{fmt}

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# A modern formatting library

## Safety

Inspired by Python's formatting facility, {fmt} provides a safe replacement for the `printf` family of functions. Errors in format strings, which are a common source of vulnerabilities in C, are reported at compile time. For example:

    fmt::format("{:d}", "I am not a number");

will give a compile-time error because `d` is not a valid format specifier for strings. APIs like `fmt::format` prevent buffer overflow errors via automatic memory management. → Learn more

## Extensibility

Formatting of most standard types, including all containers, dates, and times is supported out-of-the-box. For example:

    fmt::print("{}", std::vector{1, 2, 3});

prints the vector in a JSON-like format:

    [1, 2, 3]

You can make your own types formattable and even make compile-time checks work for them. → Learn more

## Performance

{fmt} can be anywhere from tens of percent to 20-30 times faster than iostreams and `sprintf`, especially for numeric formatting. The library minimizes dynamic memory allocations and can optionally compile format strings to optimal code.

## Unicode support

{fmt} provides portable Unicode support on major operating systems with UTF-8 and `char` strings. For example:

    fmt::print("Слава Україні!");

will be printed correctly on Linux, macOS, and even Windows console, irrespective of the codepages.

The default is locale-independent, but you can opt into localized formatting and {fmt} makes it work with Unicode, addressing issues in the standard libary.

## Fast compilation

The library makes extensive use of type erasure to achieve fast compilation. `fmt/base.h` provides a subset of the API with minimal include dependencies and enough functionality to replace all uses of `*printf`.

Code using {fmt} is usually several times faster to compile than the equivalent iostreams code, and while `printf` compiles faster still, the gap is narrowing.

→ Learn more

## Small binary footprint

Type erasure is also used to prevent template bloat, resulting in compact per-call binary code. For example, a call to `fmt::print` with a single argument is just a few instructions, comparable to `printf` despite adding runtime safety, and much smaller than the equivalent iostreams code.

The library itself has small binary footprint and some components such as floating-point formatting can be disabled to make it even smaller for resource-constrained devices.

## Portability

{fmt} has a small self-contained codebase with the core consisting of just three headers and no external dependencies.

The library is highly portable and requires only a minimal subset of C++11 features which are available in GCC 4.8, Clang 3.4, MSVC 19.0 (2015) and later. Newer compiler and standard library features are used if available, and enable additional functionality.

Where possible, the output of formatting functions is consistent across platforms.

## Open source

{fmt} is in the top hundred open-source C++ libraries on GitHub and has hundreds of all-time contributors.

The library is distributed under a permissive MIT license and is relied upon by many open-source projects, including Blender, PyTorch, Apple's FoundationDB, Windows Terminal, MongoDB, and others.