wresize(3X)*
wscanw | curs_scanw(3X)
wscrl | curs_scroll(3X)
wsetscrreg | curs_outopts(3X)
wstandend | curs_attr(3X)
wstandout | curs_attr(3X)
wsyncdown | curs_window(3X)
wsyncup | curs_window(3X)
wtimeout | curs_inopts(3X)
wtouchln | curs_touch(3X)
wunctrl | curs_util(3X)
wvline | curs_border(3X)
wvline_set | curs_border_set(3X)

Depending on the configuration, additional sets of functions may be available:

    curs_memleaks(3X) - curses memory-leak checking

    curs_sp_funcs(3X) - curses screen-pointer extension

    curs_threads(3X) - curses thread support

    curs_trace(3X) - curses debugging routines

WARTOŚĆ ZWRACANA
Routines that return an integer return ERR upon failure and an integer value other than ERR upon successful completion, unless otherwise noted in the routine descriptions.

As a general rule, routines check for null pointers passed as parameters, and handle this as an error.

All macros return the value of the w version, except setscrreg, wsetscrreg, getyx, getbegyx, and getmaxyx. The return values of setscrreg, wsetscrreg, getyx, getbegyx, and getmaxyx are undefined (i.e., these should not be used as the right-hand side of assignment statements).

Functions with a “mv” prefix first perform a cursor movement using wmove, and return an error if the position is outside the window, or if the window pointer is null. Most “mv”-prefixed functions (except variadic functions such as mvprintw) are provided both as macros and functions.

Routines that return pointers return NULL on error.

ŚRODOWISKO

The following environment symbols are useful for customizing the runtime behavior of the ncurses library. The most important ones have been already discussed in detail.

  CC command-character

When set, change occurrences of the command_character (i.e., the cmdch capability) of the loaded terminfo entries to the value of this variable. Very few terminfo entries provide this feature.

Because this name is also used in development environments to represent the C compiler's name, ncurses ignores it if it does not happen to be a single character.

  BAUDRATE

The debugging library checks this environment variable when the application has redirected output to a file. The variable's numeric value is used for the baudrate. If no value is found, ncurses uses 9600. This allows testers to construct repeatable test-cases that take into account costs that depend on baudrate.

  COLUMNS

Specify the width of the screen in characters. Applications running in a windowing environment usually are able to obtain the width of the window in which they are executing. If neither the COLUMNS value nor the terminal's screen size is available, ncurses uses the size which may be specified in the terminfo database (i.e., the cols capability).

It is important that your application use a correct size for the screen. This is not always possible because your application may be running on a host which does not honor NAWS (Negotiations About Window Size), or because you are temporarily running as another user. However, setting COLUMNS and/or LINES overrides the library's use of the screen size obtained from the operating system.

Either COLUMNS or LINES symbols may be specified independently. This is mainly useful to circumvent legacy misfeatures of terminal descriptions, e.g., xterm which commonly specifies a 65 line screen. For best results, lines and cols should not be specified in a terminal description for terminals which are run as emulations.

Use the use_env function to disable all use of external environment (but not including system calls) to determine the screen size. Use the use_tioctl function to update COLUMNS or LINES to match the screen size obtained from system calls or the terminal database.

  ESCDELAY

Specifies the total time, in milliseconds, for which ncurses will await a character sequence, e.g., a function key. The default value, 1000 milliseconds, is enough for most uses. However, it is made a variable to accommodate unusual applications.

The most common instance where you may wish to change this value is to work with slow hosts, e.g., running on a network. If the host cannot read characters rapidly enough, it will have the same effect as if the terminal did not send characters rapidly enough. The library will still see a timeout.

Note that xterm mouse events are built up from character sequences received from the xterm. If your application makes heavy use of multiple-clicking, you may wish to lengthen this default value because the timeout applies to the composed multi-click event as well as the individual clicks.

In addition to the environment variable, this implementation provides a global variable with the same name. Portable applications should not rely upon the presence of ESCDELAY in either form, but setting the environment variable rather than the global variable does not create problems when compiling an application.

  HOME
Tells ncurses where your home directory is. That is where it may read and write auxiliary terminal descriptions: $HOME/.termcap $HOME/.terminfo

  LINES

Like COLUMNS, specify the height of the screen in characters. See COLUMNS for a detailed description.

  MOUSE_BUTTONS_123

This applies only to the OS/2 EMX port. It specifies the order of buttons on the mouse. OS/2 numbers a 3-button mouse inconsistently from other platforms: 1 = left
2 = right
3 = middle.

This variable lets you customize the mouse. The variable must be three numeric digits 1-3 in any order, e.g., 123 or 321. If it is not specified, ncurses uses 132.

  NCURSES_ASSUMED_COLORS

Override the compiled-in assumption that the terminal's default colors are white-on-black (see default_colors(3X)). You may set the foreground and background color values with this environment variable by proving a 2-element list: foreground,background. For example, to tell ncurses to not assume anything about the colors, set this to "-1,-1". To make it green-on-black, set it to "2,0". Any positive value from zero to the terminfo max_colors value is allowed.

  NCURSES_CONSOLE2
This applies only to the MinGW port of ncurses.

The Console2 program's handling of the Microsoft Console API call CreateConsoleScreenBuffer is defective. Applications which use this will hang. However, it is possible to simulate the action of this call by mapping coordinates, explicitly saving and restoring the original screen contents. Setting the environment variable NCGDB has the same effect.

  NCURSES_GPM_TERMS

This applies only to ncurses configured to use the GPM interface.

If present, the environment variable is a list of one or more terminal names against which the TERM environment variable is matched. Setting it to an empty value disables the GPM interface; using the built-in support for xterm, etc.

If the environment variable is absent, ncurses will attempt to open GPM if TERM contains “linux”.

  NCURSES_NO_HARD_TABS

Ncurses may use tabs as part of the cursor movement optimization. In some cases, your terminal driver may not handle these properly. Set this environment variable to disable the feature. You can also adjust your stty settings to avoid the problem.

  NCURSES_NO_MAGIC_COOKIE

Some terminals use a magic-cookie feature which requires special handling to make highlighting and other video attributes display properly. You can suppress the highlighting entirely for these terminals by setting this environment variable.

  NCURSES_NO_PADDING

Most of the terminal descriptions in the terminfo database are written for real “hardware” terminals. Many people use terminal emulators which run in a windowing environment and use curses-based applications. Terminal emulators can duplicate all of the important aspects of a hardware terminal, but they do not have the same limitations. The chief limitation of a hardware terminal from the standpoint of your application is the management of dataflow, i.e., timing. Unless a hardware terminal is interfaced into a terminal concentrator (which does flow control), it (or your application) must manage dataflow, preventing overruns. The cheapest solution (no hardware cost) is for your program to do this by pausing after operations that the terminal does slowly, such as clearing the display.

As a result, many terminal descriptions (including the vt100) have delay times embedded. You may wish to use these descriptions, but not want to pay the performance penalty.

Set the NCURSES_NO_PADDING environment variable to disable all but mandatory padding. Mandatory padding is used as a part of special control sequences such as flash.

  NCURSES_NO_SETBUF
This setting is obsolete. Before changes
    started with 5.9 patch 20120825 and continued though 5.9 patch 20130126

ncurses enabled buffered output during terminal initialization. This was done (as in SVr4 curses) for performance reasons. For testing purposes, both of ncurses and certain applications, this feature was made optional. Setting the NCURSES_NO_SETBUF variable disabled output buffering, leaving the output in the original (usually line buffered) mode.

In the current implementation, ncurses performs its own buffering and does not require this workaround. It does not modify the buffering of the standard output.

The reason for the change was to make the behavior for interrupts and other signals more robust. One drawback is that certain nonconventional programs would mix ordinary stdio calls with ncurses calls and (usually) work. This is no longer possible since ncurses is not using the buffered standard output but its own output (to the same file descriptor). As a special case, the low-level calls such as putp still use the standard output. But high-level curses calls do not.

  NCURSES_NO_UTF8_ACS

During initialization, the ncurses library checks for special cases where VT100 line-drawing (and the corresponding alternate character set capabilities) described in the terminfo are known to be missing. Specifically, when running in a UTF-8 locale, the Linux console emulator and the GNU screen program ignore these. Ncurses checks the TERM environment variable for these. For other special cases, you should set this environment variable. Doing this tells ncurses to use Unicode values which correspond to the VT100 line-drawing glyphs. That works for the special cases cited, and is likely to work for terminal emulators.

When setting this variable, you should set it to a nonzero value. Setting it to zero (or to a nonnumber) disables the special check for “linux” and “screen”.

As an alternative to the environment variable, ncurses checks for an extended terminfo capability U8. This is a numeric capability which can be compiled using tic -x. For example

    # linux console, if patched to provide working
    # VT100 shift-in/shift-out, with corresponding font.
    linux-vt100|linux console with VT100 line-graphics,
            U8#0, use=linux,

    # uxterm with vt100Graphics resource set to false
    xterm-utf8|xterm relying on UTF-8 line-graphics,
            U8#1, use=xterm,

The name “U8” is chosen to be two characters, to permit it to be used by applications that use ncurses' termcap interface.

  NCURSES_TRACE

During initialization, the ncurses debugging library checks the NCURSES_TRACE environment variable. If it is defined, to a numeric value, ncurses calls the trace function, using that value as the argument.

The argument values, which are defined in curses.h, provide several types of information. When running with traces enabled, your application will write the file trace to the current directory.

See curs_trace(3X) for more information.

  TERM

Denotes your terminal type. Each terminal type is distinct, though many are similar.

TERM is commonly set by terminal emulators to help applications find a workable terminal description. Some of those choose a popular approximation, e.g., “ansi”, “vt100”, “xterm” rather than an exact fit. Not infrequently, your application will have problems with that approach, e.g., incorrect function-key definitions.

If you set TERM in your environment, it has no effect on the operation of the terminal emulator. It only affects the way applications work within the terminal. Likewise, as a general rule (xterm being a rare exception), terminal emulators which allow you to specify TERM as a parameter or configuration value do not change their behavior to match that setting.

  TERMCAP
If the ncurses library has been configured with termcap support, ncurses will check for a terminal's description in termcap form if it is not available in the terminfo database.

The TERMCAP environment variable contains either a terminal description (with newlines stripped out), or a file name telling where the information denoted by the TERM environment variable exists. In either case, setting it directs ncurses to ignore the usual place for this information, e.g., /etc/termcap.

  TERMINFO

ncurses can be configured to read from multiple terminal databases. The TERMINFO variable overrides the location for the default terminal database. Terminal descriptions (in terminal format) are stored in terminal databases: Normally these are stored in a directory tree, using subdirectories named by the first letter of the terminal names therein.

    This is the scheme used in System V, which legacy Unix systems use, and the TERMINFO variable is used by curses applications on those systems to override the default location of the terminal database. If ncurses is built to use hashed databases, then each entry in this list may be the path of a hashed database file, e.g., /usr/share/terminfo.db

    rather than /usr/share/terminfo/

    The hashed database uses less disk-space and is a little faster than the directory tree. However, some applications assume the existence of the directory tree, reading it directly rather than using the terminfo library calls. If ncurses is built with a support for reading termcap files directly, then an entry in this list may be the path of a termcap file. If the TERMINFO variable begins with “hex:” or “b64:”, ncurses uses the remainder of that variable as a compiled terminal description. You might produce the base64 format using infocmp(1M): TERMINFO="$(infocmp -0 -Q2 -q)" export TERMINFO

    The compiled description is used if it corresponds to the terminal identified by the TERM variable.

Setting TERMINFO is the simplest, but not the only way to set location of the default terminal database. The complete list of database locations in order follows:
    the last terminal database to which ncurses wrote, if any, is searched first the location specified by the TERMINFO environment variable $HOME/.terminfo locations listed in the TERMINFO_DIRS environment variable one or more locations whose names are configured and compiled into the ncurses library, i.e.,
        no default value (corresponding to the TERMINFO_DIRS variable) /usr/share/terminfo (corresponding to the TERMINFO variable)

  TERMINFO_DIRS

Specifies a list of locations to search for terminal descriptions. Each location in the list is a terminal database as described in the section on the TERMINFO variable. The list is separated by colons (i.e., ":") on Unix, semicolons on OS/2 EMX.

There is no corresponding feature in System V terminfo; it is an extension developed for ncurses.

  TERMPATH

If TERMCAP does not hold a file name then ncurses checks the TERMPATH environment variable. This is a list of filenames separated by spaces or colons (i.e., ":") on Unix, semicolons on OS/2 EMX.

If the TERMPATH environment variable is not set, ncurses looks in the files /etc/termcap, /usr/share/misc/termcap i $HOME/.termcap,

in that order.

The library may be configured to disregard the following variables when the current user is the superuser (root), or if the application uses setuid or setgid permissions: $TERMINFO, $TERMINFO_DIRS, $TERMPATH, as well as $HOME.

ALTERNATE CONFIGURATIONS

Several different configurations are possible, depending on the configure script options used when building ncurses. There are a few main options whose effects are visible to the applications developer using ncurses:

--disable-overwrite
    The standard include for ncurses is as noted in SYNOPSIS: #include <curses.h>

    This option is used to avoid filename conflicts when ncurses is not the main implementation of curses of the computer. If ncurses is installed disabling overwrite, it puts its headers in a subdirectory, e.g., #include <ncurses/curses.h>

    It also omits a symbolic link which would allow you to use -lcurses to build executables.

--enable-widec
    The configure script renames the library and (if the --disable-overwrite option is used) puts the header files in a different subdirectory. All of the library names have a “w” appended to them, i.e., instead of -lncurses

    you link with -lncursesw

    You must also enable the wide-character features in the header file when compiling for the wide-character library to use the extended (wide-character) functions. The symbol which enables these features has changed since XSI Curses, Issue 4:
    Originally, the wide-character feature required the symbol _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED but that was only valid for XPG4 (1996). Later, that was deemed conflicting with _XOPEN_SOURCE defined to 500. As of mid-2018, none of the features in this implementation require a _XOPEN_SOURCE feature greater than 600. However, X/Open Curses, Issue 7 (2009) recommends defining it to 700. Alternatively, you can enable the feature by defining NCURSES_WIDECHAR with the caveat that some other header file than curses.h may require a specific value for _XOPEN_SOURCE (or a system-specific symbol).

    The curses.h file which is installed for the wide-character library is designed to be compatible with the normal library's header. Only the size of the WINDOW structure differs, and very few applications require more than a pointer to WINDOWs.

    If the headers are installed allowing overwrite, the wide-character library's headers should be installed last, to allow applications to be built using either library from the same set of headers.

--with-pthread
    The configure script renames the library. All of the library names have a “t” appended to them (before any “w” added by --enable-widec).

    The global variables such as LINES are replaced by macros to allow read-only access. At the same time, setter-functions are provided to set these values. Some applications (very few) may require changes to work with this convention.

--with-shared

--with-normal

--with-debug

--with-profile
    The shared and normal (static) library names differ by their suffixes, e.g., libncurses.so and libncurses.a. The debug and profiling libraries add a “_g” and a “_p” to the root names respectively, e.g., libncurses_g.a and libncurses_p.a.

--with-termlib
    Low-level functions which do not depend upon whether the library supports wide-characters, are provided in the tinfo library.

    By doing this, it is possible to share the tinfo library between wide/normal configurations as well as reduce the size of the library when only low-level functions are needed.

    Those functions are described in these pages:
    curs_extend(3X) - miscellaneous curses extensions curs_inopts(3X) - curses input options curs_kernel(3X) - low-level curses routines curs_termattrs(3X) - curses environment query routines curs_termcap(3X) - curses emulation of termcap curs_terminfo(3X) - curses interfaces to terminfo database curs_util(3X) - miscellaneous curses utility routines

--with-trace
    The trace function normally resides in the debug library, but it is sometimes useful to configure this in the shared library. Configure scripts should check for the function's existence rather than assuming it is always in the debug library.

PLIKI

/usr/share/tabset
    directory containing initialization files for the terminal capability database /usr/share/terminfo terminal capability database

ZOBACZ TAKŻE
terminfo(5) and related pages whose names begin “curs_” for detailed routine descriptions.
curs_variables(3X)
user_caps(5) for user-defined capabilities

ROZSZERZENIA
The ncurses library can be compiled with an option (-DUSE_GETCAP) that falls back to the old-style /etc/termcap file if the terminal setup code cannot find a terminfo entry corresponding to TERM. Use of this feature is not recommended, as it essentially includes an entire termcap compiler in the ncurses startup code, at significant cost in core and startup cycles.

The ncurses library includes facilities for capturing mouse events on certain terminals (including xterm). See the curs_mouse(3X) manual page for details.

The ncurses library includes facilities for responding to window resizing events, e.g., when running in an xterm. See the resizeterm(3X) and wresize(3X) manual pages for details. In addition, the library may be configured with a SIGWINCH handler.

The ncurses library extends the fixed set of function key capabilities of terminals by allowing the application designer to define additional key sequences at runtime. See the define_key(3X) key_defined(3X), and keyok(3X) manual pages for details.

The ncurses library can exploit the capabilities of terminals which implement the ISO-6429 SGR 39 and SGR 49 controls, which allow an application to reset the terminal to its original foreground and background colors. From the users' perspective, the application is able to draw colored text on a background whose color is set independently, providing better control over color contrasts. See the default_colors(3X) manual page for details.

The ncurses library includes a function for directing application output to a printer attached to the terminal device. See the curs_print(3X) manual page for details.

PRZENOŚNOŚĆ
The ncurses library is intended to be BASE-level conformant with XSI Curses. The EXTENDED XSI Curses functionality (including color support) is supported.

Niewielka ilość różnic (to jest poszczególnych różnic między XSI Curses, a wywołaniami ncurses) jest opisywana w sekcjach PRZENOŚNOŚĆ konkretnych stron podręcznika man.

  Error checking

In many cases, X/Open Curses is vague about error conditions, omitting some of the SVr4 documentation.

Unlike other implementations, this one checks parameters such as pointers to WINDOW structures to ensure they are not null. The main reason for providing this behavior is to guard against programmer error. The standard interface does not provide a way for the library to tell an application which of several possible errors were detected. Relying on this (or some other) extension will adversely affect the portability of curses applications.

  Extensions versus portability

Most of the extensions provided by ncurses have not been standardized. Some have been incorporated into other implementations, such as PDCurses or NetBSD curses. Here are a few to consider: The routine has_key is not part of XPG4, nor is it present in SVr4. See the curs_getch(3X) manual page for details. The routine slk_attr is not part of XPG4, nor is it present in SVr4. See the curs_slk(3X) manual page for details. Funkcje getmouse, mousemask, ungetmouse, mouseinterval i wenclose, związane z myszą, nie są częścią XPG4 ani SVr$. Zobacz dla dalszych szczegółów curs_mouse(3X). The routine mcprint was not present in any previous curses implementation. See the curs_print(3X) manual page for details. Funkcja wresize nie jest częścią XPG4, i nie jest obecna w SVr4. Więcej szczegółów znajdziesz w curs_resize(3X). The WINDOW structure's internal details can be hidden from application programs. See curs_opaque(3X) for the discussion of is_scrollok, etc. This implementation can be configured to provide rudimentary support for multi-threaded applications. See curs_threads(3X) for details. This implementation can also be configured to provide a set of functions which improve the ability to manage multiple screens. See curs_sp_funcs(3X) for details.

  Padding differences

In historic curses versions, delays embedded in the capabilities cr, ind, cub1, ff and tab activated corresponding delay bits in the UNIX tty driver. In this implementation, all padding is done by sending NUL bytes. This method is slightly more expensive, but narrows the interface to the UNIX kernel significantly and increases the package's portability correspondingly.

  Header files
The header file <curses.h> automatically includes the header files <stdio.h> and <unctrl.h>.

X/Open Curses has more to say, but does not finish the story:

    The inclusion of <curses.h> may make visible all symbols from the headers <stdio.h>, <term.h>, <termios.h>, and <wchar.h>.

Here is a more complete story: Starting with BSD curses, all implementations have included <stdio.h>.

    BSD curses included <curses.h> and <unctrl.h> from an internal header "curses.ext" ("ext" was a short name for externs).

    BSD curses used <stdio.h> internally (for printw and scanw), but nothing in <curses.h> itself relied upon <stdio.h>. SVr2 curses added newterm(3X), which relies upon <stdio.h>. That is, the function prototype uses FILE.

    SVr4 curses added putwin and getwin, which also use <stdio.h>.

    X/Open Curses documents all three of these functions.

    SVr4 curses and X/Open Curses do not require the developer to include <stdio.h> before including <curses.h>. Both document curses showing <curses.h> as the only required header.

    As a result, standard <curses.h> will always include <stdio.h>. X/Open Curses is inconsistent with respect to SVr4 regarding <unctrl.h>.

    As noted in curs_util(3X), ncurses includes <unctrl.h> from <curses.h> (like SVr4). X/Open's comments about <term.h> and <termios.h> may refer to HP-UX and AIX:

    HP-UX curses includes <term.h> from <curses.h> to declare setupterm in curses.h, but ncurses (and Solaris curses) do not.

    AIX curses includes <term.h> and <termios.h>. Again, ncurses (and Solaris curses) do not. X/Open says that <curses.h> may include <term.h>, but there is no requirement that it do that.

    Some programs use functions declared in both <curses.h> and <term.h>, and must include both headers in the same module. Very old versions of AIX curses required including <curses.h> before including <term.h>.

    Because ncurses header files include the headers needed to define datatypes used in the headers, ncurses header files can be included in any order. But for portability, you should include <curses.h> before <term.h>. X/Open Curses says "may make visible" because including a header file does not necessarily make all symbols in it visible (there are ifdef's to consider).

    For instance, in ncurses <wchar.h> may be included if the proper symbol is defined, and if ncurses is configured for wide-character support. If the header is included, its symbols may be made visible. That depends on the value used for _XOPEN_SOURCE feature test macro. X/Open Curses documents one required header, in a special case: <stdarg.h> before <curses.h> to prototype the vw_printw and vw_scanw functions (as well as the obsolete the vwprintw and vwscanw functions). Each of those uses a va_list parameter.

    The two obsolete functions were introduced in SVr3. The other functions were introduced in X/Open Curses. In between, SVr4 curses provided for the possibility that an application might include either <varargs.h> or <stdarg.h>. Initially, that was done by using void* for the va_list parameter. Later, a special type (defined in <stdio.h>) was introduced, to allow for compiler type-checking. That special type is always available, because <stdio.h> is always included by <curses.h>.

    None of the X/Open Curses implementations require an application to include <stdarg.h> before <curses.h> because they either have allowed for a special type, or (like ncurses) include <stdarg.h> directly to provide a portable interface.

UWAGI

Jesli standardowe wyjście, programu ncurses jest przekierowywane do czegoś, co nie jest tty, odświeżenia ekranu będą kierowane na standardowe wyjście błędu. Jest to nieudokumentowana właściwość curses z AT&T SVr3.

AUTORZY
Zeyd M. Ben-Halim, Eric S. Raymond, Thomas E. Dickey. Zejście z oryginalnych pcurses zrobił Pavel Curtis.

TŁUMACZENIE
Autorami polskiego tłumaczenia niniejszej strony podręcznika są: Przemek Borys <pborys@dione.ids.pl> i Robert Luberda <robert@debian.org>

Niniejsze tłumaczenie jest wolną dokumentacją. Bliższe informacje o warunkach licencji można uzyskać zapoznając się z GNU General Public License w wersji 3 (https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.html) lub nowszej. Nie przyjmuje się ŻADNEJ ODPOWIEDZIALNOŚCI.

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