dselect(1)

NAME
dselect - Debian package management frontend

SYNOPSIS
dselect [option...] [command...]

DESCRIPTION
dselect is one of the primary user interfaces for managing packages on a Debian system. At the dselect main menu, the system administrator can:

•   Update the list of available package versions,

•   View the status of installed and available packages,

•   Alter package selections and manage dependencies,

•   Install new packages or upgrade to newer versions.

dselect operates as a front-end to dpkg(1), the low-level Debian package handling tool. It features a full-screen package selections manager with package depends and conflicts resolver. When run with administrator privileges, packages can be installed, upgraded and removed. Various access methods can be configured to retrieve available package version information and installable packages from package repositories. Depending on the used access method, these repositories can be public archive servers on the internet, local archive servers or CD-ROMs. The recommended access method is apt, which is provided by the package apt(8).

Normally dselect is invoked without parameters. An interactive menu is presented, offering the user a list of commands. If a command is given as argument, then that command is started immediately. Several command line parameters are still available to modify the running behaviour of dselect or show additional information about the program.

OPTIONS
All options can be specified both on the command line and in the dselect configuration file /etc/dpkg/dselect.cfg or the files on the configuration directory /etc/dpkg/dselect.cfg.d/. Each line in the configuration file is either an option (exactly the same as the command line option but without leading hyphens) or a comment (if it starts with a ‘#’).

--admindir directory
    Changes the directory where the dpkg ‘status’, ‘available’ and similar files are located. Defaults to /var/lib/dpkg if DPKG_ADMINDIR has not been set.

--instdir directory
    Set the installation directory, which refers to the directory where packages get installed (since dpkg 1.21.2). Defaults to «/» if DPKG_ROOT has not been set.

--root directory
    Set the root directory to directory, which sets the installation directory to «directory» and the administrative directory to «directory/var/lib/dpkg» (since dpkg 1.21.0).

-Dfile, --debug file
    Turn on debugging. Debugging information is sent to file.

--expert
    Turns on expert mode, i.e. doesn't display possibly annoying help messages.

--color screenpart:[foreground],[background][:attr[+attr]...]
--colour screenpart:[foreground],[background][:attr[+attr]...]
    Configures screen colors. This works only if your display supports colors. This option may be used multiple times (and is best used in dselect.cfg). Each use changes the color (and optionally, other attributes) of one part of the screen. The parts of the screen (from top to bottom) are:

    title
        The screen title.

    listhead
        The header line above the list of packages.

    list
        The scrolling list of packages (and also some help text).

    listsel
        The selected item in the list.

    pkgstate
        In the list of packages, the text indicating the current state of each package.

    pkgstatesel
        In the list of packages, the text indicating the current state of the currently selected package.

    infohead
        The header line that displays the state of the currently selected package.

    infodesc
        The package's short description.

    info
        Used to display package info such as the package's description.

    infofoot
        The last line of the screen when selecting packages.

    query
        Used to display query lines

    helpscreen
        Color of help screens.

    After the part of the screen comes a colon and the color specification. You can specify either the foreground color, the background color, or both, overriding the compiled-in colors. Use standard curses color names.

    Optionally, after the color specification is another colon, and an attribute specification. This is a list of one or more attributes, separated by plus (‘+’) characters. Available attributes include (not all of these will work on all terminals): normal, standout, underline, reverse, blink, bright, dim, bold

-?, --help
    Print a brief help text and exit successfully.

--version
    Print version information and exit successfully.

COMMANDS
When dselect is started it can perform the following commands, either directly if it was specified on the command line or by prompting the user with a menu of available commands if running interactively:

  access
Choose and configure an access method to access package repositories.

By default, dselect provides several methods such as multi_cd, mounted or ftp, but other packages may provide additional methods, for example the apt access method provided by the apt(8) package.

The use of the apt access method is strongly recommended.

  update
Refresh the available packages database.

Retrieves a list of available package versions from the package repository, configured for the current access method, and update the dpkg database. The package lists are commonly provided by the repository as files named Packages or Packages.gz. These files can be generated by repository maintainers, using the program dpkg-scanpackages(1).

Details of the update command depend on the access method's implementation. Normally the process is straightforward and requires no user interaction.

  select
View or manage package selections and dependencies.

This is the main function of dselect. In the select screen, the user can review a list of all available and installed packages. When run with administrator privileges, it is also possible to interactively change packages selection state. dselect tracks the implications of these changes to other depending or conflicting packages.

When a conflict or failed depends is detected, a dependency resolution subscreen is prompted to the user. In this screen, a list of conflicting or depending packages is shown, and for each package listed, the reason for its listing is shown. The user may apply the suggestions proposed by dselect, override them, or back out all the changes, including the ones that created the unresolved depends or conflicts.

The use of the interactive package selections management screen is explained in more detail below.

  install
Installs selected packages.

The configured access method will fetch installable or upgradable packages from the relevant repositories and install these using dpkg. Depending on the implementation of the access method, all packages can be prefetched before installation, or fetched when needed. Some access methods may also remove packages that were marked for removal.

If an error occurred during install, it is usually advisable to run install again. In most cases, the problems will disappear or be solved. If problems persist or the installation performed was incorrect, please investigate into the causes and circumstances, and file a bug in the Debian bug tracking system. Instructions on how to do this can be found at <https://bugs.debian.org/> or by reading the documentation for bug(1) or reportbug(1), if these are installed.

Details of the install command depend on the access method's implementation. The user's attention and input may be required during installation, configuration or removal of packages. This depends on the maintainer scripts in the package. Some packages make use of the debconf(1) library, allowing for more flexible or even automated installation setups.

  config
Configures any previously installed, but not fully configured packages.

  remove
Removes or purges installed packages, that are marked for removal.

  quit
Quit dselect.

Exits the program with zero (successful) error code.

PACKAGE SELECTIONS MANAGEMENT

  Introduction
dselect directly exposes the administrator to some of the complexities involved with managing large sets of packages with many interdependencies. For a user who is unfamiliar with the concepts and the ways of the Debian package management system, it can be quite overwhelming. Although dselect is aimed at easing package management and administration, it is only instrumental in doing so and cannot be assumed to be a sufficient substitute for administrator skill and understanding. The user is required to be familiar with the concepts underlying the Debian packaging system. In case of doubt, consult the dpkg(1) manpage and the distribution policy.

Unless dselect is run in expert or immediate mode, a help screen is first displayed when choosing this command from the menu. The user is strongly advised to study all of the information presented in the online help screens, when one pops up. The online help screens can at any time be invoked with the ‘?’ key.

  Screen layout
The select screen is by default split in a top and a bottom half. The top half shows a list of packages. A cursor bar can select an individual package, or a group of packages, if applicable, by selecting the group header. The bottom half of the screen shows some details about the package currently selected in the top half of the screen. The type of detail that is displayed can be varied.

Pressing the ‘I’ key toggles a full-screen display of the packages list, an enlarged view of the package details, or the equally split screen.

  Package details view
The package details view by default shows the extended package description for the package that is currently selected in the packages status list. The type of detail can be toggled by pressing the ‘i’ key. This alternates between:

•   the extended description

•   the control information for the installed version

•   the control information for the available version

In a dependency resolution screen, there is also the possibility of viewing the specific unresolved depends or conflicts related to the package and causing it to be listed.

  Packages status list
The main select screen displays a list of all packages known to the Debian package management system. This includes packages installed on the system and packages known from the available packages database.

For every package, the list shows the package's status, priority, section, installed and available architecture, installed and available versions, the package name and its short description, all in one line. By pressing the ‘A’ key, the display of the installed and available architecture can be toggled between on an off. By pressing the ‘V’ key, the display of the installed and available version can be toggled between on an off. By pressing the ‘v’ key, the package status display is toggled between verbose and shorthand. Shorthand display is the default.

The shorthand status indication consists of four parts: an error flag, which should normally be clear, the current status, the last selection state and the current selection state. The first two relate to the actual state of the package, the second pair are about the selections set by the user.

These are the meanings of the shorthand package status indicator codes:

    Error flag:

    empty   no error
    R       serious error, needs reinstallation;

    Installed state:

    empty   not installed;
    *       fully installed and configured;
    -       not installed but some config files may remain;
    U       unpacked but not yet configured;
    C       half-configured (an error happened);
    I       half-installed (an error happened).

    Current and requested selections:

    *       marked for installation or upgrade;
    -       marked for removal, configuration files remain;
    =       on hold: package will not be processed at all;
    _       marked for purge, also remove configuration;
    n       package is new and has yet to be marked.

  Cursor and screen movement
The package selection list and the dependency conflict resolution screens can be navigated using motion commands mapped to the following keys:

    p, Up, k           move cursor bar up
    n, Down, j         move cursor bar down
    P, Pgup, Backspace scroll list 1 page up
    N, Pgdn, Space     scroll list 1 page down
    ^p                 scroll list 1 line up
    ^n                 scroll list 1 line down
    t, Home            jump to top of list
    e, End             jump to end of list
    u                  scroll info 1 page up
    d                  scroll info 1 page down
    ^u                 scroll info 1 line up
    ^d                 scroll info 1 line down
    B, Left-arrow      pan display 1/3 screen left
    F, Right-arrow     pan display 1/3 screen right
    ^b                 pan display 1 character left
    ^f                 pan display 1 character right

  Searching and sorting
The list of packages can be searched by package name. This is done by pressing ‘/’, and typing a simple search string. The string is interpreted as a regex(7) regular expression. If you add ‘/d’ to the search expression, dselect will also search in descriptions. If you add ‘/i’ the search will be case insensitive. You may combine these two suffixes like this: ‘/id’. Repeated searching is accomplished by repeatedly pressing the ‘n’ or ‘\’ keys, until the wanted package is found. If the search reaches the bottom of the list, it wraps to the top and continues searching from there.

The list sort order can be varied by pressing the ‘o’ and ‘O’ keys repeatedly. The following nine sort orderings can be selected:

    alphabet
    priority+section
    section+priority
    available
    available+priority
    available+section
    status
    status+priority
    status+section

Where not listed above explicitly, alphabetic order is used as the final subordering sort key.

  Altering selections
The requested selection state of individual packages may be altered with the following commands:

    +, Insert    install or upgrade
    =, H         hold in present state and version
    :, G         unhold: upgrade or leave uninstalled
    -, Delete    remove, but leave configuration
    _            remove & purge configuration

When the change request results in one or more unsatisfied depends or conflicts, dselect prompts the user with a dependency resolution screen. This will be further explained below.

It is also possible to apply these commands to groups of package selections, by pointing the cursor bar onto a group header. The exact grouping of packages is dependent on the current list ordering settings.

Proper care should be taken when altering large groups of selections, because this can instantaneously create large numbers of unresolved depends or conflicts, all of which will be listed in one dependency resolution screen, making them very hard to handle. In practice, only hold and unhold operations are useful when applied to groups.

  Resolving depends and conflicts
When the change request results in one or more unsatisfied depends or conflicts, dselect prompts the user with a dependency resolution screen. First however, an informative help screen is displayed.

The top half of this screen lists all the packages that will have unresolved depends or conflicts, as a result of the requested change, and all the packages whose installation can resolve any of these depends or whose removal can resolve any of the conflicts. The bottom half defaults to show the depends or conflicts that cause the currently selected package to be listed.

When the sublist of packages is displayed initially, dselect may have already set the requested selection status of some of the listed packages, in order to resolve the depends or conflicts that caused the dependency resolution screen to be displayed. Usually, it is best to follow up the suggestions made by dselect.

The listed packages' selection state may be reverted to the original settings, as they were before the unresolved depends or conflicts were created, by pressing the ‘R’ key. By pressing the ‘D’ key, the automatic suggestions are reset, but the change that caused the dependency resolution screen to be prompted is kept as requested. Finally, by pressing ‘U’, the selections are again set to the automatic suggestion values.

  Establishing the requested selections
By pressing enter, the currently displayed set of selections is accepted. If dselect detects no unresolved depends as a result of the requested selections, the new selections will be set. However, if there are any unresolved depends, dselect will again prompt the user with a dependency resolution screen.

To alter a set of selections that creates unresolved depends or conflicts and forcing dselect to accept it, press the ‘Q’ key. This sets the selections as specified by the user, unconditionally. Generally, don't do this unless you've read the fine print.

The opposite effect, to back out any selections change requests and go back to the previous list of selections, is attained by pressing the ‘X’ or escape keys. By repeatedly pressing these keys, any possibly detrimental changes to the requested package selections can be backed out completely to the last established settings.

If you mistakenly establish some settings and wish to revert all the selections to what is currently installed on the system, press the ‘C’ key. This is somewhat similar to using the unhold command on all packages, but provides a more obvious panic button in cases where the user pressed enter by accident.

EXIT STATUS

0   The requested command was successfully performed.

2   Fatal or unrecoverable error due to invalid command-line usage, or interactions with the system, such as accesses to the database, memory allocations, etc.

ENVIRONMENT

DPKG_ROOT
    If set and the --instdir or --root options have not been specified, it will be used as the filesystem root directory (since dpkg 1.21.0).

DPKG_ADMINDIR
    If set and the --admindir or --root option have not been specified, it will be used as the dpkg database directory (since dpkg 1.21.0).

HOME
    If set, dselect will use it as the directory from which to read the user specific configuration file.

BUGS
The dselect package selection interface is confusing to some new users. Reportedly, it even makes seasoned kernel developers cry.

The documentation is lacking.

There is no help option in the main menu.

The visible list of available packages cannot be reduced.

The built in access methods can no longer stand up to current quality standards. Use the access method provided by apt(8), it is not only not broken, it is also much more flexible than the built in access methods.

SEE ALSO
dpkg(1), apt(8), sources.list(5), deb(5).