UNISON(1)

NAME
unison - a multi-platform bi-directional file synchronization tool

SYNOPSIS
unison [options]
unison root1 root2 [options]
unison profilename [options]

DESCRIPTION
Unison is a file-synchronization tool for POSIX-compliant systems (e.g. *BSD and GNU/Linux), macOS and Windows. It allows two replicas of a collection of files and directories to be stored on different hosts (or different disks on the same host), modified separately, and then brought up to date by propagating the changes in each replica to the other.

Unison has been in use for over 20 years and many people use it to synchronize data they care about.

Unison shares a number of features with other tools. Some of the distinguishing features are:
•   Unlike simple mirroring or backup utilities, Unison can deal with updates to both replicas of a distributed directory structure.
•   Unison works across platforms, allowing you to synchronize a Windows laptop with a Unix server, for example.
•   Unlike most distributed filesystems, Unison is a user-level program that simply uses normal systems calls: there is no need to modify the kernel, to have superuser privileges on either host, or to have a FUSE implementation.
•   Unison works between any pair of machines connected to the internet, typically communicating over ssh(1), but also directly over TCP. It is careful with network bandwidth, and runs well over slow links. Transfers of small updates to large files are optimized using a compression protocol similar to rsync(1).
•   Unison is resilient to failure. It is careful to leave the replicas and its own private structures in a sensible state at all times, even in case of abnormal termination or communication failures.

OPTION SUMMARY

    Basic options:
      General:
       -doc xxx            show documentation ('-doc topics' lists topics)
       -version            print version and exit
      What to sync:
       -group              synchronize group attributes
       -ignore xxx         add a pattern to the ignore list
       -ignorenot xxx      add a pattern to the ignorenot list
       -nocreation xxx     prevent file creations on one replica
       -nodeletion xxx     prevent file deletions on one replica
       -noupdate xxx       prevent file updates and deletions on one replica
       -owner              synchronize owner
       -path xxx           path to synchronize
       -perms n            part of the permissions which is synchronized
       -root xxx           root of a replica (should be used exactly twice)
       -times              synchronize modification times
      How to sync:
       -batch              batch mode: ask no questions at all
      How to sync (text interface (CLI) only):
       -auto               automatically accept default (nonconflicting) actions
       -silent             print nothing except error messages
       -terse              suppress status messages
      Text interface (CLI):
       -i                  interactive profile mode (text UI); command-line only
    Advanced options:
      Fine-tune sync:
       -acl                synchronize ACLs
       -atomic xxx         add a pattern to the atomic list
       -follow xxx         add a pattern to the follow list
       -force xxx          force changes from this replica to the other
       -forcepartial xxx   add a pattern to the forcepartial list
       -ignorecase xxx     identify upper/lowercase filenames (true/false/default)
       -immutable xxx      add a pattern to the immutable list
       -immutablenot xxx   add a pattern to the immutablenot list
       -links xxx          allow the synchronization of symbolic links
                           (true/false/default)
       -merge xxx          add a pattern to the merge list
       -nocreationpartial xxx add a pattern to the nocreationpartial list
       -nodeletionpartial xxx add a pattern to the nodeletionpartial list
       -noupdatepartial xxx add a pattern to the noupdatepartial list
       -prefer xxx         choose this replica's version for conflicting changes
       -preferpartial xxx  add a pattern to the preferpartial list
       -rsrc xxx           synchronize resource forks (true/false/default)
       -xattrignore xxx    add a pattern to the xattrignore list
       -xattrignorenot xxx add a pattern to the xattrignorenot list
       -xattrs             synchronize extended attributes (xattrs)
      How to sync:
       -backup xxx         add a pattern to the backup list
       -backupcurr xxx     add a pattern to the backupcurr list
       -backupcurrnot xxx  add a pattern to the backupcurrnot list
       -backupdir xxx      directory for storing centralized backups
       -backuploc xxx      where backups are stored ('local' or 'central')
       -backupnot xxx      add a pattern to the backupnot list
       -backupprefix xxx   prefix for the names of backup files
       -backups            (deprecated) keep backup copies of all files (see also
                           'backup')
       -backupsuffix xxx   a suffix to be added to names of backup files
       -confirmbigdel      ask about whole-replica (or path) deletes (default true)
       -confirmmerge       ask for confirmation before committing results of a merge
       -copyonconflict     keep copies of conflicting files
       -dontchmod          when set, never use the chmod system call
       -fastcheck xxx      do fast update detection (true/false/default)
       -fat                use appropriate options for FAT filesystems
       -ignoreinodenumbers ignore inode number changes when detecting updates
       -maxbackups n       number of backed up versions of a file
       -numericids         don't map uid/gid values by user/group names
       -sortbysize         list changed files by size, not name
       -sortfirst xxx      add a pattern to the sortfirst list
       -sortlast xxx       add a pattern to the sortlast list
       -sortnewfirst       list new before changed files
      How to sync (text interface (CLI) only):
       -repeat xxx         synchronize repeatedly (text interface only)
       -retry n            re-try failed synchronizations N times (text ui only)
      Text interface (CLI):
       -color xxx          use color output for text UI (true/false/default)
       -dumbtty            do not change terminal settings in text UI
      Graphical interface (GUI):
       -height n           height (in lines) of main window in graphical interface
      Remote connections:
       -addversionno       add version number to name of unison on server
       -clientHostName xxx set host name of client
       -halfduplex         (deprecated) force half-duplex communication with the
                           server
       -killserver         kill server when done (even when using sockets)
       -listen xxx         listen on this name or addr in server socket mode (can
                           repeat)
       -rsync              activate the rsync transfer mode (default true)
       -servercmd xxx      name of unison executable on remote server
       -socket xxx         act as a server on a socket
       -sshargs xxx        other arguments (if any) for remote shell command
       -sshcmd xxx         path to the ssh executable
       -stream             (deprecated) use a streaming protocol for transferring
                           file contents (default true)
       -testserver         exit immediately after the connection to the server
       -xferbycopying      optimize transfers using local copies (default true)
      Archive management:
       -ignorearchives     ignore existing archive files
      Other:
       -addprefsto xxx     file to add new prefs to
       -contactquietly     suppress the 'contacting server' message during startup
       -copymax n          maximum number of simultaneous copyprog transfers
       -copyprog xxx       external program for copying large files
       -copyprogrest xxx   variant of copyprog for resuming partial transfers
       -copythreshold n    use copyprog on files bigger than this (if >=0, in Kb)
       -diff xxx           set command for showing differences between files
       -ignorelocks        ignore locks left over from previous run (dangerous!)
       -include xxx        include a profile's preferences
       -key xxx            define a keyboard shortcut for this profile (in some UIs)
       -label xxx          provide a descriptive string label for this profile
       -log                record actions in logfile (default true)
       -logfile xxx        logfile name
       -maxerrors n        maximum number of errors before a directory transfer is
                           aborted
       -maxsizethreshold n prevent transfer of files bigger than this (if >=0, in
                           Kb)
       -maxthreads n       maximum number of simultaneous file transfers
       -mountpoint xxx     abort if this path does not exist
       -rootalias xxx      register alias for canonical root names
       -showarchive        show 'true names' (for rootalias) of roots and archive
       -source xxx         include a file's preferences
       -ui xxx             select UI ('text' or 'graphic'); command-line only
       -unicode xxx        assume Unicode encoding in case insensitive mode
       -watch              when set, use a file watcher process to detect changes
    Expert options:
       -debug xxx          debug module xxx ('all' -> everything, 'verbose' -> more)
       -dumparchives       dump contents of archives just after loading
       -fastercheckUNSAFE  skip computing fingerprints for new files (experts only!)
       -selftest           run internal tests and exit

OPTIONS
Most of the options can be given as command line arguments or in a profile. On command line, but not in a profile, the options are specified with a leading dash. Like this: -option.

acl When this flag is set to true, the ACLs of files and directories are synchronized. The type of ACLs depends on the platform and filesystem support. On Unix-like platforms it can be NFSv4 ACLs, for example.

addprefsto xxx
    By default, new preferences added by Unison (e.g., new ignore clauses) will be appended to whatever preference file Unison was told to load at the beginning of the run. Setting the preference addprefsto filename makes Unison add new preferences to the file named filename instead.

addversionno
    When this flag is set to true, Unison will use unison-currentmajorversionnumber instead of just unison as the remote server command (note that the minor version number is dropped -- e.g., unison-2.51). This allows multiple binaries for different versions of unison to coexist conveniently on the same server: whichever version is run on the client, the same version will be selected on the server.

atomic xxx
    This preference specifies paths for directories whose contents will be considered as a group rather than individually when they are both modified. The backups are also made atomically in this case. The option backupcurr however has no effect on atomic directories.

auto
    When set to true, this flag causes the user interface to skip asking for confirmations on non-conflicting changes. (More precisely, when the user interface is done setting the propagation direction for one entry and is about to move to the next, it will skip over all non-conflicting entries and go directly to the next conflict.)

backup xxx
    Including the preference -backup pathspec causes Unison to keep backup files for each path that matches pathspec; directories (nor their permissions or any other metadata) are not backed up. These backup files are kept in the directory specified by the backuplocation preference. The backups are named according to the backupprefix and backupsuffix preferences. The number of versions that are kept is determined by the maxbackups preference. The syntax of pathspec is described in Section “Path Specification” in the manual.

backupcurr xxx
    Including the preference -backupcurr pathspec causes Unison to keep a backup of the current version of every file matching pathspec. This file will be saved as a backup with version number 000. Such backups can be used as inputs to external merging programs, for instance. See the documentation for the merge preference. For more details, see Section “Merging Conflicting Versions” in the manual. The syntax of pathspec is described in Section “Path Specification” in the manual.

backupcurrnot xxx
    Exceptions to backupcurr, like the ignorenot preference.

backupdir xxx
    If this preference is set, Unison will use it as the name of the directory used to store backup files specified by the backup preference, when backuplocation is set to central. It is checked after the UNISONBACKUPDIR environment variable.

backuploc xxx
    This preference determines whether backups should be kept locally, near the original files, or in a central directory specified by the backupdir preference. If set to local, backups will be kept in the same directory as the original files, and if set to central, backupdir will be used instead.

backupnot xxx
    The values of this preference specify paths or individual files or regular expressions that should not be backed up, even if the backup preference selects them—i.e., it selectively overrides backup.

backupprefix xxx
    When a backup for a file NAME is created, it is stored in a directory specified by backuplocation, in a file called backupprefixNAME backupsuffix. backupprefix can include a directory name (causing Unison to keep all backup files for a given directory in a subdirectory with this name), and both backupprefix and backupsuffix can contain the string $VERSION, which will be replaced by the age of the backup (1 for the most recent, 2 for the second most recent, and so on...). This keyword is ignored if it appears in a directory name in the prefix; if it does not appear anywhere in the prefix or the suffix, it will be automatically placed at the beginning of the suffix. One thing to be careful of: If the backuploc preference is set to local, Unison will automatically ignore all files whose prefix and suffix match backupprefix and backupsuffix. ‘be careful to choose values for these preferences that are sufficiently different from the names of your real files.

backups
    (Deprecated) Setting this flag to true is equivalent to setting backuplocation to local and backup to Name *.

backupsuffix xxx
    See backupprefix for full documentation.

batch
    When this is set to true, the user interface will ask no questions at all. Non-conflicting changes will be propagated; conflicts will be skipped.

clientHostName xxx
    When specified, the host name of the client will not be guessed and the provided host name will be used to find the archive.

color xxx
    When set to true, this flag enables color output in text mode user interface. When set to false, all color output is disabled. Default is to enable color if the NO_COLOR environment variable is not set.

confirmbigdel
    When this is set to true, Unison will request an extra confirmation if it appears that the entire replica has been deleted, before propagating the change. If the batch flag is also set, synchronization will be aborted. When the path preference is used, the same confirmation will be requested for top-level paths. (At the moment, this flag only affects the text user interface.) See also the mountpoint preference.

confirmmerge
    Setting this preference causes both the text and graphical interfaces to ask the user if the results of a merge command may be committed to the replica or not. Since the merge command works on temporary files, the user can then cancel all the effects of applying the merge if it turns out that the result is not satisfactory. <batch-mode,> this preference has no effect. Default is false.

contactquietly
    If this flag is set, Unison will skip displaying the `Contacting server' message (which some users find annoying) during startup.

copymax n
    A number indicating how many instances of the external copying utility Unison is allowed to run simultaneously (default to 1).

copyonconflict
    When this flag is set, Unison will make a copy of files that would otherwise be overwritten or deleted in case of conflicting changes, and more generally whenever the default behavior is overridden. This makes it possible to automatically resolve conflicts in a fairly safe way when synchronizing continuously, in combination with the -repeat watch and -prefer newer preferences.

copyprog xxx
    A string giving the name of an external program that can be used to copy large files efficiently (plus command-line switches telling it to copy files in-place). The default setting invokes rsync with appropriate options—most users should not need to change it.

copyprogrest xxx
    A variant of copyprog that names an external program that should be used to continue the transfer of a large file that has already been partially transferred. Typically, copyprogrest will just be copyprog with one extra option (e.g., --partial, for rsync). The default setting invokes rsync with appropriate options—most users should not need to change it.

copythreshold n
    A number indicating above what filesize (in kilobytes) Unison should use the external copying utility specified by copyprog. Specifying 0 will cause all copies to use the external program; a negative number will prevent any files from using it. The default is -1. See Section “Making Unison Faster on Large Files” in the manual for more information.

debug xxx
    This preference is used to make Unison print various sorts of information about what it is doing internally on the standard error stream. It can be used many times, each time with the name of a module for which debugging information should be printed. Possible arguments for debug can be found by looking for calls to Util.debug in the sources (using, e.g., grep). Setting -debug all causes information from all modules to be printed (this mode of usage is the first one to try, if you are trying to understand something that Unison seems to be doing wrong); -debug verbose turns on some additional debugging output from some modules (e.g., it will show exactly what bytes are being sent across the network).

diff xxx
    This preference can be used to control the name and command-line arguments of the system utility used to generate displays of file differences. The default is `diff -u OLDER NEWER'. If the value of this preference contains the substrings CURRENT1 and CURRENT2, these will be replaced by the names of the files to be diffed. If the value of this preference contains the substrings NEWER and OLDER, these will be replaced by the names of files to be diffed, NEWER being the most recently modified file of the two. Without any of these substrings, the two filenames will be appended to the command. <all> cases, the filenames are suitably quoted.

doc xxx
    The command-line argument -doc secname causes unison to display section secname of the manual on the standard output and then exit. Use -doc all to display the whole manual, which includes exactly the same information as the printed and HTML manuals, modulo formatting. Use -doc topics to obtain a list of the names of the various sections that can be printed.

dontchmod
    By default, Unison uses the 'chmod' system call to set the permission bits of files after it has copied them. But in some circumstances (and under some operating systems), the chmod call always fails. Setting this preference completely prevents Unison from ever calling chmod.

dumbtty
    When set to true, this flag makes the text mode user interface avoid trying to change any of the terminal settings. (Normally, Unison puts the terminal in `raw mode', so that it can do things like overwriting the current line.) This is useful, for example, when Unison runs in a shell inside of Emacs. When dumbtty is set, commands to the user interface need to be followed by a carriage return before Unison will execute them. (When it is off, Unison recognizes keystrokes as soon as they are typed.) This preference has no effect on the graphical user interface.

dumparchives
    When this preference is set, Unison will create a file unison.dump on each host, containing a text summary of the archive, immediately after loading it.

fastcheck xxx
    When this preference is set to true, Unison will use the modification time and length of a file as a `pseudo inode number' when scanning replicas for updates, instead of reading the full contents of every file. (This does not apply to the very first run, when Unison will always scan all files regardless of this switch). Under Windows, this may cause Unison to miss propagating an update if the modification time and length of the file are both unchanged by the update. However, Unison will never overwrite such an update with a change from the other replica, since it always does a safe check for updates just before propagating a change. Thus, it is reasonable to use this switch under Windows most of the time and occasionally run Unison once with fastcheck set to false, if you are worried that Unison may have overlooked an update. For backward compatibility, yes, no, and default can be used in place of true, false, and auto. See Section “Fast Update Detection” in the manual for more information.

fastercheckUNSAFE
    THIS FEATURE IS STILL EXPERIMENTAL AND SHOULD BE USED WITH EXTREME CAUTION. When this flag is set to true, Unison will compute a 'pseudo-fingerprint' the first time it sees a file (either because the file is new or because Unison is running for the first time). This enormously speeds update detection, but it must be used with care, as it can cause Unison to miss conflicts: If a given path in the filesystem contains files on both sides that Unison has not yet seen, and if those files have the same length but different contents, then Unison will not notice the presence of a conflict. If, later, one of the files is changed, the changed file will be propagated, overwriting the other. Moreover, even when the files are initially identical, setting this flag can lead to potentially confusing behavior: if a newly created file is later touched without being modified, Unison will treat this conservatively as a potential change (since it has no record of the earlier contents) and show it as needing to be propagated to the other replica. Most users should leave this flag off -- the small time savings of not fingerprinting new files is not worth the cost in terms of safety. However, it can be very useful for power users with huge replicas that are known to be already synchronized (e.g., because one replica is a newly created duplicate of the other, or because they have previously been synchronized with Unison but Unison's archives need to be rebuilt). <such> situations, it is recommended that this flag be set only for the initial run of Unison, so that new archives can be created quickly, and then turned off for normal use.

fat When this is set to true, Unison will use appropriate options to synchronize efficiently and without error a replica located on a FAT filesystem on a non-Windows machine: do not synchronize permissions (perms = 0); never use chmod (dontchmod = true); treat filenames as case insensitive (ignorecase = true); do not attempt to synchronize symbolic links (links = false); ignore inode number changes when detecting updates (ignoreinodenumbers = true). Any of these change can be overridden by explicitly setting the corresponding preference in the profile.

follow xxx
    Including the preference -follow pathspec causes Unison to treat symbolic links matching pathspec as `invisible' and behave as if the object pointed to by the link had appeared literally at this position in the replica. See Section “Symbolic Links” in the manual for more details. The syntax of pathspec is described in Section “Path Specification” in the manual.

force xxx
    Including the preference -force root causes Unison to resolve all differences (even non-conflicting changes) in favor of root. This effectively changes Unison from a synchronizer into a mirroring utility. You can also specify a unique prefix or suffix of the path of one of the roots or a unique prefix of the hostname of a remote root. You can also specify -force newer (or -force older) to force Unison to choose the file with the later (earlier) modtime. <this> case, the -times preference must also be enabled. This preference is overridden by the forcepartial preference. This preference should be used only if you are sure you know what you are doing!

forcepartial xxx
    Including the preference forcepartial = PATHSPEC -> root causes Unison to resolve all differences (even non-conflicting changes) in favor of root for the files in PATHSPEC (see Section “Path Specification” in the manual for more information). This effectively changes Unison from a synchronizer into a mirroring utility. You can also specify a unique prefix or suffix of the path of one of the roots or a unique prefix of the hostname of a remote root. You can also specify forcepartial PATHSPEC -> newer (or forcepartial PATHSPEC -> older) to force Unison to choose the file with the later (earlier) modtime. <this> case, the -times preference must also be enabled. This preference should be used only if you are sure you know what you are doing!

group
    When this flag is set to true, the group attributes of the files are synchronized. Whether the group names or the group identifiers are synchronized depends on the preference numerids.

halfduplex
    (Deprecated) When this flag is set to true, Unison network communication is forced to be half duplex (the client and the server never simultaneously emit data). If you experience unstabilities with your network link, this may help.

height n
    Used to set the height (in lines) of the main window in the graphical user interface.

i   Provide this preference in the command line arguments to enable interactive profile manager in the text user interface. Currently only profile listing and interactive selection are available. Preferences like batch and silent remain applicable to synchronization functionality.

ignore xxx
    Including the preference -ignore pathspec causes Unison to completely ignore paths that match pathspec (as well as their children). This is useful for avoiding synchronizing temporary files, object files, etc. The syntax of pathspec is described in Section “Path Specification” in the manual, and further details on ignoring paths is found in Section “Ignoring Paths” in the manual.

ignorearchives
    When this preference is set, Unison will ignore any existing archive files and behave as though it were being run for the first time on these replicas. It is not a good idea to set this option in a profile: it is intended for command-line use.

ignorecase xxx
    When set to true, this flag causes Unison to treat filenames as case insensitive—i.e., files in the two replicas whose names differ in (upper- and lower-case) `spelling' are treated as the same file. When the flag is set to false, Unison will treat all filenames as case sensitive. Ordinarily, when the flag is set to default, filenames are automatically taken to be case-insensitive if either host is running Windows or OSX. <rare> circumstances it may be useful to set the flag manually.

ignoreinodenumbers
    When set to true, this preference makes Unison not take advantage of inode numbers during fast update detection. This switch should be used with care, as it is less safe than the standard update detection method, but it can be useful with filesystems which do not support inode numbers.

ignorelocks
    When this preference is set, Unison will ignore any lock files that may have been left over from a previous run of Unison that was interrupted while reading or writing archive files; by default, when Unison sees these lock files it will stop and request manual intervention. This option should be set only if you are positive that no other instance of Unison might be concurrently accessing the same archive files (e.g., because there was only one instance of unison running and it has just crashed or you have just killed it). It is probably not a good idea to set this option in a profile: it is intended for command-line use.

ignorenot xxx
    This preference overrides the preference ignore. It gives a list of patterns (in the same format as ignore) for paths that should definitely not be ignored, whether or not they happen to match one of the ignore patterns. Note that the semantics of ignore and ignorenot is a little counter-intuitive. When detecting updates, Unison examines paths in depth-first order, starting from the roots of the replicas and working downwards. Before examining each path, it checks whether it matches ignore and does not match ignorenot; in this case it skips this path and all its descendants. This means that, if some parent of a given path matches an ignore pattern, then it will be skipped even if the path itself matches an ignorenot pattern. <particular,> putting ignore = Path * in your profile and then using ignorenot to select particular paths to be synchronized will not work. Instead, you should use the path preference to choose particular paths to synchronize.

immutable xxx
    This preference specifies paths for directories whose immediate children are all immutable files — i.e., once a file has been created, its contents never changes. When scanning for updates, Unison does not check whether these files have been modified; this can speed update detection significantly (in particular, for mail directories).

immutablenot xxx
    This preference overrides immutable.

include xxx
    Include preferences from a profile. include name reads the profile “name” (or file “name” in the .unison directory if profile “name” does not exist) and includes its contents as if it was part of a profile or given directly on command line.

key xxx
    Used in a profile to define a numeric key (0-9) that can be used in the user interface to switch immediately to this profile.

killserver
    When set to true, this flag causes Unison to kill the remote server process when the synchronization is finished. This behavior is the default for ssh connections, so this preference is not normally needed when running over ssh; it is provided so that socket-mode servers can be killed off after a single run of Unison, rather than waiting to accept future connections. (Some users prefer to start a remote socket server for each run of Unison, rather than leaving one running all the time.)

label xxx
    Used in a profile to provide a descriptive string documenting its settings. (This is useful for users that switch between several profiles, especially using the `fast switch' feature of the graphical user interface.)

links xxx
    When set to true, this flag causes Unison to synchronize symbolic links. When the flag is set to false, symbolic links will be ignored during update detection. Ordinarily, when the flag is set to default, symbolic links are synchronized except when one of the hosts is running Windows. On a Windows client, Unison makes an attempt to detect if symbolic links are supported and allowed by user privileges. You may have to get elevated privileges to create symbolic links. When the flag is set to { default} and symbolic links can't be synchronized then an error is produced during update detection.

listen xxx
    When acting as a server on a TCP socket, Unison will by default listen on "any" address (0.0.0.0 and [::]). This command-line argument allows to specify a different listening address and can be repeated to listen on multiple addresses. Listening address can be specified as a host name or an IP address.

log When this flag is set, Unison will log all changes to the filesystems on a file.

logfile xxx
    By default, logging messages will be appended to the file unison.log in your .unison directory. Set this preference if you prefer another file. It can be a path relative to your .unison directory. Sending SIGUSR1 will close the logfile; the logfile will be re-opened (and created, if needed) automatically, to allow for log rotation.

maxbackups n
    This preference specifies the number of backup versions that will be kept by unison, for each path that matches the predicate backup. The default is 2.

maxerrors n
    This preference controls after how many errors Unison aborts a directory transfer. Setting it to a large number allows Unison to transfer most of a directory even when some files fail to be copied. The default is 1. If the preference is set too high, Unison may take a long time to abort in case of repeated failures (for instance, when the disk is full).

maxsizethreshold n
    A number indicating above what filesize (in kilobytes) Unison should flag a conflict instead of transferring the file. This conflict remains even in the presence of force or prefer options. A negative number will allow every transfer independently of the size. The default is -1.

maxthreads n
    This preference controls how much concurrency is allowed during the transport phase. Normally, it should be set reasonably high to maximize performance, but when Unison is used over a low-bandwidth link it may be helpful to set it lower (e.g. to 1) so that Unison doesn't soak up all the available bandwidth. The default is the special value 0, which mean 20 threads when file content streaming is deactivated and 1000 threads when it is activated.

merge xxx
    This preference can be used to run a merge program which will create a new version for each of the files and the backup, with the last backup and both replicas. The syntax of pathspec -> cmd is described in Section “Path Specification” in the manual, and further details on Merging functions are present in Section “Merging Conflicting Versions” in the manual.

mountpoint xxx
    Including the preference -mountpoint PATH causes Unison to double-check, at the end of update detection, that PATH exists and abort if it does not. This is useful when Unison is used to synchronize removable media. This preference can be given more than once. See Section “Mount Points and Removable Media” in the manual.

nocreation xxx
    Including the preference -nocreation root prevents Unison from performing any file creation on root root. You can also specify a unique prefix or suffix of the path of one of the roots or a unique prefix of the hostname of a remote root. This preference can be included twice, once for each root, if you want to prevent any creation.

nocreationpartial xxx
    Including the preference nocreationpartial = PATHSPEC -> root prevents Unison from performing any file creation in PATHSPEC on root root (see Section “Path Specification” in the manual for more information). It is recommended to use BelowPath patterns when selecting a directory and all its contents.

nodeletion xxx
    Including the preference -nodeletion root prevents Unison from performing any file deletion on root root. You can also specify a unique prefix or suffix of the path of one of the roots or a unique prefix of the hostname of a remote root. This preference can be included twice, once for each root, if you want to prevent any deletion.

nodeletionpartial xxx
    Including the preference nodeletionpartial = PATHSPEC -> root prevents Unison from performing any file deletion in PATHSPEC on root root (see Section “Path Specification” in the manual for more information). It is recommended to use BelowPath patterns when selecting a directory and all its contents.

noupdate xxx
    Including the preference -noupdate root prevents Unison from performing any file update or deletion on root root. You can also specify a unique prefix or suffix of the path of one of the roots or a unique prefix of the hostname of a remote root. This preference can be included twice, once for each root, if you want to prevent any update.

noupdatepartial xxx
    Including the preference noupdatepartial = PATHSPEC -> root prevents Unison from performing any file update or deletion in PATHSPEC on root root (see Section “Path Specification” in the manual for more information). It is recommended to use BelowPath patterns when selecting a directory and all its contents.

numericids
    When this flag is set to true, groups and users are synchronized numerically, rather than by name. The special uid 0 and the special group 0 are never mapped via user/group names even if this preference is not set.

owner
    When this flag is set to true, the owner attributes of the files are synchronized. Whether the owner names or the owner identifiers are synchronizeddepends on the preference numerids.

path xxx
    When no path preference is given, Unison will simply synchronize the two entire replicas, beginning from the given pair of roots. If one or more path preferences are given, then Unison will synchronize only these paths and their children. (This is useful for doing a fast sync of just one directory, for example.) Note that path preferences are interpreted literally—they are not regular expressions.

perms n
    The integer value of this preference is a mask indicating which permission bits should be synchronized. It is set by default to $0o1777$: all bits but the set-uid and set-gid bits are synchronised (synchronizing these latter bits can be a security hazard). If you want to synchronize all bits, you can set the value of this preference to $-1$. If one of the replica is on a FAT [Windows] filesystem, you should consider using the fat preference instead of this preference. If you need Unison not to set permissions at all, set the value of this preference to $0$ and set the preference dontchmod to true.

prefer xxx
    Including the preference -prefer root causes Unison always to resolve conflicts in favor of root, rather than asking for guidance from the user, except for paths marked by the preference merge. (The syntax of root is the same as for the root preference, plus the special values newer and older.) You can also specify a unique prefix or suffix of the path of one of the roots or a unique prefix of the hostname of a remote root. This preference is overridden by the preferpartial preference. This preference should be used only if you are sure you know what you are doing!

preferpartial xxx
    Including the preference preferpartial = PATHSPEC -> root causes Unison always to resolve conflicts in favor of root, rather than asking for guidance from the user, for the files in PATHSPEC (see Section “Path Specification” in the manual for more information). (The syntax of root is the same as for the root preference, plus the special values newer and older.) You can also specify a unique prefix or suffix of the path of one of the roots or a unique prefix of the hostname of a remote root. This preference should be used only if you are sure you know what you are doing!

repeat xxx
    Setting this preference causes the text-mode interface to synchronize repeatedly, rather than doing it just once and stopping. If the argument is a number, Unison will pause for that many seconds before beginning again. When the argument is watch, Unison relies on an external file monitoring process to synchronize whenever a change happens. You can combine the two with a + character to use file monitoring and also do a full scan every specificed number of seconds. For example, watch+3600 will react to changes immediately and additionally do a full scan every hour.

retry n
    Setting this preference causes the text-mode interface to try again to synchronize updated paths where synchronization fails. Each such path will be tried N times.

root xxx
    Each use of this preference names the root of one of the replicas for Unison to synchronize. Exactly two roots are needed, so normal modes of usage are either to give two values for root in the profile, or to give no values in the profile and provide two on the command line. Details of the syntax of roots can be found in Section “Roots” in the manual. The two roots can be given in either order; Unison will sort them into a canonical order before doing anything else. It also tries to `canonize' the machine names and paths that appear in the roots, so that, if Unison is invoked later with a slightly different name for the same root, it will be able to locate the correct archives.

rootalias xxx
    When calculating the name of the archive files for a given pair of roots, Unison replaces any roots matching the left-hand side of any rootalias rule by the corresponding right-hand side.

rsrc xxx
    When set to true, this flag causes Unison to synchronize resource forks and HFS meta-data. On filesystems that do not natively support resource forks, this data is stored in Carbon-compatible ._AppleDouble files. When the flag is set to false, Unison will not synchronize these data. Ordinarily, the flag is set to default, and these data are automatically synchronized if either host is running OSX. <rare> circumstances it is useful to set the flag manually.

rsync
    Unison uses the 'rsync algorithm' for 'diffs-only' transfer of updates to large files. Setting this flag to false makes Unison use whole-file transfers instead. Under normal circumstances, there is no reason to do this, but if you are having trouble with repeated 'rsync failure' errors, setting it to false should permit you to synchronize the offending files.

selftest
    Run internal tests and exit. This option is mostly for developers and must be used carefully: in particular, it will delete the contents of both roots, so that it can install its own files for testing. This flag only makes sense on the command line. When it is provided, no preference file is read: all preferences must be specified on thecommand line. Also, since the self-test procedure involves overwriting the roots and backup directory, the names of the roots and of the backupdir preference must include the string "test" or else the tests will be aborted. (If these are not given on the command line, dummy subdirectories in the current directory will be created automatically.)

servercmd xxx
    This preference can be used to explicitly set the name of the Unison executable on the remote server (e.g., giving a full path name), if necessary.

showarchive
    When this preference is set, Unison will print out the 'true names'of the roots, in the same form as is expected by the rootalias preference.

silent
    When this preference is set to true, the textual user interface will print nothing at all, except in the case of errors. Setting silent to true automatically sets the batch preference to true.

socket xxx
    Start unison as a server listening on a TCP socket (with TCP port number as argument) or a local socket (aka Unix domain socket) (with socket path as argument).

sortbysize
    When this flag is set, the user interface will list changed files by size (smallest first) rather than by name. This is useful, for example, for synchronizing over slow links, since it puts very large files at the end of the list where they will not prevent smaller files from being transferred quickly. This preference (as well as the other sorting flags, but not the sorting preferences that require patterns as arguments) can be set interactively and temporarily using the 'Sort' menu in the graphical and text user interfaces.

sortfirst xxx
    Each argument to sortfirst is a pattern pathspec, which describes a set of paths. Files matching any of these patterns will be listed first in the user interface. The syntax of pathspec is described in Section “Path Specification” in the manual.

sortlast xxx
    Similar to sortfirst, except that files matching one of these patterns will be listed at the very end.

sortnewfirst
    When this flag is set, the user interface will list newly created files before all others. This is useful, for example, for checking that newly created files are not `junk', i.e., ones that should be ignored or deleted rather than synchronized.

source xxx
    Include preferences from a file. source name reads the file “name” in the .unison directory and includes its contents as if it was part of a profile or given directly on command line.

sshargs xxx
    The string value of this preference will be passed as additional arguments (besides the host name and the name of the Unison executable on the remote system) to the ssh command used to invoke the remote server. The backslash is an escape character.

sshcmd xxx
    This preference can be used to explicitly set the name of the ssh executable (e.g., giving a full path name), if necessary.

stream
    (Deprecated) When this preference is set, Unison will use an experimental streaming protocol for transferring file contents more efficiently. The default value is true.

terse
    When this preference is set to true, the user interface will not print status messages.

testserver
    Setting this flag on the command line causes Unison to attempt to connect to the remote server and, if successful, print a message and immediately exit. Useful for debugging installation problems. Should not be set in preference files.

times
    When this flag is set to true, file modification times (but not directory modtimes) are propagated.

ui xxx
    This preference selects either the graphical or the textual user interface. Legal values are graphic or text. Because this option is processed specially during Unison's start-up sequence, it can only be used on the command line. <preference> files it has no effect. If the Unison executable was compiled with only a textual interface, this option has no effect. (The pre-compiled binaries are all compiled with both interfaces available.)

unicode xxx
    When set to true, this flag causes Unison to perform case insensitive file comparisons assuming Unicode encoding. This is the default. When the flag is set to false, Latin 1 encoding is assumed (this means that all bytes that are not letters in Latin 1 encoding will be compared byte-for-byte, even if they may be valid characters in some other encoding). When Unison runs in case sensitive mode, this flag only makes a difference if one host is running Mac OS X. Under Mac OS X, it selects whether comparing the filenames up to decomposition, or byte-for-byte.

version
    Print the current version number and exit. (This option only makes sense on the command line.)

watch
    Unison uses a file watcher process, when available, to detect filesystem changes; this is used to speed up update detection. Setting this flag to false disables the use of this process.

xattrignore xxx
    Preference -xattrignore namespec causes Unison to ignore extended attributes with names that match namespec. This can be used to exclude extended attributes that would fail synchronization due to lack of permissions or technical differences at replicas. The syntax of namespec is the same as used for path specification (described in Section “Path Specification” in the manual); prefer the Path and Regex forms over the Name form. The pattern is applied to the name of extended attribute, not to path. On Linux, attributes in the security and trusted namespaces are ignored by default (this is achieved by pattern Regex !(security|trusted)[.].*); also attributes used to store POSIX ACL are ignored by default (this is achieved by pattern Path !system.posix_acl_*). To sync attributes in one or both of these namespaces, see the xattrignorenot preference. Note that the namespace name must be prefixed with a "!" (applies on Linux only). All names not prefixed with a "!" are taken as strictly belonging to the user namespace and therefore the "!user." prefix is never used.

xattrignorenot xxx
    This preference overrides the preference xattrignore. It gives a list of patterns (in the same format as xattrignore) for extended attributes that should not be ignored, whether or not they happen to match one of the xattrignore patterns. It is possible to synchronize only desired attributes by ignoring all attributes (for example, by setting xattrignore to Path * and then adding xattrignorenot for extended attributes that should be synchronized. On Linux, attributes in the security and trusted namespaces are ignored by default. To sync attributes in one or both of these namespaces, you may add an xattrignorenot pattern like Path !security.* to sync all attributes in the security namespace, or Path !security.selinux to sync a specific attribute in an otherwise ignored namespace. A pattern like Path !system.posix_acl_* can be used to sync POSIX ACLs on Linux. Note that the namespace name must be prefixed with a "!" (applies on Linux only). All names not prefixed with a "!" are taken as strictly belonging to the user namespace and therefore the "!user." prefix is never used.

xattrs
    When this flag is set to true, the extended attributes of files and directories are synchronized. System extended attributes are not synchronized.

xferbycopying
    When this preference is set, Unison will try to avoid transferring file contents across the network by recognizing when a file with the required contents already exists in the target replica. This usually allows file moves to be propagated very quickly. The default value is true.

ROOTS
A replica’s root tells Unison where to find a set of files to be synchronized, either on the local machine or on a remote host. For example,

    relative/path/of/root

specifies a local root relative to the directory where Unison is started, while

    /absolute/path/of/root

specifies a root relative to the top of the local filesystem, independent of where Unison is running. Remote roots can begin with ssh:// to indicate that the remote server should be started with ssh(1):

    ssh://remotehost//absolute/path/of/root
    ssh://user@remotehost/relative/path/of/root

If the remote server is already running (in the socket mode), then the syntax

    socket://remotehost:portnum//absolute/path/of/root
    socket://remotehost:portnum/relative/path/of/root
    socket://[IPv6literal]:portnum/path

is used to specify the hostname and the port that the client Unison should use to contact it. Syntax

    socket://{path/of/socket}//absolute/path/of/root
    socket://{path/of/socket}/relative/path/of/root

is used to specify the Unix domain socket the client Unison should use to contact the server.

The syntax for roots is based on that of URIs (described in RFC 2396). The full grammar is:

      replica ::= [protocol:]//[user@][host][:port][/path]
               |  path
      protocol ::= file
                |  socket
                |  ssh
      user ::= [-_a-zA-Z0-9]+
      host ::= [-_a-zA-Z0-9.]+
            |  \[ [a-f0-9:.]+ zone? \]     IPv6 literals (no future format).
            |  { [^}]+ }                   For Unix domain sockets only.
      zone ::= %[-_a-zA-Z0-9~%.]+
      port ::= [0-9]+

When path is given without any protocol prefix, the protocol is assumed to be file:. Under Windows, it is possible to synchronize with a remote directory using the file: protocol over the Windows Network Neighborhood. For example,

    unison foo //host/drive/bar

synchronizes the local directory foo with the directory drive:\bar on the machine host, provided that host is accessible via Network Neighborhood. When the file: protocol is used in this way, there is no need for a Unison server to be running on the remote host. However, running Unison this way is only a good idea if the remote host is reached by a very fast network connection, since the full contents of every file in the remote replica will have to be transferred to the local machine to detect updates.

PATHS
A path refers to a point within a set of files being synchronized; it is specified relative to the root of the replica. Formally, a path is just a sequence of names, separated by /. Note that the path separator character is always a forward slash, no matter what operating system Unison is running on. The empty path (i.e., the empty sequence of names) denotes the whole replica.

PATH SPECIFICATION
Several Unison preferences (e.g., ignore/ignorenot, follow, sortfirst/sortlast, backup, merge, etc.) specify individual paths or sets of paths. These preferences share a common syntax based on regular expressions. Each preference is associated with a list of path patterns; the paths specified are those that match any one of the path pattern.

Each pattern can have one of three forms. The most general form is a Posix extended regular expression introduced by the keyword Regex. (The collating sequences and character classes of full Posix regexps are not currently supported.)

    Regex regexp

For convenience, three other styles of pattern are also recognized:

    Name name

matches any path in which the last component matches name,

    Path path

matches exactly the path path, and

    BelowPath path

matches the path path and any path below. The name and path arguments of the latter forms of patterns are not regular expressions. Instead, standard “globbing” conventions can be used in name and path:

-   a * matches any sequence of characters not including / (and not beginning with ., when used at the beginning of a name)

-   a? matches any single character except / (and leading .)

-   [xyz] matches any character from the set {x, y, z}

-   {a,bb,ccc} matches any one of a, bb, or ccc. (Be careful not to put extra spaces after the commas: these will be interpreted literally as part of the strings to be matched!)

The path separator in path patterns is always the forward-slash character “/” — even when the client or server is running under Windows, where the normal separator character is a backslash. This makes it possible to use the same set of path patterns for both Unix and Windows file systems.

A path specification may be followed by the separator “ -> ” itself followed by a string which will be associated to the matching paths:

    Path path -> associated string

Not all pathspec preferences use these associated strings but all pathspec preferences are parsed identically and the strings may be ignored. Only the last match of the separator string on the line is used as a delimiter. Thus to allow a path specification to contain the separator string, append an associated string to it, even if it is not used. The associated string cannot contain the separator string.

PROFILES
A profile is a text file that specifies permanent settings for roots, paths, ignore patterns, and other preferences, so that they do not need to be typed at the command line every time Unison is run. Profiles should reside in the .unison directory on the client machine. If Unison is started with just one argument name on the command line, it looks for a profile called name.prf in the .unison directory. If it is started with no arguments, it scans the .unison directory for files whose names end in .prf and offers a menu (when using the graphical user interface; for the text interface, you have to use the -i option). If a file named default.prf is found, its settings will be used as the default preferences.

To set the value of a preference p permanently, add to the appropriate profile a line of the form

    p = true

for a boolean flag or

    p = <value>

for a preference of any other type. Whitespaces around p and the value are ignored. A profile may also include blank lines and lines beginning with #; both are ignored.

When Unison starts, it first reads the profile and then the command line, so command-line options will override settings from the profile.

TERMINATION
When not synchronizing continuously, the text interface terminates when synchronization is finished normally or due to a fatal error occurring.

In the text interface, to interrupt synchronization before it is finished, press Ctrl-C (or send signal SIGINT or SIGTERM). This will interrupt update propagation as quickly as possible but still complete proper cleanup. If the process does not stop even after pressing Ctrl-C then keep doing it repeatedly. This will bypass cleanup procedures and terminates the process forcibly (similar to SIGKILL). Doing so may leave the archives or replicas in an inconsistent state or locked.

When synchronizing continuously (time interval repeat or with filesystem monitoring), interrupting with Ctrl-C or with signal SIGINT or SIGTERM works the same way as described above and will additionally stop the continuous process. To stop only the continuous process and let the last synchronization complete normally, send signal SIGUSR2 instead.

ENVIRONMENT

UNISON
    Unison stores a variety of information in a private directory on each host. If the environment variable UNISON is defined, then its value will be used as the path for this directory. This can be just a name, or a path. If UNISON is not defined, then the directory depends on which operating system you are using. In Unix, the default is to use $HOME/.unison. In Windows, if the environment variable USERPROFILE is defined, then the directory will be $USERPROFILE\.unison; otherwise, it will be c:\.unison. On macOS, $HOME/.unison will be used if it is present, but $HOME/Library/Application Support/Unison will be created and used by default.

UNISONLOCALHOSTNAME
    The function that finds the canonical hostname of the local host (which is used, for example, in calculating the name of the archive file used to remember which files have been synchronized) normally uses the gethostname operating system call. However, if the environment variable UNISONLOCALHOSTNAME is set, its value will be used instead. This makes it easier to use Unison in situations where a machine’s name changes frequently (e.g., because it is a laptop and gets moved around a lot).

UNISONBACKUPDIR
    When backups are stored centrally, the directory used to hold them is controlled by the preference backupdir and the environment variable UNISONBACKUPDIR. If both are specified then the environment variable overrides the preference. If neither of these are set, then the directory $UNISON/backup is used (see environment variable UNISON above).

PAGER
    Used by the text interface as the pager when displaying the differences between changed files.

NO_COLOR
    If the environment variable NO_COLOR is set then Unison's text interface will not produce any color output by default. The color preference overrides this environment variable.

FILES
~/.unison
    Unison stores a variety of information in a private directory on each host. This is the default path of this private directory. This path may be changed by the UNISON environment variable.

~/.unison/*.prf
    Profile files. Each profile is stored in a file named profilename.prf.

~/.unison/ar*
~/.unison/tm*
~/.unison/sc*
    Main and temporary archive files. These files may be deleted if you know what you are doing. Deleting an archive file is equivalent to using the -ignorearchives option.

~/.unison/fp*
    Fingerprint cache files. These files may be safely deleted. Keep in mind that deleting a fingerprint cache file means that any unsynchronized changes must be scanned again. Depending on your replicas, this may mean scanning gigabytes of file contents.

~/.unison/lk*
    Lock files indicating a running Unison process. These files may be deleted if you are careful and know that there is no Unison process currently running. Deleting a lock file is equivalent to using the -ignorelocks option.

EXAMPLES

Synchronize two local directories

        unison path/to/dir1 /dir2

    This command synchronizes two local directories using the default options. Default options are defined by Unison and can be overridden by user in a profile called “default”, which is by default stored in file ~/.unison/default.prf

Synchronize a local and a remote directory

        unison local/dir ssh://user@host//absolute/path

    This command synchronizes a local directory (here specified by a relative path) and a remote directory (here specified by an absolute path) using ssh(1) and the default options (see example above).

Synchronize with all options specified in a profile

        unison profilename

    This command reads all the options from the profile named “profilename” and synchronizes according to those options.

Synchronize with options specified in a profile and roots on command line

        unison profilename /path/to/dir ssh://host/path/on/server

    This command reads all options from the profile named “profilename” with only the roots specified on the command line. Roots must not be specified in the profile as the roots from command line will not override roots in the profile, rather append to the list of roots.

Synchronize automatically

        unison -batch /path/to/dir ssh://host/path/on/server

    This command synchronizes all non-conflicting changes automatically, once.

Synchronize continuously

        unison -repeat watch /path/to/dir ssh://host/path/on/server

    This command first fully synchronizes the roots and then remains dormant, waiting for any file changes within either root and then automatically synchronizes these changes. This also works in a profile (repeat = watch). If the filesystem monitoring helper program is not available or not desired for other reasons, it is possible to make Unison synchronize repeatedly with a defined time interval:

        unison -repeat 60 /path/to/dir ssh://host/path/on/server

    This command synchronizes every 60 seconds. Using -repeat implies -batch.

    Currently, continuous synchronization is not possible when using the GUI.

DIAGNOSTICS
When running in the textual mode, Unison returns an exit status, which describes whether, and at which level, the synchronization was successful. The exit status could be useful when Unison is invoked from a script. Currently, there are four possible values for the exit status:

0   successful synchronization; everything is up-to-date now.

1   some files were skipped, but all file transfers were successful.

2   non-fatal failures occurred during file transfer.

3   a fatal error occurred, or the execution was interrupted.

The graphical interface does not return any useful information through the exit status.

COMPATIBILITY
If you are using Unison versions 2.52 on all machines, you do not have to do anything extra for compatibility.

Historically (versions 2.52), Unison versions had to be matched relatively exactly for them to work together. Additionally, the version of compiler used to build Unison also had significant relevance for compatibility.

As of version 2.52, Unison has a degree of backward and forward compatibility. This means three things. First, it is possible for local and remote machines to run a different version of Unison. Second, it is possible for local and remote machines to run a version (same or different) of Unison built with a different version of compiler. Lastly, it is possible to upgrade Unison on the local machine and keep the existing archive.

For more information on co-existence of versions 2.52 and 2.52, see https://github.com/bcpierce00/unison/wiki/2.52-Migration-Guide

SEE ALSO
There is a full user manual (pdf, html and txt) included with Unison and available online. Depending on your operating system, this manual may have been installed at /usr/share/doc/unison/ or a similar location. The manual can also be read in the GUI (look in the Help menu) or on the command line by unison -doc all (you probably want to pipe the output to a pager).

https://github.com/bcpierce00/unison

https://www.cis.upenn.edu/~bcpierce/unison/