AVRDUDE(1)

NAME
avrdude - driver program for ``simple'' Atmel AVR MCU programmer

SYNOPSIS
avrdude -p partno [-b baudrate] [-B bitclock] [-c programmer-id] [-C config-file] [-A] [-D] [-e] [-E exitspec [,exitspec]] [-F] [-i delay] [-l logfile] [-n] [-O] [-P port] [-q] [-T cmd] [-t] [-U memory:op:filename:filefmt] [-v] [-x extended_param] [-V]

DESCRIPTION
Avrdude is a program for downloading code and data to Atmel AVR microcontrollers. Avrdude supports Atmel's STK500 programmer, Atmel's AVRISP and AVRISP mkII devices, Atmel's STK600, Atmel's JTAG ICE (mkI, mkII and 3, the latter two also in ISP mode), programmers complying to AppNote AVR910 and AVR109 (including the Butterfly), as well as a simple hard-wired programmer connected directly to a ppi(4) or parport(4) parallel port, or to a standard serial port. In the simplest case, the hardware consists just of a cable connecting the respective AVR signal lines to the parallel port.

The MCU is programmed in serial programming mode, so, for the ppi(4) based programmer, the MCU signals ‘/RESET’, ‘SCK’, ‘SDI’ and ‘SDO’ of the AVR's SPI interface need to be connected to the parallel port; older boards might use the labels MOSI for SDO or MISO for SDI. Optionally, some otherwise unused output pins of the parallel port can be used to supply power for the MCU part, so it is also possible to construct a passive stand-alone programming device. Some status LEDs indicating the current operating state of the programmer can be connected, and a signal is available to control a buffer/driver IC 74LS367 (or 74HCT367). The latter can be useful to decouple the parallel port from the MCU when in-system programming is used.

A number of equally simple bit-bang programming adapters that connect to a serial port are supported as well, among them the popular Ponyprog serial adapter, and the DASA and DASA3 adapters that used to be supported by uisp(1). Note that these adapters are meant to be attached to a physical serial port. Connecting to a serial port emulated on top of USB is likely to not work at all, or to work abysmally slow.

If you happen to have a Linux system with at least 4 hardware GPIOs available (like almost all embedded Linux boards) you can do without any additional hardware - just connect them to the SDO, SDI, RESET and SCK pins on the AVR and use the linuxgpio programmer type. It bitbangs the lines using the Linux sysfs GPIO interface. Of course, care should be taken about voltage level compatibility. Also, although not strictly required, it is strongly advisable to protect the GPIO pins from overcurrent situations in some way. The simplest would be to just put some resistors in series or better yet use a 3-state buffer driver like the 74HC244. Have a look at http://kolev.info/blog/2013/01/06/avrdude-linuxgpio/ for a more detailed tutorial about using this programmer type.

Under a Linux installation with direct access to the SPI bus and GPIO pins, such as would be found on a Raspberry Pi, the ``linuxspi'' programmer type can be used to directly connect to and program a chip using the built in interfaces on the computer. The requirements to use this type are that an SPI interface is exposed along with one GPIO pin. The GPIO serves as the reset output since the Linux SPI drivers do not hold chip select down when a transfer is not occurring and thus it cannot be used as the reset pin. A readily available level translator should be used between the SPI bus/reset GPIO and the chip to avoid potentially damaging the computer's SPI controller in the event that the chip is running at 5V and the SPI runs at 3.3V. The GPIO chosen for reset can be configured in the avrdude configuration file using the reset entry under the linuxspi programmer, or directly in the port specification. An external pull-up resistor should be connected between the AVR's reset pin and Vcc. If Vcc is not the same as the SPI voltage, this should be done on the AVR side of the level translator to protect the hardware from damage.

The -P portname option for this programmer defaults to /dev/spidev0.0:/dev/gpiochip0.

Atmel's STK500 programmer is also supported and connects to a serial port. Both, firmware versions 1.x and 2.x can be handled, but require a different programmer type specification (by now). Using firmware version 2, high-voltage programming is also supported, both parallel and serial (programmer types stk500pp and stk500hvsp).

Wiring boards (e.g. Arduino Mega 2560 Rev3) are supported, utilizing STK500 V2.x protocol, but a simple DTR/RTS toggle is used to set the boards into programming mode. The programmer type is ``wiring''. Note that the -D option will likely be required in this case, because the bootloader will rewrite the program memory, but no true chip erase can be performed.

Serial bootloaders that run a skeleton of the STK500 1.x protocol are supported via their own programmer type ``arduino''. This programmer works for the Arduino Uno Rev3 or any AVR that runs the Optiboot bootloader.

Urprotocol is a leaner version of the STK500 1.x protocol that is designed to be backwards compatible with STK500 v1.x, and allows bootloaders to be much smaller, e.g., as implemented in the urboot project https://github.com/stefanrueger/urboot. The programmer type ``urclock'' caters for these urboot programmers. Owing to its backward compatibility, bootloaders that can be served by the arduino programmer can normally also be served by the urclock programmer. This may require specifying the size of (to avrdude) unknown bootloaders in bytes using the -x bootsize=<n> option, which is necessary for the urclock programmer to enable it to protect the bootloader from being overwritten. If an unknown bootloader has EEPROM read/write capability then the option -x eepromrw informs avrdude -c urclock of that capability.

The BusPirate is a versatile tool that can also be used as an AVR programmer. A single BusPirate can be connected to up to 3 independent AVRs. See the section on extended parameters below for details.

Atmel's STK600 programmer is supported in ISP and high-voltage programming modes, and connects through the USB. For ATxmega devices, the STK600 is supported in PDI mode. For ATtiny4/5/9/10 devices, the STK600 and AVRISP mkII are supported in TPI mode.

The simple serial programmer described in Atmel's application note AVR910, and the bootloader described in Atmel's application note AVR109 (which is also used by the AVR Butterfly evaluation board), are supported on a serial port.

Atmel's JTAG ICE (mkI, mkII, and 3) is supported as well to up- or download memory areas from/to an AVR target (no support for on-chip debugging). For the JTAG ICE mkII, JTAG, debugWire and ISP mode are supported, provided it has a firmware revision of at least 4.14 (decimal). JTAGICE3 also supports all of JTAG, debugWIRE, and ISP mode. See below for the limitations of debugWire. For ATxmega devices, the JTAG ICE mkII is supported in PDI mode, provided it has a revision 1 hardware and firmware version of at least 5.37 (decimal). For ATxmega devices, the JTAGICE3 is supported in PDI mode.

Atmel-ICE (ARM/AVR) is supported in all modes (JTAG, PDI for Xmega, debugWIRE, ISP, UPDI).

Atmel's XplainedPro boards, using the EDBG protocol (CMSIS-DAP compatible), are supported using the "jtag3" programmer type.

Atmel's XplainedMini boards, using the mEDBG protocol, are also supported using the "jtag3" programmer type.

The AVR Dragon is supported in all modes (ISP, JTAG, HVSP, PP, debugWire). When used in JTAG and debugWire mode, the AVR Dragon behaves similar to a JTAG ICE mkII, so all device-specific comments for that device will apply as well. When used in ISP mode, the AVR Dragon behaves similar to an AVRISP mkII (or JTAG ICE mkII in ISP mode), so all device-specific comments will apply there. In particular, the Dragon starts out with a rather fast ISP clock frequency, so the -B bitclock option might be required to achieve a stable ISP communication. For ATxmega devices, the AVR Dragon is supported in PDI mode, provided it has a firmware version of at least 6.11 (decimal).

The USBasp ISP, USBtinyISP, avrftdi and CH341A adapters are also supported, provided avrdude has been compiled with libusb support. USBasp ISP and USBtinyISP both feature simple firmware-only USB implementations, running on an ATmega8 (or ATmega88), or ATtiny2313, respectively. CH341A programmers connect directly to the AVR target. Their SPI bit clock is approximately 1.7 MHz and cannot be changed. As a consequence, the AVR target must have a CPU frequency of 6.8 MHz or more: factory-set AVR parts, which typically run on an internal oscillator between 1 MHz and 1.6 MHz, cannot be programmed using -c ch341a. If libftdi has has been compiled in avrdude, the avrftdi device adds support for many programmers using FTDI's 2232C/D/H and 4232H parts running in MPSSE mode, which hard-codes (in the chip) SCK to bit 1, SDO to bit 2, and SDI to bit 3. Reset is usually bit 4.

The Atmel DFU bootloader is supported in both, FLIP protocol version 1 (AT90USB* and ATmega*U* devices), as well as version 2 (Xmega devices). See below for some hints about FLIP version 1 protocol behaviour.

The MPLAB(R) PICkit 4 and MPLAB(R) SNAP, are supported in JTAG, TPI, ISP, PDI and UPDI mode. The Curiosity Nano board is supported in UPDI mode. It is dubbed “PICkit on Board”, thus the name pkobn_updi.

SerialUPDI programmer implementation is based on Microchip's pymcuprog https://github.com/microchip-pic-avr-tools/pymcuprog utility, but it also contains some performance improvements included in Spence Konde's DxCore Arduino core https://github.com/SpenceKonde/DxCore. In a nutshell, this programmer consists of simple USB->UART adapter, diode and couple of resistors. It uses serial connection to provide UPDI interface. See the texinfo documentation for more details and known issues.

The jtag2updi programmer is supported, and can program AVRs with a UPDI interface. Jtag2updi is just a firmware that can be uploaded to an AVR, which enables it to interface with avrdude using the jtagice mkii protocol via a serial link. https://github.com/ElTangas/jtag2updi

The Micronucleus bootloader is supported for both protocol version V1 and V2. As the bootloader does not support reading from flash memory, use the -V option to prevent AVRDUDE from verifying the flash memory. See the section on extended parameters for Micronucleus specific options.

The Teensy bootloader is supported for all AVR boards. As the bootloader does not support reading from flash memory, use the -V option to prevent AVRDUDE from verifying the flash memory. See the section on extended parameters for Teensy specific options.

Input files can be provided, and output files can be written in different file formats, such as raw binary files containing the data to download to the chip, Intel hex format, or Motorola S-record format. There are a number of tools available to produce those files, like asl(1) as a standalone assembler, or avr-objcopy(1) for the final stage of the GNU toolchain for the AVR microcontroller.

Provided libelf(3) was present when compiling avrdude, the input file can also be the final ELF file as produced by the linker. The appropriate ELF section(s) will be examined, according to the memory area to write to.

Avrdude can program the EEPROM and flash ROM memory cells of supported AVR parts. Where supported by the serial instruction set, fuse bits and lock bits can be programmed as well. These are implemented within avrdude as separate memory types and can be programmed using data from a file (see the -U option) or from terminal mode (see the dump and write commands). It is also possible to read the chip (provided it has not been code-protected previously, of course) and store the data in a file. Finally, a ``terminal'' mode is available that allows one to interactively communicate with the MCU, and to display or program individual memory cells. On some programmers some settings of the programmer itself can be examined and changed from within terminal mode as well; see the Terminal mode section.

  Options
In order to control all the different operation modi, a number of options need to be specified to avrdude.

-p partno
    This option specifies the MCU connected to the programmer. The MCU descriptions are read from the config file. To see a list of currently supported MCUs use ? as partno, which will print the part ids and official part names. In connection with -v, this will also print a list of variant part names followed by an optional colon, the package code and some absolute maximum ratings. The part id, their official part name, any of the full variant part names or their initial part up to a dash can be used to specify a part with the -p option. If -p ? is specified with a specific programmer, see -c below, then only those parts are output that the programmer expects to be able to handle, together with the programming interface(s) that can be used in that combination. In reality there can be deviations from this list, particularly if programming is directly via a bootloader.

    The following parts need special attention:

    AT90S1200
        The ISP programming protocol of the AT90S1200 differs in subtle ways from that of other AVRs. Thus, not all programmers support this device. Known to work are all direct bitbang programmers, and all programmers talking the STK500v2 protocol.

    AT90S2343
        The AT90S2323 and ATtiny22 use the same algorithm.

    ATmega2560, ATmega2561
        Flash addressing above 128 KB is not supported by all programming hardware. Known to work are jtag2, stk500v2, and bit-bang programmers.

    ATtiny11
        The ATtiny11 can only be programmed in high-voltage serial mode.

-p wildcard/flags
    Run developer options for MCUs that are matched by wildcard. Whilst their main use is for developers some flags can be of utility for users, e.g., avrdude -p m328p/S outputs AVRDUDE's understanding of ATmega328P MCU properties; for more information run avrdude -p x/h.

-b baudrate
    Override the RS-232 connection baud rate specified in the respective programmer's entry of the configuration file.

-B bitclock
    Specify the bit clock period for the JTAG, PDI, TPI, UPDI, or ISP interface. The value is a floating-point number in microseconds. Alternatively, the value might be suffixed with "Hz", "kHz" or "MHz" in order to specify the bit clock frequency rather than a period. Some programmers default their bit clock value to a 1 microsecond bit clock period, suitable for target MCUs running at 4 MHz clock and above. Slower MCUs need a correspondingly higher bit clock period. Some programmers reset their bit clock value to the default value when the programming software signs off, whilst others store the last used bit clock value. It is recommended to always specify the bit clock if read/write speed is important. You can use the 'default_bitclock' keyword in your ${HOME}/.config/avrdude/avrdude.rc or ${HOME}/.avrduderc file to assign a default value to keep from having to specify this option on every invocation.

    Note that some official Microchip programmers store the bitclock setting and will continue to use it until a different value is provided. This applies to "2nd gen" programmers (AVRISPmkII, AVR Dragon, JTAG ICE mkII, STK600) and "3rd gen"programmers (JTAGICE3, Atmel ICE, Power Debugger). "4th gen" programmers (PICkit 4, MPLAB SNAP) will store the last user-specified bitclock until the programmer is disconnected from the computer.

-c programmer-id
    Use the programmer specified by the argument. Programmers and their pin configurations are read from the config file (see the -C option). New pin configurations can be easily added or modified through the use of a config file to make avrdude work with different programmers as long as the programmer supports the Atmel AVR serial program method. You can use the 'default_programmer' keyword in your ${HOME}/.config/avrdude/avrdude.rc or ${HOME}/.avrduderc file to assign a default programmer to keep from having to specify this option on every invocation. A full list of all supported programmers is output to the terminal by using ? as programmer-id. If -c ? is specified with a specific part, see -p above, then only those programmers are output that expect to be able to handle this part, together with the programming interface(s) that can be used in that combination. In reality there can be deviations from this list, particularly if programming is directly via a bootloader.

-c wildcard/flags
    Run developer options for programmers that are matched by wildcard. Whilst their main use is for developers some flags can be of utility for users, e.g., avrdude -c usbtiny/S shows AVRDUDE's understanding of usbtiny's properties; for more information run avrdude -c x/h.

-C config-file
    Use the specified config file to load configuration data. This file contains all programmer and part definitions that avrdude knows about. See the config file, located at ${PREFIX}/etc/avrdude.conf, which contains a description of the format.

    If config-file is written as +filename then this file is read after the system wide and user configuration files. This can be used to add entries to the configuration without patching your system wide configuration file. It can be used several times, the files are read in same order as given on the command line.

-A  Disable the automatic removal of trailing-0xFF sequences in file input that is to be programmed to flash and in AVR reads from flash memory. Normally, trailing 0xFFs can be discarded, as flash programming requires the memory be erased to 0xFF beforehand. -A should be used when the programmer hardware, or bootloader software for that matter, does not carry out chip erase and instead handles the memory erase on a page level. Popular Arduino bootloaders exhibit this behaviour; for this reason -A is engaged by default when specifying -c arduino.

-D  Disable auto erase for flash. When the -U option with flash memory is specified, avrdude will perform a chip erase before starting any of the programming operations, since it generally is a mistake to program the flash without performing an erase first. This option disables that. Auto erase is not used for ATxmega devices as these devices can use page erase before writing each page so no explicit chip erase is required. Note however that any page not affected by the current operation will retain its previous contents. Setting -D implies -A.

-e  Causes a chip erase to be executed. This will reset the contents of the flash ROM and EEPROM to the value ‘0xff’, and clear all lock bits. Except for ATxmega devices which can use page erase, it is basically a prerequisite command before the flash ROM can be reprogrammed again. The only exception would be if the new contents would exclusively cause bits to be programmed from the value ‘1’ to ‘0’. Note that in order to reprogram EEPROM cells, no explicit prior chip erase is required since the MCU provides an auto-erase cycle in that case before programming the cell.

-E exitspec
    [,exitspec] By default, avrdude leaves the parallel port in the same state at exit as it has been found at startup. This option modifies the state of the ‘/RESET’ and ‘Vcc’ lines the parallel port is left at, according to the exitspec arguments provided, as follows:

    reset
        The ‘/RESET’ signal will be left activated at program exit, that is it will be held low, in order to keep the MCU in reset state afterwards. Note in particular that the programming algorithm for the AT90S1200 device mandates that the ‘/RESET’ signal is active before powering up the MCU, so in case an external power supply is used for this MCU type, a previous invocation of avrdude with this option specified is one of the possible ways to guarantee this condition. reset is supported by the linuxspi and flip2 programmer options, as well as all parallel port based programmers.

    noreset
        The ‘/RESET’ line will be deactivated at program exit, thus allowing the MCU target program to run while the programming hardware remains connected. noreset is supported by the linuxspi and flip2 programmer options, as well as all parallel port based programmers.

    vcc This option will leave those parallel port pins active (i. e. high) that can be used to supply ‘Vcc’ power to the MCU.

    novcc
        This option will pull the ‘Vcc’ pins of the parallel port down at program exit.

    d_high
        This option will leave the 8 data pins on the parallel port active. (i. e. high)

    d_low
        This option will leave the 8 data pins on the parallel port inactive. (i. e. low)

    Multiple exitspec arguments can be separated with commas.

-F  Normally, avrdude tries to verify that the device signature read from the part is reasonable before continuing. Since it can happen from time to time that a device has a broken (erased or overwritten) device signature but is otherwise operating normally, this options is provided to override the check. Also, for programmers like the Atmel STK500 and STK600 which can adjust parameters local to the programming tool (independent of an actual connection to a target controller), this option can be used together with -t to continue in terminal mode. Moreover, the option allows to continue despite failed initialization of connection between a programmer and a target.

-i delay
    For bitbang-type programmers, delay for approximately delay microseconds between each bit state change. If the host system is very fast, or the target runs off a slow clock (like a 32 kHz crystal, or the 128 kHz internal RC oscillator), this can become necessary to satisfy the requirement that the ISP clock frequency must not be higher than 1/4 of the CPU clock frequency. This is implemented as a spin-loop delay to allow even for very short delays. On Unix-style operating systems, the spin loop is initially calibrated against a system timer, so the number of microseconds might be rather realistic, assuming a constant system load while avrdude is running. On Win32 operating systems, a preconfigured number of cycles per microsecond is assumed that might be off a bit for very fast or very slow machines.

-l logfile
    Use logfile rather than stderr for diagnostics output. Note that initial diagnostic messages (during option parsing) are still written to stderr anyway.

-n  No-write: disables writing data to the MCU whilst processing -U (useful for debugging avrdude ). The terminal mode continues to write to the device.

-O  Perform a RC oscillator run-time calibration according to Atmel application note AVR053. This is only supported on the STK500v2, AVRISP mkII, and JTAG ICE mkII hardware. Note that the result will be stored in the EEPROM cell at address 0.

-P port
    Use port to identify the device to which the programmer is attached. By default the /dev/ppi0 port is used, but if the programmer type normally connects to the serial port, the /dev/cuaa0 port is the default. If you need to use a different parallel or serial port, use this option to specify the alternate port name.

    On Win32 operating systems, the parallel ports are referred to as lpt1 through lpt3, referring to the addresses 0x378, 0x278, and 0x3BC, respectively. If the parallel port can be accessed through a different address, this address can be specified directly, using the common C language notation (i. e., hexadecimal values are prefixed by ‘0x’ ).

    For the JTAG ICE mkII and JTAGICE3, if avrdude has been configured with libusb support, port can alternatively be specified as usb[:serialno]. This will cause avrdude to search the programmer on USB. If serialno is also specified, it will be matched against the serial number read from any JTAG ICE mkII found on USB. The match is done after stripping any existing colons from the given serial number, and right-to-left, so only the least significant bytes from the serial number need to be given.

    As the AVRISP mkII device can only be talked to over USB, the very same method of specifying the port is required there.

    For the USB programmer "AVR-Doper" running in HID mode, the port must be specified as avrdoper. Libhidapi support is required on Unix and Mac OS but not on Windows. For more information about AVR-Doper see http://www.obdev.at/avrusb/avrdoper.html.

    For the USBtinyISP, which is a simplistic device not implementing serial numbers, multiple devices can be distinguished by their location in the USB hierarchy. See the respective Troubleshooting entry in the detailed documentation for examples.

    For the XBee programmer the target MCU is to be programmed wirelessly over a ZigBee mesh using the XBeeBoot bootloader. The ZigBee 64-bit address for the target MCU's own XBee device must be supplied as a 16-character hexadecimal value as a port prefix, followed by the ‘@’ character, and the serial device to connect to a second directly contactable XBee device associated with the same mesh (with a default baud rate of 9600). This may look similar to: 0013a20000000001@/dev/tty.serial.

    For diagnostic purposes, if the target MCU with an XBeeBoot bootloader is connected directly to the serial port, the 64-bit address field can be omitted. In this mode the default baud rate will be 19200.

    For programmers that attach to a serial port using some kind of higher level protocol (as opposed to bit-bang style programmers), port can be specified as net:host:port. In this case, instead of trying to open a local device, a TCP network connection to (TCP) port on host is established. Square brackets may be placed around host to improve readability, for numeric IPv6 addresses (e.g. net:[2001:db8::42]:1337). The remote endpoint is assumed to be a terminal or console server that connects the network stream to a local serial port where the actual programmer has been attached to. The port is assumed to be properly configured, for example using a transparent 8-bit data connection without parity at 115200 Baud for a STK500.

    Note: The ability to handle IPv6 hostnames and addresses is limited to Posix systems (by now).

-q  Disable (or quell) output of the progress bar while reading or writing to the device. Specify it more often for even quieter operations.

-s, -u
    These options used to control the obsolete "safemode" feature which is no longer present. They are silently ignored for backwards compatibility.

-T cmd
    Run terminal line cmd when it is its turn in relation to other -t interactive terminals -T terminal commands and -U memory operations. Except for the simplest of terminal commands the argument cmd will most likely need to be set in quotes, see your OS shell manual for details. See below for a detailed description of all terminal commands.

-t  Tells avrdude to run an interactive terminal when it is its turn in relation to other -t interactive terminals, -T terminal commands and -U memory operations.

-U memory
    :op :filename [:format] Perform a memory operation as indicated when it is its turn in relation to other -t interactive terminals, -T terminal commands and -U memory operations. The memory field specifies the memory to operate on. The available memory types are device-dependent, the actual configuration can be viewed with the part command in terminal mode. Typically, a device's memory configuration at least contains the memory types flash, eeprom, signature and lock, which is sometimes known as lockbits. The signature memory contains the three device signature bytes, which should be, but not always are, unique for the part. The lock memory of one or four bytes typically details whether or not external reading/writing of the flash memory, or parts of it, is allowed. Parts will also typically have fuse bytes, which are read/write memories for configuration of the device and calibration memories that typically contain read-only factory calibration values.

    Classic devices may have the following memory types in addition to eeprom, flash, signature and lock:
    calibration
        One or more bytes of RC oscillator calibration data
    efuse
        Extended fuse byte
    fuse
        Fuse byte in devices that have only a single fuse byte
    hfuse
        High fuse byte
    lfuse
        Low fuse byte
    lock
        Lock byte
    usersig
        Three extra flash pages for firmware settings; this memory is not erased during a chip erase. Only some classic parts, ATmega(64|128|256|644|1284|2564)RFR2, have a usersig memory. Usersig is different to flash in the sense that it can neither be accessed with ISP serial programming nor written to by bootloaders; avrdude offers JTAG programming of classic-part usersig memories. As with all flash-type memories the -U option can only write 0-bits but not 1-bits. Hence, usersig needs to be erased before a file can be uploaded to this memory region, e.g., using -T "erase usersig" -U usersig:w:parameters.hex:i

    ATxmega devices have the following memory types in addition to eeprom, flash, signature and lock:
    application
        Application flash area
    apptable
        Application table flash area
    boot
        Boot flash area
    fuse0
        A.k.a. jtaguid: JTAG user ID for some devices
    fuse1
        Watchdog configuration
    fuse6
        Fault detection action configuration TC4/5 for ATxmega E series parts
    fuseN
        Other fuse bytes of ATxmega devices, where N is 2, 4 or 5, for system configuration
    prodsig
        Production signature (calibration) area
    usersig
        Additional flash memory page that can be used for firmware settings; this memory is not erased during a chip erase

    Modern 8-bit AVR devices have the following memory types in addition to eeprom, flash, signature and lock:
    fuse0
        A.k.a. wdtcfg: watchdog configuration
    fuse1
        A.k.a. bodcfg: brownout detection configuration
    fuse2
        A.k.a. osccfg: oscillator configuration
    fuse4
        A.k.a. tcd0cfg (not all devices): timer counter type D configuration
    fuse5
        A.k.a. syscfg0: system configuration 0
    fuse6
        A.k.a. syscfg1: system configuration 1
    fuse7
        A.k.a. append or codesize: either the end of the application code section or the code size in blocks of 256/512 bytes
    fuse8
        A.k.a. bootend or bootsize: end of the boot section or the boot size in blocks of 256/512 bytes
    fuses
        A "logical" memory of 9 bytes containing all fuseN of a part, which can be used to program all fuses at the same time
    osc16err
        Two bytes typically describing the 16 MHz oscillator frequency error at 3 V and 5 V, respectively
    osc20err
        Two bytes typically describing the 20 MHz oscillator frequency error at 3 V and 5 V, respectively
    osccal16
        Two oscillator calibration bytes for 16 MHz
    osccal20
        Two oscillator calibration bytes for 20 MHz
    prodsig
        Production signature (calibration) area
    sernum
        Serial number with a unique ID for the part (10 bytes)
    tempsense
        Temperature sensor calibration values
    userrow
        Extra page of EEPROM memory that can be used for firmware settings; this memory is not erased during a chip erase

    The op field specifies what operation to perform:

    r   read device memory and write to the specified file

    w   read data from the specified file and write to the device memory

    v   read data from both the device and the specified file and perform a verify

    The filename field indicates the name of the file to read or write. The format field is optional and contains the format of the file to read or write. Format can be one of:

    i   Intel Hex

    I   Intel Hex with comments on download and tolerance of checksum errors on upload

    s   Motorola S-record

    r   raw binary; little-endian byte order, in the case of the flash ROM data

    e   ELF (Executable and Linkable Format)

    m   immediate mode; actual byte values are specified on the command line, separated by commas or spaces in place of the filename field of the -U option. This is useful for programming fuse bytes without having to create a single-byte file or enter terminal mode.

    a   auto detect; valid for input only, and only if the input is not provided at stdin.

    d   decimal; this and the following formats generate one line of output for the respective memory section, forming a comma-separated list of the values. This can be particularly useful for subsequent processing, like for fuse bit settings.

    h   hexadecimal; each value will get the string 0x prepended.

    o   octal; each value will get a 0 prepended unless it is less than 8 in which case it gets no prefix.

    b   binary; each value will get the string 0b prepended.

    When used as input, the m, d, h, o and b formats will use the same code for reading lists of numbers separated by white space and/or commas. The read routine handles decimal, hexadecimal, octal or binary numbers on a number-by-number basis, and the list of numbers can therefore be of mixed type. In fact the syntax, is the same as for data used by the terminal write command, i.e., the file's input data can also be 2-byte short integers, 4-byte long integers or 8-byte long long integers, 4-byte floating point numbers, 8-byte double precision numbers, C-type strings with a terminating nul or C-like characters such as ' '. Numbers are written as little endian to memory. When using 0x hexadecimal or 0b binary input leading zeros are used to determine the size of the integer, e.g., 0x002a will occupy two bytes and write a 0x2a to memory followed by 0x00, and 0x01234 will occupy 4 bytes. See the description of the terminal write command for more details.

    In absence of an explicit file format, the default is to use auto detection for input files, and raw binary format for output files. Note that if a filename contains a colon as penultimate character the format field is no longer optional since the last character would otherwise be misinterpreted as format.

    When reading any kind of flash memory area (including the various sub-areas in Xmega devices), the resulting output file will be truncated to not contain trailing 0xFF bytes which indicate unprogrammed (erased) memory. Thus, if the entire memory is unprogrammed, this will result in an output file that has no contents at all. This behaviour can be overridden with the -A option.

    As an abbreviation, the form -U filename is equivalent to specifying -U flash:w:filename:a. This will only work if filename does not have a pair of colons in it that sandwich a single character as otherwise the first part might be interpreted as memory, and the single character as memory operation.

-v  Enable verbose output. More -v options increase verbosity level.

-V  Disable automatic verify check when uploading data with -U.

-x extended_param
    Pass extended_param to the chosen programmer implementation as an extended parameter. The interpretation of the extended parameter depends on the programmer itself. See below for a list of programmers accepting extended parameters or issue avrdude -x help ... to see the extended options of the chosen programmer.

  Terminal mode
In this mode, avrdude only initializes communication with the MCU, and then awaits user commands on standard input. Commands and parameters may be abbreviated to the shortest unambiguous form. Terminal mode provides a command history using readline(3), so previously entered command lines can be recalled and edited.

The addr and len parameters of the dump, read, write, save and erase commands can be negative with the same syntax as substring computations in perl or python. The table below details their meaning with respect to an example memory of size sz=0x800.

addr    len  Memory interval     Comment
------------------------------------------------------------------------
0/pos   pos  [addr, addr+len-1]  Note: len = end-start+1
0/pos   neg  [addr, sz+len]      End is |len| bytes below memory size sz
  neg   pos  [sz+addr,           Start is |addr| bytes below memory size
                 sz+addr+len-1]
  neg   neg  [sz+addr, sz+len]   Combining above two cases
  any     0  empty set           No action
0x700    12  [0x700, 0x70b]      Conventional use
 1024  -257  [0x400, 0x6ff]      Size of memory is 2048 or 0x800
 -512   512  [0x600, 0x7ff]      Last 512 bytes
 -256    -1  [0x700, 0x7ff]      Last 256 bytes
    0    49  [0, 48]             First 49 bytes
    0   -49  [0, 1999]           All but the last 48 = |len+1| bytes
    0    -1  [0, 0x7ff]          All memory without knowing its size

The following commands are implemented for all programmers:

dump memory addr len
    Read from the specified memory interval (see above), and display in the usual hexadecimal and ASCII form.

dump memory addr
    Read from memory addr as many bytes as the most recent dump memory addr len command with this very memory had specified (default 256 bytes), and display them.

dump memory
    Continue dumping the contents from the same memory where the previous dump memory command left off.

dump
    Continue dumping from the memory and location where the most recent dump command left off; if no previous dump command has addressed a memory an error message will be shown.

dump memory addr ...
    Read all bytes from the specified memory starting at address addr, and display them (deprecated: use dump memory addr -1).

dump memory ...
    Read all bytes from the specified memory, and display them (deprecated: use dump memory 0 -1).

read
    Can be used as an alias for dump.

write memory addr data[,] {data[,]}
    Manually program the respective memory cells, starting at address addr, using the data items provided. The terminal implements reading from and writing to flash, EEPROM and usersig type memories normally through a cache and paged access functions. All other memories are directly written to without use of a cache. Some older parts without paged access, depending on the programmer, might also have flash and EEPROM directly accessed without cache.

    data can be binary, octal, decimal or hexadecimal integers, floating point numbers or C-style strings and characters. If nothing matches, data will be interpreted as the name of a file containing data, which will be read and inserted at this point. In order to force the interpretation of a data item as file, e.g., when the file name would be understood as a number otherwise, the file name can be given a:f format specifier. In absence of a format suffix, the terminal will try to auto-detect the file format.

    For integers, an optional case-insensitive suffix specifies the data size: HH 8 bit, H/S 16 bit, L 32 bit, LL 64 bit. Suffix D indicates a 64-bit double, F a 32-bit float, whilst a floating point number without suffix defaults to 32-bit float. Hexadecimal floating point notation is supported. An ambiguous trailing suffix, e.g., 0x1.8D, is read as no-suffix float where D is part of the mantissa; use a zero exponent 0x1.8p0D to clarify.

    An optional U suffix makes integers unsigned. Ordinary 0x hexadecimal and 0b binary integers are always treated as unsigned. +0x, -0x, +0b and -0b numbers with an explicit sign are treated as signed unless they have a U suffix. Unsigned integers cannot be larger than 2^64-1. If n is an unsigned integer then -n is also a valid unsigned integer as in C. Signed integers must fall into the [-2^63, 2^63-1] range or a correspondingly smaller range when a suffix specifies a smaller type.

    Ordinary 0x hexadecimal and 0b binary integers with n digits (counting leading zeros) use the smallest size of one, two, four and eight bytes that can accommodate any n-digit hexadecimal/binary integer. If an integer suffix specifies a size explicitly the corresponding number of least significant bytes are written, and a warning shown if the number does not fit into the desired representation. Otherwise, unsigned integers occupy the smallest of one, two, four or eight bytes needed. Signed numbers are allowed to fit into the smallest signed or smallest unsigned representation: For example, 255 is stored as one byte as 255U would fit in one byte, though as a signed number it would not fit into a one-byte interval [-128, 127]. The number -1 is stored in one byte whilst -1U needs eight bytes as it is the same as 0xFFFFffffFFFFffffU.

    One trailing comma at the end of data items is ignored to facilitate copy & paste of lists.

write memory data
    The start address addr may be omitted if the size of the memory being written to is one byte.

write memory addr len data[,] {data[,]} ...
    The ellipsis ... form writes the data to the entire memory intervall addressed by addr len and, if necessary, pads the remaining space by repeating the last data item. The fill write command does not write beyond the specified memory area even if more data than needed were given.

save memory {addr len} file[:format]
    Save one or more memory segments to a file in a format specified by the :format letter. The default is :r for raw binary. Each memory segment is described by an address and length pair. In absence of any memory segments the entire memory is saved to the file. Only Motorola S-Record (:s) and Intel Hex (:i or :I) formats store address information with the saved data. Avrdude cannot currently save ELF file formats. All the other file formats lose the address information and concatenate the chosen memory segments into the output file. If the file name is - then avrdude writes to stdout.

erase
    Perform a chip erase and discard all pending writes to EEPROM and flash. Note that EEPROM will be preserved if the EESAVE fuse bit is set.

erase memory
    Erase the entire specified memory.

erase memory addr len
    Erase a section of the specified memory.

flush
    Synchronise with the device all pending writes to flash, EEPROM and usersig. With some programmer and part combinations, flash (and sometimes EEPROM, too) looks like a NOR memory, i.e., a write can only clear bits, never set them. For NOR memories a page erase or, if not available, a chip erase needs to be issued before writing arbitrary data. Usersig is generally unaffected by a chip erase. When a memory looks like a NOR memory, either page erase is deployed (e.g., with parts that have PDI/UPDI interfaces), or if that is not available, both EEPROM and flash caches are fully read in, a chip erase command is issued and both EEPROM and flash are written back to the device. Hence, it can take minutes to ensure that a single previously cleared bit is set and, therefore, this routine should be called sparingly.

abort
    Normally, caches are only ever actually written to the device when using the flush command, at the end of the terminal session after typing quit, or after EOF on input is encountered. The abort command resets the cache discarding all previous writes to the flash, EEPROM and usersig cache.

config {<-f|-a|-v>}
    Show all configuration properties of the part; these are usually bitfields in fuses or lock bits bytes that can take on values, which typically have a mnemonic name. Each part has their own set of configurable items. The option -f groups the configuration properties by the fuses and lock bits byte they are housed in, and shows the current value of these memories as well. Config -a outputs an initialisation script with all properties and all possible respective assignments. The currently assigned mnemonic values are the ones that are not commented out. The option -v increases the verbosity of the output of the config command.

config {<-f|-v>} <property> {<-f|-v>}
    Show the current value of the named configuration property. Wildcards or initial strings are permitted (but not both), in which case the current values of all matching properties are displayed.

config {<-f|-v>} <property>= {<-f|-v>}
    Show all possible values of the named configuration property (notice the trailing =). The one that is currently set is the only one not commented out. As before, wildcards or initial strings are permitted.

config {<-f|-v>} <property>=<value> {<-f|-v>}
    Modify the named configuration property to the given value. The corresponding fuse or lock bits will be changed immediately but the change will normally only take effect the next time the part is reset, at which point the fuses and lock bits are utilised. Value can either be a valid integer or one of the symbolic mnemonics, if known. Wildcards or initial strings are permitted for either the property or the assigned mnemonic value, but an assignment only happens if both the property and the name can be uniquely resolved.

    It is quite possible, as is with direct writing to the underlying fuses and lock bits, to brick a part, i.e., make it unresponsive to further programming with the chosen programmer: here be dragons.

include [<opts>] <file>
    Include contents of the named file as if it was typed. This is useful for batch scripts, e.g., recurring initialisation code for fuses. The include option -e prints the lines of the file as comments before processing them; on a non-zero verbosity level the line numbers are printed, too.

sig Display the device signature bytes.

part
    Display the current part settings and parameters. Includes chip specific information including all memory types supported by the device, read/write timing, etc.

verbose [level]
    Change (when level is provided), or display the verbosity level. The initial verbosity level is controlled by the number of -v options given on the commandline.

quell [level]
    Change (when level is provided), or display the quell level. 1 is used to suppress progress reports. 2 or higher yields in progressively quieter operations. The initial quell level is controlled by the number of -q options given on the commandline.

file ...?

help
    Give a short on-line summary of the available commands.

quit
    Leave terminal mode and thus avrdude.

q   Can be used as an alias for quit.

!<line>
    Run the shell <line> in a subshell, e.g., !ls *.hex. Subshell commands take the rest of the line as their command. For security reasons, they must explictly be enabled by putting allow_subshells = yes; into your ${HOME}/.config/avrdude/avrdude.rc or ${HOME}/.avrduderc file.

# <comment>
    Place comments onto the terminal line (useful for scripts).

The terminal commands below may only be implemented on some specific programmers, and may therefore not be available in the help menu.

pgerase memory addr
    Erase one page of the memory specified.

send b1 b2 b3 b4
    Send raw instruction codes to the AVR device. If you need access to a feature of an AVR part that is not directly supported by avrdude, this command allows you to use it, even though avrdude does not implement the command. When using direct SPI mode, up to 3 bytes can be omitted.

spi Enter direct SPI mode. The pgmled pin acts as chip select. Supported on parallel bitbang programmers, and partially by USBtiny.

pgm Return to programming mode (from direct SPI mode).

vtarg voltage
    Set the target's supply voltage to voltage Volts. Supported on the STK500 and STK600 programmer.

varef [channel] voltage
    Set the adjustable voltage source to voltage Volts. This voltage is normally used to drive the target's Aref input on the STK500. On the Atmel STK600, two reference voltages are available, which can be selected by the optional channel argument (either 0 or 1). Supported on the STK500 and STK600 programmer.

fosc freq[M|k]
    Set the programming oscillator to freq Hz. An optional trailing letter M multiplies by 1E6, a trailing letter k by 1E3. Supported on the STK500 and STK600 programmer.

fosc off
    Turn the programming oscillator off. Supported on the STK500 and STK600 programmer.

sck period
    Set the SCK clock period to period microseconds. Note that some official Microchip programmers store the bitclock setting and will continue to use it until a diferent value is provided. See -B bitclock for more information.

parms
    Display programmer specific parameters.

  Default Parallel port pin connections
(these can be changed, see the -c option)
Pin number | Function
2-5 | Vcc (optional power supply to MCU)
7 | /RESET (to MCU)
8 | SCK (to MCU)
9 | SDO (to MCU)
10 | SDI (from MCU)
18-25 | GND

  debugWire limitations
The debugWire protocol is Atmel's proprietary one-wire (plus ground) protocol to allow an in-circuit emulation of the smaller AVR devices, using the ‘/RESET’ line. DebugWire mode is initiated by activating the ‘DWEN’ fuse, and then power-cycling the target. While this mode is mainly intended for debugging/emulation, it also offers limited programming capabilities. Effectively, the only memory areas that can be read or programmed in this mode are flash ROM and EEPROM. It is also possible to read out the signature. All other memory areas cannot be accessed. There is no chip erase functionality in debugWire mode; instead, while reprogramming the flash ROM, each flash ROM page is erased right before updating it. This is done transparently by the JTAG ICE mkII (or AVR Dragon). The only way back from debugWire mode is to initiate a special sequence of commands to the JTAG ICE mkII (or AVR Dragon), so the debugWire mode will be temporarily disabled, and the target can be accessed using normal ISP programming. This sequence is automatically initiated by using the JTAG ICE mkII or AVR Dragon in ISP mode, when they detect that ISP mode cannot be entered.

  FLIP version 1 idiosyncrasies
Bootloaders using the FLIP protocol version 1 experience some very specific behaviour.

These bootloaders have no option to access memory areas other than Flash and EEPROM.

When the bootloader is started, it enters a security mode where the only acceptable access is to query the device configuration parameters (which are used for the signature on AVR devices). The only way to leave this mode is a chip erase. As a chip erase is normally implied by the -U option when reprogramming the flash, this peculiarity might not be very obvious immediately.

Sometimes, a bootloader with security mode already disabled seems to no longer respond with sensible configuration data, but only 0xFF for all queries. As these queries are used to obtain the equivalent of a signature, avrdude can only continue in that situation by forcing the signature check to be overridden with the -F option.

A chip erase might leave the EEPROM unerased, at least on some versions of the bootloader.

  Programmers accepting extended parameters

JTAG ICE mkII

JTAGICE3

Atmel-ICE

Power Debugger

PICkit 4

MPLAB SNAP

AVR Dragon
    When using the JTAG ICE mkII, JTAGICE3, Atmel-ICE, PICkit 4, MPLAB SNAP, Power Debugger or AVR Dragon in JTAG mode, the following extended parameter is accepted:

    jtagchain=UB,UA,BB,BA
        Setup the JTAG scan chain for UB units before, UA units after, BB bits before, and BA bits after the target AVR, respectively. Each AVR unit within the chain shifts by 4 bits. Other JTAG units might require a different bit shift count.

    hvupdi
        Power Debugger and Pickit 4 only

        High-voltage UPDI programming is used to enable a UPDI pin that has previously been set to RESET or GPIO mode. Use -xhvupdi to enable high-voltage UPDI initialization for targets that supports this.

    vtarg=VALUE, vtarg
        Power Debugger only

        The voltage generator can be enabled by setting a target voltage. The current set-voltage can be read by -xvtarg alone.

    help
        Show help menu and exit.

Xplained Mini (ISP and UPDI)

    suffer=VALUE, suffer
        The SUFFER register allows the user to modify the behavior of the on-board mEDBG. The current state can be read by -xsuffer alone.

        Bit 7 ARDUINO:
            Adds control of extra LEDs when set to 0

        Bit 6..3:
            Reserved (must be set to 1)

        Bit 2 EOF:
            Agressive power-down, sleep after 5 seconds if no USB enumeration when set to 0

        Bit 1 LOWP:
            forc running the mEDBG at 1 MHz when bit set to 0

        Bit 0 FUSE:
            Fuses are safe-masked when bit sent to 1. Fuses are unprotected when set to 0

    vtarg_switch=VALUE, vtarg_switch
        The on-board target voltage switch can be turned on or off by writing a 1 or a 0. The current state can be read by -xvtarg_switch alone. Note that the target power switch will always be on after a power cycle. Also note that the smaller Xplained Nano boards does not have a target power switch.

    help
        Show help menu and exit.

Curiosity Nano

    vtarg=VALUE, vtarg
        The generated on-board target voltage can be changed by specifying a new voltage. The current set-voltage can be read by -xvtarg alone.

    help
        Show help menu and exit.

STK500

STK600

    vtarg=VALUE, vtarg
        The generated on-board target voltage can be changed by specifying a new voltage. The current set-voltage can be read by -xvtarg alone.

    fosc=VALUE[MHz|M|kHz|k|Hz], fosc
        Set the programmable oscillator frequency. The current frequency can be read by -xfosc alone.

    varef=VALUE, varef
        The generated on-board analog reference voltage can be changed by specifying a new reference voltage. The current reference voltage can be read by -xvaref alone.

    varef[0,1]=VALUE, varef[0,1]
        STK600 only

        The generated on-board analog reference voltage for channel 0 or channel 1 can be changed by specifying a new reference voltage. The current reference voltage can be read by -xvaref0 or -xvaref1 alone.

    attemps[=<1..99>]
        STK500V1 only

        Specify how many connection retry attemps to perform before exiting. Defaults to 10 if not specified.

    help
        Show help menu and exit.

AVR910

    devcode=VALUE
        Override the device code selection by using VALUE as the device code. The programmer is not queried for the list of supported device codes, and the specified VALUE is not verified but used directly within the ‘T’ command sent to the programmer. VALUE can be specified using the conventional number notation of the C programming language.

    no_blockmode
        Disables the default checking for block transfer capability. Use no_blockmode only if your AVR910 programmer creates errors during initial sequence.

    help
        Show help menu and exit.

Arduino

    attemps[=<1..99>]
        Specify how many connection retry attemps to perform before exiting. Defaults to 10 if not specified.

    help
        Show help menu and exit.

Urclock

    showall
        Show all info for the connected part, then exit. The -xshow... options below can be used to assemble a bespoke response consisting of a subset (or only one item) of all available relevant information about the connected part and bootloader.

    showid
        Show a unique Urclock ID stored in either flash or EEPROM of the MCU, then exit.

    id=<E|F>.<addr>.<len>
        Historically, the Urclock ID was a six-byte unique little-endian number stored in Urclock boards at EEPROM address 257. The location of this number can be set by the -xid=<E|F>.<addr>.<len> extended parameter. E stands for EEPROM and F stands for flash. A negative address addr counts from the end of EEPROM and flash, respectively. The length len of the Urclock ID can be between 1 and 8 bytes.

    showdate
        Show the last-modified date of the input file for the flash application, then exit. If the input file was stdin, the date will be that of the programming. Date and filename are part of the metadata that the urclock programmer stores by default in high flash just under the bootloader; see also -xnometadata.

    showfilename
        Show the input filename (or title) of the last flash writing session, then exit.

    title=<string>
        When set, <string> will be used in lieu of the input filename. The maximum string length for the title/filename field is 254 bytes including terminating nul.

    showapp
        Show the size of the programmed application, then exit.

    showstore
        Show the size of the unused flash between the application and metadata, then exit.

    showmeta
        Show the size of the metadata just below the bootloader, then exit.

    showboot
        Show the size of the bootloader, then exit.

    showversion
        Show bootloader version and capabilities, then exit.

    showvector
        Show the vector number and name of the interrupt table vector used by the bootloader for starting the application, then exit. For hardware-supported bootloaders this will be vector 0 (Reset), and for vector bootloaders this will be any other vector number of the interrupt vector table or the slot just behind the vector table with the name VBL_ADDITIONAL_VECTOR.

    showpart
        Show the part for which the bootloader was compiled, then exit.

    bootsize=<size>
        Manual override for bootloader size. Urboot bootloaders put the number of used bootloader pages into a table at the top of the bootloader section, i.e., typically top of flash, so the urclock programmer can look up the bootloader size itself. In backward-compatibility mode, when programming via other bootloaders, this option can be used to tell the programmer the size, and therefore the location, of the bootloader.

    vectornum=<arg>
        Manual override for vector number. Urboot bootloaders put the vector number used by a vector bootloader into a table at the top of flash, so this option is normally not needed for urboot bootloaders. However, it is useful in backward-compatibility mode (or when the urboot bootloader does not offer flash read). Specifying a vector number in these circumstances implies a vector bootloader whilst the default assumption would be a hardware-supported bootloader.

    eepromrw
        Manual override for asserting EEPROM read/write capability. Not normally needed for urboot bootloaders, but useful for in backward-compatibility mode if the bootloader offers EEPROM read/write.

    emulate_ce
        If an urboot bootloader does not offer a chip erase command it will tell the urclock programmer so during handshake. In this case the urclock programmer emulates a chip erase, if warranted by user command line options, by filling the remainder of unused flash below the bootloader with 0xff. If this option is specified, the urclock programmer will assume that the bootloader cannot erase the chip itself. The option is useful for backwards-compatible bootloaders that do not implement chip erase.

    restore
        Upload unchanged flash input files and trim below the bootloader if needed. This is most useful when one has a backup of the full flash and wants to play that back onto the device. No metadata are written in this case and no vector patching happens either if it is a vector bootloader. However, for vector bootloaders, even under the option -xrestore an input file will not be uploaded for which the reset vector does not point to the vector bootloader. This is to avoid writing an input file to the device that would render the vector bootloader not functional as it would not be reached after reset.

    initstore
        On writing to flash fill the store space between the flash application and the metadata section with 0xff.

    nofilename
        On writing to flash do not store the application input filename (nor a title).

    nodate
        On writing to flash do not store the application input filename (nor a title) and no date either.

    nostore
        On writing to flash do not store metadata except the metadata code byte 0xff saying there are no metadata. In particular, no data store frame is programmed.

    nometadata
        Do not support any metadata. The full flash besides the bootloader is available for the application. If the application is smaller than the available space then a metadata code byte 0xff is stored nevertheless to indicate there are no further metadata available. In absence of -xnometadata, the default for the urclock programmer is to write as much metadata (filename, data and store information) as the size of the uploaded application and the other extended options allow. The subtle difference between -xnometadata and -xnostore is that the latter always explicitly stores in flash that no further metadata are available, so that a such prepared flash can always be queried with avrdude -xshowall. In contrast to this, it cannot be guaranteed that a -xshowall query on flash prepared with -xnometadata yields useful results.

    delay=<n>
        Add a <n> ms delay after reset. This can be useful if a board takes a particularly long time to exit from external reset. <n> can be negative, in which case the default 120 ms delay after issuing reset will be shortened accordingly.

    strict
        Urclock has a faster, but slightly different strategy than -c arduino to synchronise with the bootloader; some stk500v1 bootloaders cannot cope with this, and they need the -xstrict option.

    help
        Show help menu and exit.

buspirate

    reset=cs,aux,aux2
        The default setup assumes the BusPirate's CS output pin connected to the RESET pin on AVR side. It is however possible to have multiple AVRs connected to the same BP with SDI, SDO and SCK lines common for all of them. In such a case one AVR should have its RESET connected to BusPirate's CS pin, second AVR's RESET connected to BusPirate's AUX pin and if your BusPirate has an AUX2 pin (only available on BusPirate version v1a with firmware 3.0 or newer) use that to activate RESET on the third AVR.

        It may be a good idea to decouple the BusPirate and the AVR's SPI buses from each other using a 3-state bus buffer. For example 74HC125 or 74HC244 are some good candidates with the latches driven by the appropriate reset pin (cs, aux or aux2). Otherwise the SPI traffic in one active circuit may interfere with programming the AVR in the other design.

    spifreq=<0..7>
        The SPI speed for the Bus Pirate's binary SPI mode:

            0 ..  30 kHz   (default)
            1 .. 125 kHz
            2 .. 250 kHz
            3 ..   1 MHz
            4 ..   2 MHz
            5 ..   2.6 MHz
            6 ..   4 MHz
            7 ..   8 MHz

    rawfreq=<0..3>
        Sets the SPI speed and uses the Bus Pirate's binary "raw-wire" mode:

            0 ..   5 kHz
            1 ..  50 kHz
            2 .. 100 kHz   (Firmware v4.2+ only)
            3 .. 400 kHz   (v4.2+)

        The only advantage of the "raw-wire" mode is the different SPI frequencies available. Paged writing is not implemented in this mode.

    ascii
        Attempt to use ASCII mode even when the firmware supports BinMode (binary mode). BinMode is supported in firmware 2.7 and newer, older FW's either don't have BinMode or their BinMode is buggy. ASCII mode is slower and makes the above reset=, spifreq= and rawfreq= parameters unavailable. Be aware that ASCII mode is not guaranteed to work with newer firmware versions, and is retained only to maintain compatibility with older firmware versions.

    nopagedwrite
        Firmware versions 5.10 and newer support a binary mode SPI command that enables whole pages to be written to AVR flash memory at once, resulting in a significant write speed increase. If use of this mode is not desirable for some reason, this option disables it.

    nopagedread
        Newer firmware versions support in binary mode SPI command some AVR Extended Commands. Using the "Bulk Memory Read from Flash" results in a significant read speed increase. If use of this mode is not desirable for some reason, this option disables it.

    cpufreq=<125..4000>
        This sets the AUX pin to output a frequency of n kHz. Connecting the AUX pin to the XTAL1 pin of your MCU, you can provide it a clock, for example when it needs an external clock because of wrong fuses settings. Make sure the CPU frequency is at least four times the SPI frequency.

    serial_recv_timeout=<1...>
        This sets the serial receive timeout to the given value. The timeout happens every time avrdude waits for the BusPirate prompt. Especially in ascii mode this happens very often, so setting a smaller value can speed up programming a lot. The default value is 100ms. Using 10ms might work in most cases.

    help
        Show help menu and exit.

Micronucleus bootloader

    wait[=<timeout>]
        If the device is not connected, wait for the device to be plugged in. The optional timeout specifies the connection time-out in seconds. If no time-out is specified, AVRDUDE will wait indefinitely until the device is plugged in.

    help
        Show help menu and exit.

Teensy bootloader

    wait[=<timeout>]
        If the device is not connected, wait for the device to be plugged in. The optional timeout specifies the connection time-out in seconds. If no time-out is specified, AVRDUDE will wait indefinitely until the device is plugged in.

    help
        Show help menu and exit.

Wiring
    When using the Wiring programmer type, the following optional extended parameter is accepted:

    snooze=<0..32767>
        After performing the port open phase, AVRDUDE will wait/snooze for snooze milliseconds before continuing to the protocol sync phase. No toggling of DTR/RTS is performed if snooze is greater than 0.

    help
        Show help menu and exit.

PICkit2
    Connection to the PICkit2 programmer:

        (AVR)    (PICkit2)
        RST  -   VPP/MCLR (1)
        VDD  -   VDD Target (2) -- possibly optional if AVR self powered
        GND  -   GND (3)
        SDI  -   PGD (4)
        SCLK -   PDC (5)
        SDO  -   AUX (6)

    clockrate=<rate>
        Sets the SPI clocking rate in Hz (default is 100kHz). Alternately the -B or -i options can be used to set the period.

    timeout=<usb-transaction-timeout>
        Sets the timeout for USB reads and writes in milliseconds (default is 1500 ms).

    help
        Show help menu and exit.

USBasp

    section_config
        Programmer will erase configuration section with option -e (chip erase), rather than entire chip. Only applicable to TPI devices (ATtiny 4/5/9/10/20/40).

    help
        Show help menu and exit.

xbee

    xbeeresetpin=<1..7>
        Select the XBee pin DIO<1..7> that is connected to the MCU's ‘/RESET’ line. The programmer needs to know which DIO pin to use to reset into the bootloader. The default (3) is the DIO3 pin (XBee pin 17), but some commercial products use a different XBee pin.

        The remaining two necessary XBee-to-MCU connections are not selectable - the XBee DOUT pin (pin 2) must be connected to the MCU's ‘RXD’ line, and the XBee DIN pin (pin 3) must be connected to the MCU's ‘TXD’ line.

    help
        Show help menu and exit.

jtag2updi

serialupdi

    rtsdtr=low,high
        Forces RTS/DTR lines to assume low or high state during the whole programming session. Some programmers might use this signal to indicate UPDI programming state, but this is strictly hardware specific.

        When not provided, driver/OS default value will be used.

    help
        Show help menu and exit.

linuxspi

    disable_no_cs
        Ensures the programmer does not use the SPI_NO_CS bit for the SPI driver. This parameter is useful for kernels that do not support the CS line being managed outside the application.

    help
        Show help menu and exit.

FILES

/dev/ppi0
    Default device to be used for communication with the programming hardware

avrdude.conf
    Programmer and parts configuration file

    On Windows systems, this file is looked up in the same directory as the executable file. On all other systems, the file is first looked up in ../etc/, relative to the path of the executable, then in the same directory as the executable itself, and finally in the system default location ${PREFIX}/etc/avrdude.conf.

${XDG_CONFIG_HOME}/avrdude/avrdude.rc
    Local programmer and parts configuration file (per-user overrides); it follows the same syntax as avrdude.conf; if the ${XDG_CONFIG_HOME} environment variable is not set or empty, the directory ${HOME}/.config/ is used instead.

${HOME}/.avrduderc
    Alternative location of the per-user configuration file if above file does not exist

~/.inputrc
    Initialization file for the readline(3) library

<prefix>/doc/avrdude/avrdude.pdf
    User manual

DIAGNOSTICS

    avrdude: jtagmkII_setparm(): bad response to set parameter command: RSP_FAILED
    avrdude: jtagmkII_getsync(): ISP activation failed, trying debugWire
    avrdude: Target prepared for ISP, signed off.
    avrdude: Please restart avrdude without power-cycling the target.

If the target AVR has been set up for debugWire mode (i. e. the DWEN fuse is programmed), normal ISP connection attempts will fail as the /RESET pin is not available. When using the JTAG ICE mkII in ISP mode, the message shown indicates that avrdude has guessed this condition, and tried to initiate a debugWire reset to the target. When successful, this will leave the target AVR in a state where it can respond to normal ISP communication again (until the next power cycle). Typically, the same command is going to be retried again immediately afterwards, and will then succeed connecting to the target using normal ISP communication.

SEE ALSO
avr-objcopy(1), ppi(4), libelf(3,) readline(3)

The AVR microcontroller product description can be found at

    http://www.atmel.com/products/AVR/

AUTHORS
Avrdude was initially written by Brian S. Dean <bsd@bdmicro.com>.

This man page is by Joerg Wunsch with updates from Hans Eirik Bull and Stefan Rüger amongst others.

BUGS
Please report bugs via
    https://github.com/avrdudes/avrdude/issues

The JTAG ICE programmers currently cannot write to the flash ROM one byte at a time. For that reason, updating the flash ROM from terminal mode does not work.

Page-mode programming the EEPROM through JTAG (i.e. through an -U option) requires a prior chip erase. This is an inherent feature of the way JTAG EEPROM programming works. This also applies to the STK500 and STK600 in parallel programming mode.

The USBasp and USBtinyISP drivers do not offer any option to distinguish multiple devices connected simultaneously, so effectively only a single device is supported.

Chip Select must be externally held low for direct SPI when using USBtinyISP, and send must be a multiple of four bytes.

The avrftdi driver allows one to select specific devices using any combination of vid,pid serial number (usbsn) vendor description (usbvendoror part description (usbproduct) as seen with lsusb or whatever tool used to view USB device information. Multiple devices can be on the bus at the same time. For the H parts, which have multiple MPSSE interfaces, the interface can also be selected. It defaults to interface 'A'.