CoqIDE — Coq 8.16.1 documentation

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# CoqIDE

The Coq Integrated Development Environment (CoqIDE) is a user-friendly GUI for Coq. Its main purpose is to allow users to edit Coq scripts and step forward and backward through them. Stepping forward executes commands and tactics while stepping backward undoes previously executed commands and tactics, returning to a previous state.

To run CoqIDE, enter `coqide` on the command line. If you include script file names (which end with `.v`) as arguments, each is opened in a separate tab. If you don't, CoqIDE opens a single unnamed buffer (titled `*scratch*`). `coqide` also accepts many of the options of `coqtop` (see The Coq commands), while ignoring the ones that aren't meaningful for CoqIDE. Use `coqide --help` to see the list of command line options.

The screenshot shows CoqIDE as the user is stepping through the file `Fermat.v`. A menu bar and a tool bar appear at the top of the window. The left-hand panel shows the current script buffer. Each script buffer corresponds to a separate Coq process. The upper right panel is the proof panel, which shows the goals to be proven.

The lower right panel has three tabs: the Messages panel, which shows messages produced by commands and tactics; the Errors panel, which shows errors detected when running in async mode and the Jobs panel, which shows information on the worker processes used by async mode. The contents of the right-hand panels are specific to the currently-displayed script. Click the arrow icons to detach these panel into separate windows. The proof panel can be detached from the `Windows/Detach Proof` menu item.

The status bar is a line of text that appears at the bottom of the window.

## Managing files and buffers, basic editing

The File menu lets you open files into buffers, create new buffers, save buffers to files, and print or export them in various formats.

Text editing provides the basic operations such as copy, cut, paste, find and replace. Most editing operations are shown in the Edit menu. Keystroke equivalents (if defined) for menu items are shown on the right of each item. If you need more complex editor commands, you can launch an external text editor on the current buffer, using the Edit/External Editor menu. (Use `Edit/Preferences/Externals/External Editor` to specify the external text editor.) When you're done editing, you currently must reopen the file to see your changes. Also note:

- Undo is also available as `Ctrl-Z` (`Cmd-Z` on macOS). Redo is `Ctrl-Shift-Z` (`Shift-Cmd-Z` on macOS).

- Select all is `Ctrl-A` (`Cmd-A` on macOS).

- `Home` and `End` move the cursor to the beginning or end of the current line.

- If you remove the default bindings for `Ctrl-Home` and `Ctrl-End`, these keys will move the cursor to the beginning or end of the buffer.

- `Ctrl-Delete` deletes a word of text after the cursor

- `Ctrl-Backspace` deletes a word of text before the cursor

- Commenting and uncommenting the current line or selected text is available in the Tools menu. If some text is selected, exactly that text is commented out; otherwise the line containing the cursor is commented out. To uncomment, position the cursor between `(*` and `*)` or select any text between them.

Files are automatically saved periodically to a recovery file. For example, `foo.v` is saved to `#foo.v#` every 10 seconds by default. You can change the interval in the Edit / Preferences / Files dialog. In some cases when CoqIDE exits abruptly, it saves named buffers in `<NAME>.crashcoqide` in the same directory as `<NAME>`. Unnamed buffers are saved in `Unnamed_coqscript_<N>.crashcoqide` in the directory that CoqIDE was started in.

In the View menu, you can set several printing options that correspond to options that can appear in the script. For example, "Display notations" on the menu corresponds to the `Printing Notations` flag. You should use the menu instead of controlling these settings in your script.

## Running Coq scripts

Operations for running the script are available in the Navigation menu, from the toolbar and from the keyboard. These include:

- Forward (`Ctrl-Down`) to run one command or tactic

- Backward (`Ctrl-Up`) undo one command or tactic

- Run to cursor (`Ctrl-Right`) to run commands up to the cursor

- Run to end (`Ctrl-End`) to run commands to the end of the buffer

- Reset Coq (`Ctrl-Home`) to restart the Coq process

- Interrupt to stop processing commands after the current command completes. (Note: on Windows but not on WSL, Interrupt doesn't work if you start CoqIDE as a background process, e.g. `coqide &` in bash. See Coq issue #16142).

Tooltips identify the action associated with each toolbar icon.

Commands may:

- Complete successfully. In this case, the background of the command is marked with the "processed" color (green by default), except for `Axiom`s and `Admitted`s, which are marked in light orange to indicate they are unproven assumptions.

- Complete with a warning. In this case, the warning appears in the messages panel in yellow. The background of the command is marked with the "processed" color and the text is shown in blue and underlined. The message text is available as a tooltip on the text of the command.

- Fail with an error. If you're stepping through the proof line by line, the error message appears in the message panel in red and the command is shown in red and underlined with a pink background. If you're in async mode, described in more detail below, the message appears in the errors panel. Double click on an entry to jump to the point of the error. Execution of commands stops unless you're in async mode.

In the previous figure CoqIDE main screen, the running buffer is `Fermat.v`. All commands until the `Theorem` have already been executed, then the user tried to go forward executing `Induction n`. That command failed because no such tactic exists (names of standard tactics are written in lowercase). The failing command has been underlined.

If you're not in async mode and you modify the processed part of the buffer, everything after that point is undone. Unlike in `coqtop`, you should not use `Undo` to go backward.

The other buttons on the toolbar do the following:

- Save the current buffer (down arrow icon)

- Close the current buffer ("X" icon)

- Fully check the document (gears icon) - for async mode

- Previous occurrence (left arrow icon) - find the previous occurrence of the current word (The current word is determined by the cursor position.)

- Next occurrence (right arrow icon) - find the next occurrence of the current word

The colored ribbon appearing across the bottom of the CoqIDE window just above the status bar represents the state of processing for the current script schematically. Blue means unprocessed, light green means successfully processed, red mean an error, light orange is used for `Axiom` and `Admitted` and gray for proofs awaiting their final check. Clicking on the bar moves the script cursor to the corresponding part of the script. (See the next screenshot, in the async mode section.)

The left edge of the ribbon corresponds to the first command or tactic in the script and the right edge corresponds to the last command that has been passed to Coq. Currently, for very long scripts, it may take many seconds for CoqIDE to pass all the commands to the server, causing the display to jump around a lot. Perhaps this will be improved in a future release. The text at the far right hand side of the status bar (e.g. "0 / 1" gives the number of unprocessed proofs that have been sent to Coq and the number of proofs that have errors.

## Asynchronous mode

Asynchronous mode uses multiple Coq processes to process proofs in parallel with proof-level granularity. This is described in detail in Asynchronous and Parallel Proof Processing.

While synchronous mode stops processing at the first error it encounters, in async mode, errors only stop processing the proof the error appears in. Therefore async mode can report errors in multiple proofs without manual intervention. In addition, async mode lets the user edit failed proofs without invalidating successful proofs that appear after it in the script. The part of a failed proof between `Proof.` and `Qed.` can then be edited. Quirk: the light blue part after the error and before `Qed.` becomes editable only after you've changed the error-highlighted text or before it.

In the screenshot, the proof of the failed theorem can be edited (between `Proof.` and `Qed.`) without invalidating the theorems that follow it. The modified proof can then be reprocessed using the usual navigation operations. The light blue highlight in the script indicates commands that haven't been processed.

Async mode defers the final type checking step of proofs, leaving the `Qed.` marked in a slightly different shade of light blue to indicate this. To complete the final checking, click on the "gears" button on the toolbar ("Fully check the document").

## Commands and templates

The Templates menu allows using shortcuts to insert commands. This is a nice way to proceed if you're not sure of the syntax of the command you want.

Moreover, from this menu you can automatically insert templates of complex commands like `Fixpoint` that you can conveniently fill in afterwards.

## Queries

A query is any command that does not change the current state, such as `About`, `Check`, `Print`, `Search`, etc. The query pane lets you run such commands interactively without modifying your script. The query pane is accessible from the View menu, or using the shortcut `F1`. You can also do queries by selecting some text, then choosing an item from the Queries menu. The response will appear in the message panel. The image above shows the result after selecting `Nat.mul` in the bottom line of the script panel, then choosing `Print` from the `Queries` menu.

## Compilation

The `Compile` menu offers direct commands to:

- compile the current buffer

- run a compilation using `make`

- go to the last compilation error

- create a `Makefile` using `coq_makefile`.

At the moment these are not working well. We recommend you compile from a terminal window for now. We expect to fix them soon.

## Customizations

### Preferences

You may customize your environment with the Preferences dialog, which is accessible from Edit/Preferences on the menu. There are several sections:

The first section is for selecting the text font used for scripts, goal and message panels.

The second and third sections are for controlling colors and style of the three main buffers. A predefined Coq highlighting style as well as standard GtkSourceView styles are available. Other styles can be added e.g. in `$HOME/.local/share/gtksourceview-3.0/styles/` (see the general documentation about GtkSourceView for the various possibilities). Note that the style of the rest of graphical part of CoqIDE is not under the control of GtkSourceView but of GTK+ and governed by files such as `settings.ini` and `gtk.css` in `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/gtk-3.0` or files in `$HOME/.themes/NameOfTheme/gtk-3.0`, as well as the environment variable `GTK_THEME` (search on internet for the various possibilities).

The fourth section is for customizing the editor. It includes in particular the ability to activate an Emacs mode named micro-Proof-General (use the Help menu to know more about the available bindings).

The next section is devoted to file management: you may configure automatic saving of files, by periodically saving the contents into files named `#f#` for each opened file `f`. You may also activate the revert feature: in case a opened file is modified on the disk by a third party, CoqIDE may read it again for you. Note that in the case you edited that same file, you will be prompted to choose to either discard your changes or not. The File charset encoding choice is described below in Character encoding for saved files.

The `Externals` section allows customizing the external commands for compilation, printing, web browsing. In the browser command, you may use `%s` to denote the URL to open, for example: `firefox -remote "OpenURL(%s)"`.

Notice that these settings are saved in the file `coqiderc` in the `coq` subdirectory of the user configuration directory which is the value of `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` if this environment variable is set and which otherwise is `$HOME/.config/`.

### Key bindings

Each menu item in the GUI shows its key binding, if one has been defined, on the right-hand side. Typing the key binding is equivalent to selecting the associated item from the menu. A GTK+ accelerator keymap is saved under the name `coqide.keys` in the `coq` subdirectory of the user configuration directory, e.g. in `~/.config/coq/` on Linux and `C:\Users\<USERNAME>\AppData\Local\coq` on Windows. On some systems (not Linux or Windows), you can modify the key binding ("accelerator") for a menu entry by going to the corresponding menu item without releasing the mouse button, pressing the keys you want for the new binding and then releasing the mouse button.

Alternatively, you can edit the file directly. Make sure there are no CoqIDE processes running while you edit the file. (CoqIDE creates or overwrites the file when it terminates, which may reorder the lines).

The file contains lines such as:

>     ; (gtk_accel_path "<Actions>/Queries/About" "<Primary><Shift>a")
>     ; (gtk_accel_path "<Actions>/Export/Export to" "")
>     (gtk_accel_path "<Actions>/Edit/Find Next" "F4")

The first line corresponds to the menu item for the Queries/About menu item, which was bound by default to `Shift-Ctrl-A`. "<Primary>" indicates `Ctrl`. The second line is for a menu item that has no key binding.

Lines that begin with semicolons are comments create by CoqIDE. CoqIDE uses the default binding for these items. To change a key binding, remove the semicolon and set the third item in the list as desired, such as in the third line. Avoid assigning the same binding to multiple items.

If the same menu item name appears on multiple lines in the file, the value from the last line is used. This is convenient for copying a group of changes from elsewhere--just insert the changes at the end of the file. The next time CoqIDE terminates, it will resort the items.

Some menu entries can be changed as a group from the Edit/Preferences/Shortcuts panel. Key bindings that don't appear in the file such as `Ctrl-A` (Select All) can't be changed with this mechanism.

## Using Unicode symbols

CoqIDE is based on GTK+ and inherits from it support for Unicode in its text panels. Consequently a large set of symbols is available for notations. Furthermore, CoqIDE conveniently provides a simple way to input Unicode characters.

### Displaying Unicode symbols

You just need to define suitable notations as described in the chapter Syntax extensions and notation scopes. For example, to use the mathematical symbols ∀ and ∃, you may define:

Notation "∀ x .. y , P" := (forall x, .. (forall y, P) ..) (at level 200, x binder, y binder, right associativity) : type_scope.
Notation "∃ x .. y , P" := (exists x, .. (exists y, P) ..) (at level 200, x binder, y binder, right associativity) : type_scope.

A small set of such notations are already defined in the Coq library which you can enable with `Require Import Unicode.Utf8` inside CoqIDE, or equivalently, by starting CoqIDE with `coqide -l utf8`.

However, there are some issues when using such Unicode symbols: you of course need to use a character font which supports them. In the Fonts section of the preferences, the Preview line displays some Unicode symbols, so you could figure out if the selected font is OK. Related to this, one thing you may need to do is choosing whether GTK+ should use antialiased fonts or not, by setting the environment variable `GDK_USE_XFT` to 1 or 0 respectively.

### Bindings for input of Unicode symbols

CoqIDE supports a builtin mechanism to input non-ASCII symbols. For example, to input `π`, it suffices to type `\pi` then press the combination of key `Shift+Space` (default key binding). Often, it suffices to type a prefix of the latex token, e.g. typing `\p` then `Shift+Space` suffices to insert a `π`.

For several symbols, ASCII art is also recognized, e.g. `\->` for a right arrow, or `\>=` for a greater than or equal sign.

A larger number of latex tokens are supported by default. The full list is available here: https://github.com/coq/coq/blob/master/ide/coqide/default_bindings_src.ml

Custom bindings may be added, as explained further on.

The mechanism is active by default, but can be turned off in the Editor section of the preferences.

Note

It remains possible to input non-ASCII symbols using system-wide approaches independent of CoqIDE.

### Adding custom bindings

To extend the default set of bindings, create a file named `coqide.bindings` and place it in the same folder as `coqide.keys`. This would be the folder `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/coq`, defaulting to `~/.config/coq` if `XDG_CONFIG_HOME` is unset. The file `coqide.bindings` should contain one binding per line, in the form `\key value`, followed by an optional priority integer. (The key and value should not contain any space character.)

Example

Here is an example configuration file:

    \par ||
    \pi π 1
    \le ≤ 1
    \lambda λ 2
    \lambdas λs

Above, the priority number 1 on `\pi` indicates that the prefix `\p` should resolve to `\pi`, and not to something else (e.g. `\par`). Similarly, the above settings ensure than `\l` resolves to `\le`, and that `\la` resolves to `\lambda`.

It can be useful to work with per-project binding files. For this purpose CoqIDE accepts a command line argument of the form `-unicode-bindings file1,file2,...,fileN`. Each of the file tokens provided may consists of one of:

> - a path to a custom bindings file,

> - the token `default`, which resolves to the default bindings file,

> - the token `local`, which resolves to the `coqide.bindings` file stored in the user configuration directory.

Warning

If a filename other than the first one includes a "~" to refer to the home directory, it won't be expanded properly. To work around that issue, one should not use comas but instead repeat the flag, in the form: `-unicode-bindings file1 .. -unicode-bindings fileN`.

Note

If two bindings for a same token both have the same priority value (or both have no priority value set), then the binding considered is the one from the file that comes first on the command line.

### Character encoding for saved files

In the Files section of the preferences, the encoding option is related to the way files are saved.

If you have no need to exchange files with non-UTF-8 aware applications, it is better to choose the UTF-8 encoding, since it guarantees that your files will be read again without problems. (This is because when CoqIDE reads a file, it tries to automatically detect its character encoding.)

If you choose something else than UTF-8, then missing characters will be written encoded by `x{....}` or `x{........}` where each dot is an hexadecimal digit: the number between braces is the hexadecimal Unicode index for the missing character.

## Debugger

Version 8.15 introduces a visual debugger for `L`tac tactics within CoqIDE. It supports setting breakpoints visually and automatically displaying the stopping point in the source code with "continue", "step over" "step in" and "step out" operations. The call stack and variable values for each stack frame are shown in a new panel.

The debugger is based on the non-visual `L`tac debugger. We'd like to eventually support other scripting facilities such as Ltac2.

Since the visual debugger is new in 8.15, you may encounter bugs or usability issues. The behavior and user interface will evolve as the debugger is refined. There are notes on bugs and potential enhancements at the end of this page. Feel free to suggest changes and improvements by opening an issue on GitHub, or contact `@jfehrle` directly through email, Zulip or Discourse.

### Breakpoints

This screenshot shows the debugger stopped at a breakpoint in the `L`tac tactic `my_tac`. Breakpoints are shown with a red background and the stopping point is shown with a dark blue background. `Set Ltac Debug.` enables stopping in the debugger.

You can control the debugger with function and control keys. Some messages are shown in the Messages panel. You can type debugger commands in that panel when it shows the debug prompt.

The script is not editable while Coq is processing tactics or stopped in the debugger. When Coq is stopped in the debugger (e.g., at a breakpoint), the blue segment in the "in progress" slider at the bottom edge of the window will be stopped at the left hand edge of its range.

The function keys are listed, for the moment, with one exception, in the `Debug` menu:

Toggle breakpoint (F8)

  Position the cursor on the first character of the tactic name in an Ltac construct, then press F8. Press again to remove the breakpoint. F8 is accepted only when all of the coqtop sessions are idle (i.e. at the debug prompt or not processing a tactic or command).

  Note that sentences containing a single built-in tactic are not Ltac constructs. A breakpoint on `intros.`, for example, is ignored, while breakpoints on either tactic in `intros; idtac.` work. A breakpoint on, say, `my_ltac_tactic.` also works.

  Breakpoints on Ltac `value_tactic`s, which compute values without changing the proof context, such as `eval`, are ignored.

  You must set at least one breakpoint in order to enter the debugger.

Continue (F9)

  Continue processing the proof. If you're not stopped in the debugger, this is equivalent to "Run to end" (Control End).

Step over (Control ↓)

  When stopped in the debugger, execute the next tactic without stopping inside it. If the debugger reaches a breakpoint in the tactic, it will stop. This is the same key combination used for "Forward one command"—if you're stopped in the debugger then it does a "Step over" and otherwise it does a "Forward". Combining the two functions makes it easy to step through a script in a natural way when some breakpoints are set.

Step in (F10)

  When stopped in the debugger, if next tactic is an `L`tac tactic, stop at the first possible point in the tactic. Otherwise acts as a "step over".

Step out (Shift F10)

  When stopped in the debugger, continue and then stop at the first possible point after exiting the current `L`tac tactic. If the debugger reaches a breakpoint in the tactic, it will stop.

Break (F11)

  Stops the debugger at the next possible stopping point, from which you can step or continue. (Not supported in Windows at this time.)

Note that the debugger is disabled when CoqIDE is running multiple worker processes, i.e. running in async mode. Going "Forward" a single step at a time doesn't use async mode and will always enter the debugger as expected. In addition, the debugger doesn't work correctly in some cases involving editing failed proofs in asymc mode ( see #16069.)

If you step through `idtac "A"; idtac "B"; idtac "C".`, you'll notice that the steps for `my_tac` are:

> `idtac "A"; idtac "B"; idtac "C"`
> `idtac "A"; idtac "B"`
> `idtac "A"`
> `idtac "B"`
> `idtac "C"`

which reflects the two-phase execution process for the `tactic ; tactic` construct.

Also keep in mind that `L`tac backtracking may cause the call stack to revert to a previous state. This may cause confusion. Currently there's no special indication that this has happened.

### Call Stack and Variables

The bottom panel shows the call stack and the variables defined for the selected stack frame. Stack frames normally show the name of tactic being executed, the line number and the last component of the filename without the `.v` suffix. The directory part of the module name is shown when the frame is not in the toplevel script file. For example, `make_rewriter:387, AllTactics (Rewriter.Rewriter)` refers to the file with the module name `Rewriter.Rewriter.AllTactics`.

Note: A few stack frames aren't yet displayed in this described format (e.g. those starting with `???`) and may be extraneous. In some cases, the tactic name is not shown.

Click on a stack frame or press the Up (↑) or Down (↓) keys to select a stack frame. Coq will jump to the associated code and display the variables for that stack frame. You can select text with the mouse and then copy it to the clipboard with Control-C. Control-A selects the entire stack.

The variables panel uses a tree control to show variables defined in the selected stack frame. To see values that don't fit on a single line, click on the triangle. You can select one or more entries from the tree in the usual way by clicking, shift-clicking and control-clicking on an entry. Control-A selects all entries. Control-C copies the selected entries to the clipboard.

Note: Some variable are not displayed in a useful form. For example, the value shown for `tac` in a script containing `let tac = ltac:(auto)` appears only as `<genarg:tacvalue>`. We hope to address this soon.

The `DETACH` button moves the debugger panel into a separate window, which will make it easier to examine its contents.

### Supported use cases

There are two main use cases for the debugger. They're not very compatible. Instead of showing warning messages or forcing the user to explicitly pick one mode or another, for now it's up to the user to know the limitations and work within them.

The single file case is running the debugger on a single primary script without ever stopping in other secondary scripts. In this case, you can edit the primary script while Coq is not running it nor stopped in the debugger. The position of breakpoints will be updated automatically as you edit the file. It's fine to run the debugger in multiple buffers--you will not be confused. The single-file case is preferable when you can use it.

The multi-file case is when a primary script stops in a secondary script. In this case, breakpoints in the secondary script that move due to script editing may no longer match the locations in the compiled secondary script. The debugger won't stop at these breakpoints as you expect. Also, the code highlighted for stack frames in that script may be incorrect. You will need to re-compile the secondary script and then restart the primary script (Restart, `Ctrl-HOME`) to get back to a consistent state.

For multi-file debugging, we suggest detaching the Messages, Proof Context and Debugger panels so they are in separate windows. To do so, click on the arrow icon next to "Messages", select "Windows / Detach Proof" from the menu and click on "DETACH" in the Debugger panel. Note that the Debugger panel is initially attached to the Script panel of the toplevel script. Also note that, for now, the "in progress" slider is accurate only when the associated toplevel script panel is visible.

If a debugger instance is stopped in a secondary script, the debugger function keys are directed to the debugger instance associated with the primary script. The debugger doesn't attempt to support multiple instances stopped in the same secondary script. If you have a need to do this, run each debugger instance in a separate CoqIDE process/window.

Note that if you set a breakpoint in a script that may be called by multiple debugger instances, you may inadvertently find you've gotten into unsupported territory.

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