Installation guide (हिन्दी) - ArchWiki

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Reason: Only the introduction is translated, no updates since the page creation 2021-07-03. (Discuss in Talk:Installation guide (हिन्दी))

यह दस्तावेज़ एक आधिकारिक स्थापना छवि से बने इंस्टॉलेशन माध्यम से बूट किए गए लाइव सिस्टम का उपयोग करके आर्क लिनक्स स्थापित करने के लिए एक गाइड है। इंस्टॉलेशन मीडियम एक्सेसिबिलिटी फीचर्स प्रदान करता है जो पेज इंस्टॉल आर्क लिनक्स पर एक्सेसिबिलिटी ऑप्शन के साथ वर्णित हैं। स्थापना के वैकल्पिक साधनों के लिए, स्थापना प्रक्रिया देखें। अधिक प्रकार के स्थापना निर्देशों के लिए, अंग्रेजी पृष्ठ देखें।

स्थापित करने से पहले, यह FAQ देखने की सलाह दी जाएगी । इस दस्तावेज़ में उपयोग किए जाने वाले सम्मेलनों के लिए, मदद देखें: पढ़ना। विशेष रूप से, कोड उदाहरणों में प्लेसहोल्डर (`इटैलिक्स` में स्वरूपित) हो सकते हैं जिन्हें मैन्युअल रूप से बदला जाना चाहिए।

अधिक विस्तृत निर्देशों के लिए, संबंधित आर्कविकी लेख या विभिन्न कार्यक्रमों के मानव पृष्ठ देखें, दोनों इस गाइड से जुड़े हुए हैं। इंटरैक्टिव मदद के लिए, आईआरसी चैनल और मंच भी उपलब्ध हैं।

आर्क लिनक्स को न्यूनतम 512 एमआईबी रैम के साथ किसी भी x86_64-संगत मशीन पर चलाना चाहिए, हालांकि स्थापना के लिए लाइव सिस्टम को बूट करने के लिए अधिक मेमोरी की आवश्यकता होती है।[1] एक बुनियादी स्थापना डिस्क अंतरिक्ष के 2 जीआईबी से कम लेना चाहिए। स्थापना प्रक्रिया के रूप में एक दूरदराज के भंडार से संकुल पुनः प्राप्त करने की जरूरत है, इस गाइड मान लिया एक काम इंटरनेट कनेक्शन उपलब्ध है।

## Pre-installation

### Acquire an installation image

Visit the Download page and, depending on how you want to boot, acquire the ISO file or a netboot image, and the respective GnuPG signature.

### Verify signature

It is recommended to verify the image signature before use, especially when downloading from an HTTP mirror, where downloads are generally prone to be intercepted to serve malicious images.

On a system with GnuPG installed, do this by downloading the PGP signature (under Checksums in the Download page) to the ISO directory, and verifying it with:

    $ gpg --keyserver-options auto-key-retrieve --verify archlinux-version-x86_64.iso.sig

Alternatively, from an existing Arch Linux installation run:

    $ pacman-key -v archlinux-version-x86_64.iso.sig

Note:

- The signature itself could be manipulated if it is downloaded from a mirror site, instead of from archlinux.org as above. In this case, ensure that the public key, which is used to decode the signature, is signed by another, trustworthy key. The `gpg` command will output the fingerprint of the public key.
- Another method to verify the authenticity of the signature is to ensure that the public key's fingerprint is identical to the key fingerprint of the Arch Linux developer who signed the ISO-file. See Wikipedia:Public-key cryptography for more information on the public-key process to authenticate keys.

### Prepare an installation medium

The installation image can be supplied to the target machine via a USB flash drive, an optical disc or a network with PXE: follow the appropriate article to prepare yourself an installation medium from the chosen image.

### Boot the live environment

Note: Arch Linux installation images do not support Secure Boot. You will need to disable Secure Boot to boot the installation medium. If desired, Secure Boot can be set up after completing the installation.

1. Point the current boot device to the one which has the Arch Linux installation medium. Typically it is achieved by pressing a key during the POST phase, as indicated on the splash screen. Refer to your motherboard's manual for details.
2. When the installation medium's boot loader menu appears, select Arch Linux install medium and press `Enter` to enter the installation environment.
   Tip: The installation image uses systemd-boot for booting in UEFI mode and syslinux for booting in BIOS mode. See README.bootparams for a list of boot parameters.
3. You will be logged in on the first virtual console as the root user, and presented with a Zsh shell prompt.

To switch to a different console—for example, to view this guide with Lynx alongside the installation—use the `Alt+arrow` shortcut. To edit configuration files, mcedit(1), nano and vim are available. See packages.x86_64 for a list of the packages included in the installation medium.

### Set the keyboard layout

The default console keymap is US. Available layouts can be listed with:

    # ls /usr/share/kbd/keymaps/**/*.map.gz

To modify the layout, append a corresponding file name to loadkeys(1), omitting path and file extension. For example, to set a German keyboard layout:

    # loadkeys de-latin1

Console fonts are located in `/usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/` and can likewise be set with setfont(8).

### Verify the boot mode

To verify the boot mode, list the efivars directory:

    # ls /sys/firmware/efi/efivars

If the command shows the directory without error, then the system is booted in UEFI mode. If the directory does not exist, the system may be booted in BIOS (or CSM) mode. If the system did not boot in the mode you desired, refer to your motherboard's manual.

### Connect to the internet

To set up a network connection in the live environment, go through the following steps:

- Ensure your network interface is listed and enabled, for example with ip-link(8):

      # ip link

- For wireless and WWAN, make sure the card is not blocked with rfkill.
- Connect to the network:
  - Ethernet—plug in the cable.
  - Wi-Fi—authenticate to the wireless network using iwctl.
  - Mobile broadband modem—connect to the mobile network with the mmcli utility.
- Configure your network connection:
  - DHCP: dynamic IP address and DNS server assignment (provided by systemd-networkd and systemd-resolved) should work out of the box for Ethernet, WLAN and WWAN network interfaces.
  - Static IP address: follow Network configuration#Static IP address.
- The connection may be verified with ping:

      # ping archlinux.org

Note: In the installation image, systemd-networkd, systemd-resolved, iwd and ModemManager are preconfigured and enabled by default. That will not be the case for the installed system.

### Update the system clock

Use timedatectl(1) to ensure the system clock is accurate:

    # timedatectl set-ntp true

To check the service status, use `timedatectl status`.

### Partition the disks

When recognized by the live system, disks are assigned to a block device such as `/dev/sda`, `/dev/nvme0n1` or `/dev/mmcblk0`. To identify these devices, use lsblk or fdisk.

    # fdisk -l

Results ending in `rom`, `loop` or `airoot` may be ignored.

The following partitions are required for a chosen device:

- One partition for the root directory `/`.
- For booting in UEFI mode: an EFI system partition.

If you want to create any stacked block devices for LVM, system encryption or RAID, do it now.

Use fdisk or parted to modify partition tables. For example:

    # fdisk /dev/the_disk_to_be_partitioned

#### Example layouts

BIOS with MBR
Mount point | Partition | Partition type | Suggested size
--- | --- | --- | ---
`[SWAP]` | `/dev/swap_partition` | Linux swap | More than 512 MiB
`/mnt` | `/dev/root_partition` | Linux | Remainder of the device

UEFI with GPT
Mount point | Partition | Partition type | Suggested size
--- | --- | --- | ---
`/mnt/boot` or `/mnt/efi` | `/dev/efi_system_partition` | EFI system partition | At least 260 MiB
`[SWAP]` | `/dev/swap_partition` | Linux swap | More than 512 MiB
`/mnt` | `/dev/root_partition` | Linux x86-64 root (/) | Remainder of the device

See also Partitioning#Example layouts.

Note:

- Swap space can be set on a swap file for file systems supporting it.
- If the disk from which you want to boot already has an EFI system partition, do not create another one, but use the existing partition instead.

### Format the partitions

Once the partitions have been created, each newly created partition must be formatted with an appropriate file system. For example, to create an Ext4 file system on `/dev/root_partition`, run:

    # mkfs.ext4 /dev/root_partition

If you created a partition for swap, initialize it with mkswap(8):

    # mkswap /dev/swap_partition

See File systems#Create a file system for details.

Note: For stacked block devices replace `/dev/*_partition` with the appropriate block device path.

### Mount the file systems

Mount the root volume to `/mnt`. For example, if the root volume is `/dev/root_partition`:

    # mount /dev/root_partition /mnt

Create any remaining mount points (such as `/mnt/efi`) using mkdir(1) and mount their corresponding volumes.

If you created a swap volume, enable it with swapon(8):

    # swapon /dev/swap_partition

genfstab(8) will later detect mounted file systems and swap space.

## Installation

### Select the mirrors

Packages to be installed must be downloaded from mirror servers, which are defined in `/etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist`. On the live system, after connecting to the internet, reflector updates the mirror list by choosing 20 most recently synchronized HTTPS mirrors and sorting them by download rate.[2]

The higher a mirror is placed in the list, the more priority it is given when downloading a package. You may want to inspect the file to see if it is satisfactory. If it is not, edit the file accordingly, and move the geographically closest mirrors to the top of the list, although other criteria should be taken into account.

This file will later be copied to the new system by pacstrap, so it is worth getting right.

### Install essential packages

Use the pacstrap(8) script to install the base package, Linux kernel and firmware for common hardware:

    # pacstrap /mnt base linux linux-firmware

Tip:

- You can substitute linux for a kernel package of your choice, or you could omit it entirely when installing in a container.
- You could omit the installation of the firmware package when installing in a virtual machine or container.

The base package does not include all tools from the live installation, so installing other packages may be necessary for a fully functional base system. In particular, consider installing:

- userspace utilities for the management of file systems that will be used on the system,
- utilities for accessing RAID or LVM partitions,
- specific firmware for other devices not included in linux-firmware,
- software necessary for networking,
- a text editor,
- packages for accessing documentation in man and info pages: man-db, man-pages and texinfo.

To install other packages or package groups, append the names to the pacstrap command above (space separated) or use pacman while chrooted into the new system. For comparison, packages available in the live system can be found in packages.x86_64.

## Configure the system

### Fstab

Generate an fstab file (use `-U` or `-L` to define by UUID or labels, respectively):

    # genfstab -U /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab

Check the resulting `/mnt/etc/fstab` file, and edit it in case of errors.

### Chroot

Change root into the new system:

    # arch-chroot /mnt

### Time zone

Set the time zone:

    # ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Region/City /etc/localtime

Run hwclock(8) to generate `/etc/adjtime`:

    # hwclock --systohc

This command assumes the hardware clock is set to UTC. See System time#Time standard for details.

### Localization

Edit `/etc/locale.gen` and uncomment `en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8` and other needed locales. Generate the locales by running:

    # locale-gen

Create the locale.conf(5) file, and set the LANG variable accordingly:

    /etc/locale.conf

    LANG=en_US.UTF-8

If you set the keyboard layout, make the changes persistent in vconsole.conf(5):

    /etc/vconsole.conf

    KEYMAP=de-latin1

### Network configuration

Create the hostname file:

    /etc/hostname

    myhostname

Add matching entries to hosts(5):

    /etc/hosts

    127.0.0.1	localhost
    ::1		localhost
    127.0.1.1	myhostname.localdomain	myhostname

If the system has a permanent IP address, it should be used instead of `127.0.1.1`.

Complete the network configuration for the newly installed environment, that may include installing suitable network management software.

### Initramfs

Creating a new initramfs is usually not required, because mkinitcpio was run on installation of the kernel package with pacstrap.

For LVM, system encryption or RAID, modify mkinitcpio.conf(5) and recreate the initramfs image:

    # mkinitcpio -P

### Root password

Set the root password:

    # passwd

### Boot loader

Choose and install a Linux-capable boot loader. If you have an Intel or AMD CPU, enable microcode updates in addition.

## Reboot

Exit the chroot environment by typing `exit` or pressing `Ctrl+d`.

Optionally manually unmount all the partitions with `umount -R /mnt`: this allows noticing any "busy" partitions, and finding the cause with fuser(1).

Finally, restart the machine by typing `reboot`: any partitions still mounted will be automatically unmounted by systemd. Remember to remove the installation medium and then login into the new system with the root account.

## Post-installation

See General recommendations for system management directions and post-installation tutorials (like setting up a graphical user interface, sound or a touchpad).

For a list of applications that may be of interest, see List of applications.

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