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# Kernel parameters

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- Kernel

There are three ways to pass options to the kernel and thus control its behaviour:

1. When building the kernel—in the kernel's `config` file. See Kernel#Compilation for details.
2. When starting the kernel—using command line parameters (usually through a boot loader, or as well in unified kernel image).
3. At runtime—through the files in `/proc/sys/` (see sysctl) and `/sys/`.

Note: The options of loadable modules can be set via .conf files in `/etc/modprobe.d/`. See Kernel module#Using modprobe.d.

Between the three methods, the configurable options differ in availability, their name and the method in which they are specified. This page only explains the second method (kernel command line parameters) and shows a list of the most used kernel parameters in Arch Linux.

Most parameters are associated with subsystems and work only if the kernel is configured with those subsystems built in. They also depend on the presence of the hardware they are associated with.

Kernel command line parameters either have the format `parameter`, or `parameter=value`, or `module.parameter=value`.

Note:

- You can check the parameters your system was booted up with by running `cat /proc/cmdline` and see if it includes your changes.
- All kernel parameters are case-sensitive.

## Boot loader configuration

Note: The Arch Linux installation medium uses systemd-boot for UEFI systems, and Syslinux for BIOS ones.

Kernel parameters can be set either temporarily by editing the boot entry in the boot loader boot selection menu, or permanently by modifying the boot loader configuration file.

The following examples add the `quiet` and `splash` parameters to the GRUB, GRUB Legacy, LILO, Limine, rEFInd, Syslinux and systemd-boot boot loaders.

### GRUB

- Press `e` when the menu shows up and add them on the `linux` line:

      linux /boot/vmlinuz-linux root=UUID=0a3407de-014b-458b-b5c1-848e92a327a3 rw quiet splash

  Press `Ctrl+x` to boot with these parameters.

- To make the change persistent after reboot, you could manually edit /boot/grub/grub.cfg with the exact line from above, or if using grub-mkconfig:

  Edit `/etc/default/grub` and append your kernel options between the quotes in the `GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT` line:

        GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash"

  And then automatically re-generate the `grub.cfg` file with:

        # grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg

### GRUB Legacy

- Press `e` when the menu shows up and add them on the `kernel` line:

      kernel /boot/vmlinuz-linux root=UUID=0a3407de-014b-458b-b5c1-848e92a327a3 rw quiet splash

  Press `b` to boot with these parameters.

- To make the change persistent after reboot, edit `/boot/grub/menu.lst` and add them to the `kernel` line, exactly like above.

### LILO

- Add them to `/etc/lilo.conf` using `append` or `addappend`:

      image=/boot/vmlinuz-linux
              ...
              append="quiet splash"

### Limine

- To temporarily add kernel parameters, press `e` when the boot entry selection screen appears and modify the `kernel_cmdline` line:

      kernel_cmdline: root=UUID=0a3407de-014b-458b-b5c1-848e92a327a3 rw quiet splash

- To apply changes permanently, edit the `kernel_cmdline` line in the Limine configuration file located at `esp/limine.conf`:

      /+Arch Linux
          ...
          kernel_cmdline: root=UUID=0a3407de-014b-458b-b5c1-848e92a327a3 rw quiet splash

### rEFInd

- Press `Insert`, `F2`, `Tab`, or `+` on the desired menu entry and press it again on the submenu entry. Add kernel parameters at the end of the string:

      root=UUID=0a3407de-014b-458b-b5c1-848e92a327a3 rw initrd=\boot\initramfs-linux.img quiet splash

  Press `Enter` to boot with these parameters.

- To make the change persistent after reboot, edit `/boot/refind_linux.conf` and append them between the quotes in all required lines, for example

      "Boot using default options"   "root=UUID=0a3407de-014b-458b-b5c1-848e92a327a3 rw quiet splash"

- If you have disabled auto-detection of OSes in rEFInd and are defining OS stanzas instead in `esp/EFI/refind/refind.conf` to load your OSes, you can edit it like:

      menuentry "Arch Linux" {
          ...
          options  "root=UUID=0a3407de-014b-458b-b5c1-848e92a327a3 rw quiet splash"
          ...
      }

### Syslinux

- Press `Tab` when the menu shows up and add them at the end of the string:

      linux /boot/vmlinuz-linux root=UUID=0a3407de-014b-458b-b5c1-848e92a327a3 rw initrd=/boot/initramfs-linux.img quiet splash

  Press `Enter` to boot with these parameters.

- To make the change persistent after reboot, edit `/boot/syslinux/syslinux.cfg` and add them to the `APPEND` line:

      APPEND root=UUID=0a3407de-014b-458b-b5c1-848e92a327a3 rw quiet splash

### systemd-boot

- Press `e` when the menu appears and add the parameters to the end of the string:

      initrd=\initramfs-linux.img root=UUID=0a3407de-014b-458b-b5c1-848e92a327a3 rw quiet splash

  Press `Enter` to boot with these parameters.

Note:

- If you have not set a value for menu timeout, you will need to hold `Space` while booting for the systemd-boot menu to appear.
- If you cannot edit the parameters from the boot menu, you may need to edit `/boot/loader/loader.conf` and add `editor 1` to enable editing.

- To make the change persistent after reboot, edit `/boot/loader/entries/arch.conf` (assuming you set up your EFI system partition) and add them to the `options` line:

      options root=UUID=0a3407de-014b-458b-b5c1-848e92a327a3 rw quiet splash

## dracut

dracut is capable of embedding the kernel parameters in the initramfs, thus allowing to omit them from the boot loader configuration. See dracut#Kernel command line options.

## EFI boot stub

See EFI boot stub#Using UEFI directly.

## Hijacking cmdline

Even without access to your boot loader it is possible to change your kernel parameters to enable debugging (if you have root access). This can be accomplished by overwriting `/proc/cmdline` which stores the kernel parameters. However `/proc/cmdline` is not writable even as root, so this hack is accomplished by using a bind mount to mask the path.

First create a file containing the desired kernel parameters:

    /root/cmdline

    root=UUID=0a3407de-014b-458b-b5c1-848e92a327a3 ro console=tty1 logo.nologo debug

Then use a bind mount to overwrite the parameters:

    # mount -n --bind -o ro /root/cmdline /proc/cmdline

The `-n` option skips adding the mount to `/etc/mtab`, so it will work even if root is mounted read-only. You can `cat /proc/cmdline` to confirm that your change was successful.

## Parameter list

This list is not comprehensive. For a complete list of all options, please see The kernel's command-line parameters.

parameter | Description
--- | ---
init | Run specified binary instead of `/sbin/init` as init process. The systemd-sysvcompat package symlinks `/sbin/init` to `/usr/lib/systemd/systemd` to use systemd. Set it to `/bin/sh` to boot to the shell.
initrd | Specify the location of the initial ramdisk. For UEFI boot managers and an EFI boot stub, the path must be specified using backslashes (`\`) as path separators.
cryptdevice | Specify the location of a dm-crypt-encrypted partition plus a device mapper name.
debug | Enable kernel debugging (events log level).
lsm | Set the initialisation order of the Linux security modules, used to enable AppArmor, SELinux or TOMOYO.
maxcpus | Maximum number of processors that an SMP kernel will bring up during bootup.
mem | Force usage of a specific amount of memory to be used.
netdev | Network devices parameters.
nomodeset | Disable Kernel mode setting.
panic | Time before automatic reboot on kernel panic.
resume | Specify a swap device to use when waking from hibernation.
ro | Mount root device read-only on boot. This is mkinitcpio's default1.
root | Root file system. See init/do_mounts.c for kernel's supported device name formats. Note that an initramfs with udev supports more name formats. A setup compatible with systemd#GPT partition automounting allows to omit the parameter entirely or to alternatively use `root=gpt-auto`.
rootflags | Root file system mount options. Useful for setting options that cannot be applied by remounting (i.e. by systemd-remount-fs.service(8)). For example, the `discard` option of an XFS root volume or `subvol=` option of Btrfs when using a subvolume as root.
rw | Mount root device read-write on boot. This is the kernel's default1.
systemd.unit | Boot to a specified target.
video | Override framebuffer video defaults.

1. The kernel uses `rw` if neither `ro` or `rw` are explicitly set on kernel command line (see bootparam(7) § General non-device-specific boot arguments). However, mkinitcpio uses `ro` as the default value overriding the kernel's default (see mkinitcpio(8) § EARLY INIT ENVIRONMENT). Boot loaders may also have their own configured default, for example, grub-mkconfig uses `rw` (see FS#36275 as a reference).
   Note: `rw` is required when using mkinitcpio's fsck hook (see [1]) or when using F2FS as the root file system.

## See also

- kernel-command-line(7)
- Power saving#Kernel parameters
- Kernel Boot Command-Line Parameter Reference—the chapter 9 of the Linux Kernel in a Nutshell by Greg Kroah-Hartman

Category:

- Kernel