Simple XML Subset Parser: GLib Reference Manual

## Simple XML Subset Parser Simple XML Subset Parser — parses a subset of XML |

## Functions

gchar * | g_markup_escape_text ()
gchar * | g_markup_printf_escaped ()
gchar * | g_markup_vprintf_escaped ()
GMarkupParseContext * | g_markup_parse_context_new ()
gboolean | g_markup_parse_context_parse ()
gboolean | g_markup_parse_context_end_parse ()
void | g_markup_parse_context_free ()
void | g_markup_parse_context_get_position ()
const gchar * | g_markup_parse_context_get_element ()
const GSList * | g_markup_parse_context_get_element_stack ()
gpointer | g_markup_parse_context_get_user_data ()
void | g_markup_parse_context_push ()
gpointer | g_markup_parse_context_pop ()
GMarkupParseContext * | g_markup_parse_context_ref ()
void | g_markup_parse_context_unref ()
gboolean | g_markup_collect_attributes ()

## Types and Values

enum | GMarkupError
#define | G_MARKUP_ERROR
enum | GMarkupParseFlags
| GMarkupParseContext
struct | GMarkupParser
enum | GMarkupCollectType

## Includes

    #include <glib.h>

## Description

The "GMarkup" parser is intended to parse a simple markup format that's a subset of XML. This is a small, efficient, easy-to-use parser. It should not be used if you expect to interoperate with other applications generating full-scale XML, and must not be used if you expect to parse untrusted input. However, it's very useful for application data files, config files, etc. where you know your application will be the only one writing the file. Full-scale XML parsers should be able to parse the subset used by GMarkup, so you can easily migrate to full-scale XML at a later time if the need arises.

GMarkup is not guaranteed to signal an error on all invalid XML; the parser may accept documents that an XML parser would not. However, XML documents which are not well-formed (which is a weaker condition than being valid. See the XML specification for definitions of these terms.) are not considered valid GMarkup documents.

Simplifications to XML include:

- Only UTF-8 encoding is allowed

- No user-defined entities

- Processing instructions, comments and the doctype declaration are "passed through" but are not interpreted in any way

- No DTD or validation

The markup format does support:

- Elements

- Attributes

- 5 standard entities: & < > " '

- Character references

- Sections marked as CDATA

#### An example parser

Here is an example for a markup parser: markup-example.c

## Functions

### g_markup_escape_text ()

    gchar *
    g_markup_escape_text (const gchar *text,
                          gssize length);

Escapes text so that the markup parser will parse it verbatim. Less than, greater than, ampersand, etc. are replaced with the corresponding entities. This function would typically be used when writing out a file to be parsed with the markup parser.

Note that this function doesn't protect whitespace and line endings from being processed according to the XML rules for normalization of line endings and attribute values.

Note also that this function will produce character references in the range of &x1; ... &x1f; for all control sequences except for tabstop, newline and carriage return. The character references in this range are not valid XML 1.0, but they are valid XML 1.1 and will be accepted by the GMarkup parser.

#### Parameters

text | some valid UTF-8 text |
length | length of `text` in bytes, or -1 if the text is nul-terminated |

#### Returns

a newly allocated string with the escaped text

### g_markup_printf_escaped ()

    gchar *
    g_markup_printf_escaped (const char *format,
                             ...);

Formats arguments according to `format` , escaping all string and character arguments in the fashion of `g_markup_escape_text()`. This is useful when you want to insert literal strings into XML-style markup output, without having to worry that the strings might themselves contain markup.

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    const char *store = "Fortnum & Mason";
    const char *item = "Tea";
    char *output;

    output = g_markup_printf_escaped ("<purchase>"
                                      "<store>%s</store>"
                                      "<item>%s</item>"
                                      "</purchase>",
                                      store, item);

#### Parameters

format | printf() style format string |
... | the arguments to insert in the format string |

#### Returns

newly allocated result from formatting operation. Free with `g_free()`.

Since: 2.4

### g_markup_vprintf_escaped ()

    gchar *
    g_markup_vprintf_escaped (const char *format,
                              va_list args);

Formats the data in `args` according to `format` , escaping all string and character arguments in the fashion of `g_markup_escape_text()`. See `g_markup_printf_escaped()`.

#### Parameters

format | printf() style format string |
args | variable argument list, similar to `vprintf()` |

#### Returns

newly allocated result from formatting operation. Free with `g_free()`.

Since: 2.4

### g_markup_parse_context_new ()

    GMarkupParseContext *
    g_markup_parse_context_new (const GMarkupParser *parser,
                                GMarkupParseFlags flags,
                                gpointer user_data,
                                GDestroyNotify user_data_dnotify);

Creates a new parse context. A parse context is used to parse marked-up documents. You can feed any number of documents into a context, as long as no errors occur; once an error occurs, the parse context can't continue to parse text (you have to free it and create a new parse context).

#### Parameters

parser | a GMarkupParser |
flags | one or more GMarkupParseFlags |
user_data | user data to pass to GMarkupParser functions |
user_data_dnotify | user data destroy notifier called when the parse context is freed |

#### Returns

a new GMarkupParseContext

### g_markup_parse_context_parse ()

    gboolean
    g_markup_parse_context_parse (GMarkupParseContext *context,
                                  const gchar *text,
                                  gssize text_len,
                                  GError **error);

Feed some data to the GMarkupParseContext.

The data need not be valid UTF-8; an error will be signaled if it's invalid. The data need not be an entire document; you can feed a document into the parser incrementally, via multiple calls to this function. Typically, as you receive data from a network connection or file, you feed each received chunk of data into this function, aborting the process if an error occurs. Once an error is reported, no further data may be fed to the GMarkupParseContext; all errors are fatal.

#### Parameters

context | a GMarkupParseContext |
text | chunk of text to parse |
text_len | length of `text` in bytes |
error | return location for a GError |

#### Returns

`FALSE` if an error occurred, `TRUE` on success

### g_markup_parse_context_end_parse ()

    gboolean
    g_markup_parse_context_end_parse (GMarkupParseContext *context,
                                      GError **error);

Signals to the GMarkupParseContext that all data has been fed into the parse context with `g_markup_parse_context_parse()`.

This function reports an error if the document isn't complete, for example if elements are still open.

#### Parameters

context | a GMarkupParseContext |
error | return location for a GError |

#### Returns

`TRUE` on success, `FALSE` if an error was set

### g_markup_parse_context_free ()

    void
    g_markup_parse_context_free (GMarkupParseContext *context);

Frees a GMarkupParseContext.

This function can't be called from inside one of the GMarkupParser functions or while a subparser is pushed.

#### Parameters

context | a GMarkupParseContext |

### g_markup_parse_context_get_position ()

    void
    g_markup_parse_context_get_position (GMarkupParseContext *context,
                                         gint *line_number,
                                         gint *char_number);

Retrieves the current line number and the number of the character on that line. Intended for use in error messages; there are no strict semantics for what constitutes the "current" line number other than "the best number we could come up with for error messages."

#### Parameters

context | a GMarkupParseContext |
line_number | return location for a line number, or `NULL`. | [out][optional]
char_number | return location for a char-on-line number, or `NULL`. | [out][optional]

### g_markup_parse_context_get_element ()

    const gchar *
    g_markup_parse_context_get_element (GMarkupParseContext *context);

Retrieves the name of the currently open element.

If called from the start_element or end_element handlers this will give the element_name as passed to those functions. For the parent elements, see `g_markup_parse_context_get_element_stack()`.

#### Parameters

context | a GMarkupParseContext |

#### Returns

the name of the currently open element, or `NULL`

Since: 2.2

### g_markup_parse_context_get_element_stack ()

    const GSList *
    g_markup_parse_context_get_element_stack
                                   (GMarkupParseContext *context);

Retrieves the element stack from the internal state of the parser.

The returned GSList is a list of strings where the first item is the currently open tag (as would be returned by `g_markup_parse_context_get_element()`) and the next item is its immediate parent.

This function is intended to be used in the start_element and end_element handlers where `g_markup_parse_context_get_element()` would merely return the name of the element that is being processed.

#### Parameters

context | a GMarkupParseContext |

#### Returns

the element stack, which must not be modified

Since: 2.16

### g_markup_parse_context_get_user_data ()

    gpointer
    g_markup_parse_context_get_user_data (GMarkupParseContext *context);

Returns the user_data associated with `context` .

This will either be the user_data that was provided to `g_markup_parse_context_new()` or to the most recent call of `g_markup_parse_context_push()`.

#### Parameters

context | a GMarkupParseContext |

#### Returns

the provided user_data. The returned data belongs to the markup context and will be freed when `g_markup_parse_context_free()` is called.

Since: 2.18

### g_markup_parse_context_push ()

    void
    g_markup_parse_context_push (GMarkupParseContext *context,
                                 const GMarkupParser *parser,
                                 gpointer user_data);

Temporarily redirects markup data to a sub-parser.

This function may only be called from the start_element handler of a GMarkupParser. It must be matched with a corresponding call to `g_markup_parse_context_pop()` in the matching end_element handler (except in the case that the parser aborts due to an error).

All tags, text and other data between the matching tags is redirected to the subparser given by `parser` . `user_data` is used as the user_data for that parser. `user_data` is also passed to the error callback in the event that an error occurs. This includes errors that occur in subparsers of the subparser.

The end tag matching the start tag for which this call was made is handled by the previous parser (which is given its own user_data) which is why `g_markup_parse_context_pop()` is provided to allow "one last access" to the `user_data` provided to this function. In the case of error, the `user_data` provided here is passed directly to the error callback of the subparser and `g_markup_parse_context_pop()` should not be called. In either case, if `user_data` was allocated then it ought to be freed from both of these locations.

This function is not intended to be directly called by users interested in invoking subparsers. Instead, it is intended to be used by the subparsers themselves to implement a higher-level interface.

As an example, see the following implementation of a simple parser that counts the number of tags encountered.

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    typedef struct
    {
      gint tag_count;
    } CounterData;

    static void
    counter_start_element (GMarkupParseContext  *context,
                           const gchar          *element_name,
                           const gchar         **attribute_names,
                           const gchar         **attribute_values,
                           gpointer              user_data,
                           GError              **error)
    {
      CounterData *data = user_data;

      data->tag_count++;
    }

    static void
    counter_error (GMarkupParseContext *context,
                   GError              *error,
                   gpointer             user_data)
    {
      CounterData *data = user_data;

      g_slice_free (CounterData, data);
    }

    static GMarkupParser counter_subparser =
    {
      counter_start_element,
      NULL,
      NULL,
      NULL,
      counter_error
    };

In order to allow this parser to be easily used as a subparser, the following interface is provided:

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    void
    start_counting (GMarkupParseContext *context)
    {
      CounterData *data = g_slice_new (CounterData);

      data->tag_count = 0;
      g_markup_parse_context_push (context, &counter_subparser, data);
    }

    gint
    end_counting (GMarkupParseContext *context)
    {
      CounterData *data = g_markup_parse_context_pop (context);
      int result;

      result = data->tag_count;
      g_slice_free (CounterData, data);

      return result;
    }

The subparser would then be used as follows:

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    static void start_element (context, element_name, ...)
    {
      if (strcmp (element_name, "count-these") == 0)
        start_counting (context);

      // else, handle other tags...
    }

    static void end_element (context, element_name, ...)
    {
      if (strcmp (element_name, "count-these") == 0)
        g_print ("Counted %d tags\n", end_counting (context));

      // else, handle other tags...
    }

#### Parameters

context | a GMarkupParseContext |
parser | a GMarkupParser |
user_data | user data to pass to GMarkupParser functions |

Since: 2.18

### g_markup_parse_context_pop ()

    gpointer
    g_markup_parse_context_pop (GMarkupParseContext *context);

Completes the process of a temporary sub-parser redirection.

This function exists to collect the user_data allocated by a matching call to `g_markup_parse_context_push()`. It must be called in the end_element handler corresponding to the start_element handler during which `g_markup_parse_context_push()` was called. You must not call this function from the error callback -- the `user_data` is provided directly to the callback in that case.

This function is not intended to be directly called by users interested in invoking subparsers. Instead, it is intended to be used by the subparsers themselves to implement a higher-level interface.

#### Parameters

context | a GMarkupParseContext |

#### Returns

the user data passed to `g_markup_parse_context_push()`

Since: 2.18

### g_markup_parse_context_ref ()

    GMarkupParseContext *
    g_markup_parse_context_ref (GMarkupParseContext *context);

Increases the reference count of `context` .

#### Parameters

context | a GMarkupParseContext |

#### Returns

the same `context`

Since: 2.36

### g_markup_parse_context_unref ()

    void
    g_markup_parse_context_unref (GMarkupParseContext *context);

Decreases the reference count of `context` . When its reference count drops to 0, it is freed.

#### Parameters

context | a GMarkupParseContext |

Since: 2.36

### g_markup_collect_attributes ()

    gboolean
    g_markup_collect_attributes (const gchar *element_name,
                                 const gchar **attribute_names,
                                 const gchar **attribute_values,
                                 GError **error,
                                 GMarkupCollectType first_type,
                                 const gchar *first_attr,
                                 ...);

Collects the attributes of the element from the data passed to the GMarkupParser start_element function, dealing with common error conditions and supporting boolean values.

This utility function is not required to write a parser but can save a lot of typing.

The `element_name` , `attribute_names` , `attribute_values` and `error` parameters passed to the start_element callback should be passed unmodified to this function.

Following these arguments is a list of "supported" attributes to collect. It is an error to specify multiple attributes with the same name. If any attribute not in the list appears in the `attribute_names` array then an unknown attribute error will result.

The GMarkupCollectType field allows specifying the type of collection to perform and if a given attribute must appear or is optional.

The attribute name is simply the name of the attribute to collect.

The pointer should be of the appropriate type (see the descriptions under GMarkupCollectType) and may be `NULL` in case a particular attribute is to be allowed but ignored.

This function deals with issuing errors for missing attributes (of type `G_MARKUP_ERROR_MISSING_ATTRIBUTE`), unknown attributes (of type `G_MARKUP_ERROR_UNKNOWN_ATTRIBUTE`) and duplicate attributes (of type `G_MARKUP_ERROR_INVALID_CONTENT`) as well as parse errors for boolean-valued attributes (again of type `G_MARKUP_ERROR_INVALID_CONTENT`). In all of these cases `FALSE` will be returned and `error` will be set as appropriate.

#### Parameters

element_name | the current tag name |
attribute_names | the attribute names |
attribute_values | the attribute values |
error | a pointer to a GError or `NULL` |
first_type | the GMarkupCollectType of the first attribute |
first_attr | the name of the first attribute |
... | a pointer to the storage location of the first attribute (or `NULL`), followed by more types names and pointers, ending with `G_MARKUP_COLLECT_INVALID` |

#### Returns

`TRUE` if successful

Since: 2.16

## Types and Values

### enum GMarkupError

Error codes returned by markup parsing.

#### Members

G_MARKUP_ERROR_BAD_UTF8 | text being parsed was not valid UTF-8 |
G_MARKUP_ERROR_EMPTY | document contained nothing, or only whitespace |
G_MARKUP_ERROR_PARSE | document was ill-formed |
G_MARKUP_ERROR_UNKNOWN_ELEMENT | error should be set by GMarkupParser functions; element wasn't known |
G_MARKUP_ERROR_UNKNOWN_ATTRIBUTE | error should be set by GMarkupParser functions; attribute wasn't known |
G_MARKUP_ERROR_INVALID_CONTENT | error should be set by GMarkupParser functions; content was invalid |
G_MARKUP_ERROR_MISSING_ATTRIBUTE | error should be set by GMarkupParser functions; a required attribute was missing |

### G_MARKUP_ERROR

    #define G_MARKUP_ERROR g_markup_error_quark ()

Error domain for markup parsing. Errors in this domain will be from the GMarkupError enumeration. See GError for information on error domains.

### enum GMarkupParseFlags

Flags that affect the behaviour of the parser.

#### Members

G_MARKUP_DEFAULT_FLAGS | No special behaviour. Since: 2.74 |
G_MARKUP_DO_NOT_USE_THIS_UNSUPPORTED_FLAG | flag you should not use |
G_MARKUP_TREAT_CDATA_AS_TEXT | When this flag is set, CDATA marked sections are not passed literally to the `passthrough` function of the parser. Instead, the content of the section (without the `<![CDATA[` and `]]&gt;`) is passed to the `text` function. This flag was added in GLib 2.12 |
G_MARKUP_PREFIX_ERROR_POSITION | Normally errors caught by GMarkup itself have line/column information prefixed to them to let the caller know the location of the error. When this flag is set the location information is also prefixed to errors generated by the GMarkupParser implementation functions |
G_MARKUP_IGNORE_QUALIFIED | Ignore (don't report) qualified attributes and tags, along with their contents. A qualified attribute or tag is one that contains ':' in its name (ie: is in another namespace). Since: 2.40. |

### GMarkupParseContext

    typedef struct _GMarkupParseContext GMarkupParseContext;

A parse context is used to parse a stream of bytes that you expect to contain marked-up text.

See `g_markup_parse_context_new()`, GMarkupParser, and so on for more details.

### struct GMarkupParser

    struct GMarkupParser {
      /* Called for open tags <foo bar="baz"> */
      void (*start_element)  (GMarkupParseContext *context,
                              const gchar         *element_name,
                              const gchar        **attribute_names,
                              const gchar        **attribute_values,
                              gpointer             user_data,
                              GError             **error);

      /* Called for close tags </foo> */
      void (*end_element)    (GMarkupParseContext *context,
                              const gchar         *element_name,
                              gpointer             user_data,
                              GError             **error);

      /* Called for character data */
      /* text is not nul-terminated */
      void (*text)           (GMarkupParseContext *context,
                              const gchar         *text,
                              gsize                text_len,
                              gpointer             user_data,
                              GError             **error);

      /* Called for strings that should be re-saved verbatim in this same
       * position, but are not otherwise interpretable.  At the moment
       * this includes comments and processing instructions.
       */
      /* text is not nul-terminated. */
      void (*passthrough)    (GMarkupParseContext *context,
                              const gchar         *passthrough_text,
                              gsize                text_len,
                              gpointer             user_data,
                              GError             **error);

      /* Called on error, including one set by other
       * methods in the vtable. The GError should not be freed.
       */
      void (*error)          (GMarkupParseContext *context,
                              GError              *error,
                              gpointer             user_data);
    };

Any of the fields in GMarkupParser can be `NULL`, in which case they will be ignored. Except for the `error` function, any of these callbacks can set an error; in particular the `G_MARKUP_ERROR_UNKNOWN_ELEMENT`, `G_MARKUP_ERROR_UNKNOWN_ATTRIBUTE`, and `G_MARKUP_ERROR_INVALID_CONTENT` errors are intended to be set from these callbacks. If you set an error from a callback, `g_markup_parse_context_parse()` will report that error back to its caller.

#### Members

`start_element` () | Callback to invoke when the opening tag of an element is seen. The callback's `attribute_names` and `attribute_values` parameters are `NULL`-terminated. |
`end_element` () | Callback to invoke when the closing tag of an element is seen. Note that this is also called for empty tags like `<empty/>`. |
`text` () | Callback to invoke when some text is seen (text is always inside an element). Note that the text of an element may be spread over multiple calls of this function. If the `G_MARKUP_TREAT_CDATA_AS_TEXT` flag is set, this function is also called for the content of CDATA marked sections. |
`passthrough` () | Callback to invoke for comments, processing instructions and doctype declarations; if you're re-writing the parsed document, write the passthrough text back out in the same position. If the `G_MARKUP_TREAT_CDATA_AS_TEXT` flag is not set, this function is also called for CDATA marked sections. |
`error` () | Callback to invoke when an error occurs. |

### enum GMarkupCollectType

A mixed enumerated type and flags field. You must specify one type (string, strdup, boolean, tristate). Additionally, you may optionally bitwise OR the type with the flag `G_MARKUP_COLLECT_OPTIONAL`.

It is likely that this enum will be extended in the future to support other types.

#### Members

G_MARKUP_COLLECT_INVALID | used to terminate the list of attributes to collect |
G_MARKUP_COLLECT_STRING | collect the string pointer directly from the attribute_values[] array. Expects a parameter of type (const char **). If `G_MARKUP_COLLECT_OPTIONAL` is specified and the attribute isn't present then the pointer will be set to `NULL` |
G_MARKUP_COLLECT_STRDUP | as with `G_MARKUP_COLLECT_STRING`, but expects a parameter of type (char **) and `g_strdup()`s the returned pointer. The pointer must be freed with `g_free()` |
G_MARKUP_COLLECT_BOOLEAN | expects a parameter of type (gboolean *) and parses the attribute value as a boolean. Sets `FALSE` if the attribute isn't present. Valid boolean values consist of (case-insensitive) "false", "f", "no", "n", "0" and "true", "t", "yes", "y", "1" |
G_MARKUP_COLLECT_TRISTATE | as with `G_MARKUP_COLLECT_BOOLEAN`, but in the case of a missing attribute a value is set that compares equal to neither `FALSE` nor `TRUE` G_MARKUP_COLLECT_OPTIONAL is implied |
G_MARKUP_COLLECT_OPTIONAL | can be bitwise ORed with the other fields. If present, allows the attribute not to appear. A default value is set depending on what value type is used |

## See Also

XML Specification